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The Pinetum : Being a Synopsis of All the Coniferous Plants at Present

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The Pinetum : Being a Synopsis of All the Coniferous Plants at Present it: i (Lop^^ : THE PINETUM: BEfNa A SYNOPSES OF ALL THE CONIFEKOUS PLANTS AT PRESENT KNOWN, WITH DESCEIPTIONS, HISTORY. AND SYNONl^MES, AND COMPEISING NEARLY ONE HUNDRED NEW KINDS. BT GEOEGE GOEDON, A.L.S., FORMEULY SUrElU^'TK^'DENT OF THE HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, CUISWICK. ASSISTED BY ROBERT GLENDINNING, F. H. S., OF THE CHISV/ICIt NURSERY, NEAR i.ONJJON. LIBKAKT NEW YO«K B^TAIIICAL QAkDCM LONDON HENET a. BOHN, TOEK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1858. C.3 TO THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, K.G., &c., &c., &c. A GREAT ADMIRER OF HARDY TREES, THE CULTIVATION OF WHICH IN ENGLAND HAS BEEN MUCH INFLUENCED BY THE MANY FINE SPECIMENS IN HIS GRACE's PARK AND PLEASURE GROUNDS AT SYON, IS VERY RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY HIS OBEDIENT AND HUMBLE SERVANT, GEORGE GORDON. LIBRAK NEW YO QAkI>t PREFACE, With the view of rendering tlie present work useful to those unacquainted with the science of botany, the author ^ has throughout aimed at the utmost simpUcity in language o ^ and arrangement. ^-r^ The alphabetical mode has therefore been adopted in o reference both to the Genera and Species. By means of ^ this, any Conifer, of which the name is known, may be immediately found. For the use of those who possess some botanical ft knowledge, a diagnostic table is prefixed to the volume, ^ The descriptions of the Genera are comprehensive though (- concise ; and each species is accompanied by all its syno- n nymes, with the authorities for them. Care has also been p- taken to furnish such information respecting habits, value, y products, &c., as is likely to be required by the planter r-^ or cultivator. cr> C_3 VI PREFACE. The Volume is completed by an Index containing nearly 1700 names. In conclusion, the author begs to acknowledge with thanks the valuable assistance afforded by his foreign cor- respondents, particularly those in Germany, France, and Mexico. He desires also to express his obligations to Mr. R. Pince, of the Great Exeter Nursery, and Mr. H. Low, of the Clapton Nursery. G. G. London, May ^Ist, 1858. INTEODUCTION. The term Coniferse, or cone-bearing trees, is very expressive of the Tribe to which the present Volume relates. Regarded from almost every point of view, this Tribe possesses great importance. In the northern regions its members outnumber the common, broad-leaved trees, by distinguished for about ten to one ; they are most of them their timber, majesty or symmetrical gracefulness ; and is most valuable from its length, straightness, and strength, in the Arts. most extensive Pine It is in North America that the of the Pine barrens, as they are Forests are located ; some in extent. Cap- there called, being from 300 to 500 miles in Georgia, some- tain Hall states, that while travelling overlooked the times when he came to a high knoll which vast surrounding country, nothing could be seen but a in every direc- ocean of Pines, stretching without a break tion as far as the eye could reach. exist in Perhaps, however, the most gigantic specimens where the dimen- California, and on the North West Coast, these we sions of some appear almost fabulous. Among and may mention more particularly Welhngtonia, Sequoia, situations, Picea nobilis, all of which grow, in favourable from 200 to 300 feet high. Vlll INTRODUCTION. Immense Fir and Pine forests abound also in Sweden, " Norway, Russia, Poland, and Prussia ; imagine," says Dr. Clarke, " the Gulf of Bothnia to be surrounded by one con- tinuous unbroken forest, as ancient as the world, and con- sisting of Pine trees — then you will have a general and correct notion of a real Pine Forest." In the temperate and northern zones of Europe and Asia, the Conifers enjoy a wide range, extending even to the regions of perpetual snow. In South America, some kinds, such as the Araucarias, differ considerably in general aspect from the true Pines : and still more so in Australia and Polynesia, with respect to the Phyllocladus, the Dammara, and the Dacrydium ; but all produce similar timber and secretions. These secretions, which are always in the form of resinous juices, differ much in properties, and may be divided into two classes ; those obtained from the living tree by incisions in the bark ; and those obtained from the wood and roots after felling, by the application of heat. Among the former are liquid balsam, the common black and yellow resin of the shops, with oil and spirits of turpentine ; among the latter are tar, pitch, and lamp black. The Strasburg and Venice turpentine come from the Silver Fir and Common Larch, and the best yellow resin (so much used in the manufacture of yellow soap) from the Norway Spruce. Olibanum and Sandarac are from the Junipers, and some of the finer resins and gums from the Dammara, Araucaria, and Callitris. The soil preferred by Pines in a natural state (and therefore the most congenial to them), is that composed of the debris of granitic rock, with a dry subsoil. They INTRODUCTION. IX will, however, grow anywhere, excepting on chalky forma- tions, and laud surcharged with moisture (although some of the American kinds flourish under this latter con- dition). The Firs (of which class the roots run imme- diately under the surface), do not require a deep soil, but they will not produce large and fine timber without a sandy loam and cool subsoil. It would be beyond the purpose on the present occasion to detail all the uses of this important tribe. I may, however, observe, that the yellow deal of Europe is the produce of Pinus sylvestris ; the Norway white deal that of Abies excelsa; and the white American Pine that of Pinus Strobus. All of these are, besides their other uses, of the greatest value to man in the construction both of his habitation on the earth, and of the arks which bear him and his treasures in safety through the fathomless deep. A NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF ALL THE GENEKA ENUMERATED IN THE PINETUM. Order I. PINACE^, the Pine Race. Tribe I. ABIETINE^,tlie Fir Tribe, having numerous scales, an-anged on a more or less elongated axis on the Cones. Sec. I. ABIETINE^ VER^E, Cones, with numerous scales, arranged on a more or less elongated axis. Gen. PiNtJs Linnceus (the True Pines). Leaves, in sheaths, of two, three, or five, somewhat cylindrical and persistent. Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but separate. Cones, more or less conical, wood)', and com- posed of scales. Seeds, oval, with a hard, bony shell, and either furnished with an ample wing, or wingless. 1st division, Bin^, or those kinds having two leaves in a sheath. 2nd division, Ternat^, or those kinds having three leaves in each sheath, 3rd division, Quin^, or those kinds having five leaves in each sheath. Geti. Abies, Don (the Spruces). Leaves, solitary, four-sided' Xll TABLE OF GENERA and scattered all round tae shoots, or flat, and more or less in two rows laterally. Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but separate. Cones, pendant, solitary, and terminal, with thin persistent scales. 1st division, Veea, or the true Spruces, with four-sided leaves, scattered all round the shoots. 2nd division, Tsuga, or those kinds with flat leaves, more or less in two rows, like the Hemlock Spruce, and glaucous below. Gen. PiCEA, Don (the Silver Firs). Leaves, solitary, flat, silvery beneath, and pectinated in two rows. Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but separate. Cones, erect, cylindrical, or nearly so, axillary on the upper side of the branches, and with thin, de- ciduous scales when ripe. 1st division, Bracteata, or those kinds with the bracteas longer than the scales of the cone. 2nd division, Brevibracteata, or those kinds with the bracteas shorter than the scales of the cone, and hidden. Gen. Larix, Link (the Larches). Leaves, deciduous, linear, soft, and produced in bundles on the adult branches. Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but separate. Cones, erect, small, oval, or somewhat cylin- drical, with persistent thin scales of a leathery texture, with a dorsal bractea. Seeds, small, with a leathery covering and mem- branaceous wing. Gen. PsEunoLARix, Gordon (the False Larch). Leaves, deci- duous, flat, linear, soft, and collected in bundles on the adult branches. Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but separate. Cones, pendant, oblong, rather large, brittle, and covered with divergent scales, which are very de- ENUMERATED IN THE PINETUM. XIU ciduous, extended at the apex, and heart-shaped at the base. Seeds, irregularly shaped, with a soft thin cover- ing, and ample wing. Gen. Ci'.DRUs, Link (the Cedars). Leaves, persistent, needle- shaped, somewhat four-sided, stiff, and disposed in bundles on the adult branches. Flowers, male and female mostly on the same plant, but separate. Cones, erect, ovate, bluutly depressed at the ends, axillary, and growing on the upper side of the branches, with thin, closely placed scales, more or less deciduous. Seeds, somewhat angular, with a soft tegumental covering, full of turpentine, and an ample, persis- sistent wing. Sec. II. ARAUCARI^. Scales, one-seeded and attached. Gen. Araucaria, Jussieu (the Araucarias). Leaves, scale- formed, persistent, and widest at the base. Flowers, male and female on separate plants. Cones, mostly large, globular, and terminal; with the scales, deciduous, or partially so. Seeds, more or less attached to the scales. 1st division, Colymbea, or the true Araucarias, with broad-lanceolate leaves, and seed-leaves germinating under ground. 2nd division, Eutacta, or false Araucarias, with awl- shaped leaves, and seed-leaves produced above ground. Sec. III. CUNNINGHAMI^. Seeds free, and from three to five under each scale.
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