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The Taxonomic Position and the Scientific Name of the Big Tree Known As Sequoia Gigantea

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The Taxonomic Position and the Scientific Name of the Big Tree known as Sequoia gigantea HAROLD ST. JOHN and ROBERT W. KRAUSS l FOR NEARLY A CENTURY it has been cus­ ing psychological document, but its major,ity tomary to classify the big tree as Sequoia gigan­ vote does not settle either the taxonomy or tea Dcne., placing it in the same genus with the nomenclature of the big tree. No more the only other living species, Sequoia semper­ does the fact that "the National Park Service, virens (Lamb.) End!., the redwood. Both the which has almost exclusive custodY of this taxonomic placement and the nomenclature tree, has formally adopted the name Sequoia are now at issue. Buchholz (1939: 536) pro­ gigantea for it" (Dayton, 1943: 210) settle posed that the big tree be considered a dis­ the question. tinct genus, and he renamed the tree Sequoia­ The first issue is the generic status of the dendron giganteum (Lind!.) Buchholz. This trees. Though the two species \differ con­ dassification was not kindly received. Later, spicuously in foliage and in cone structure, to obtain the consensus of the Calif.ornian these differences have long been generally botanists, Dayton (1943: 209-219) sent them considered ofspecific and notofgeneric value. a questionnaire, then reported on and sum­ Sequoiadendron, when described by Buchholz, marized their replies. Of the 29 answering, was carefully documented, and his tabular 24 preferred the name Sequoia gigantea. Many comparison contains an impressive total of of the passages quoted show that these were combined generic and specific characters for preferences based on old custom or sentiment, his monotypic genus. This is readily avail­ and that few of them were willing to accept able to botanists, so it does not seem necessary whatever name proved correct under the laws to quote it in full here, but it does seem of nomenclature. Only 3 of the 29, on con­ appropriate to select and repeat those ma­ sideration of the botanical characters of the croscopic characters of stem, leaf, and cone big tree, came to the conclusion that it rep­ which seem of gerreric import. resented a distinct genus and should be called Sequoiadendron; and of the three, two were Sequoiadendron giganteum Sequoia sempervirens willing to accept it only provisionally. The Staminate cones sessile Staminate cones stipitate replies to this questionnaire make an interest- Ovulate cones remaining Ovulate cones turning green and attached to tree brown and shedding the for many years after ma­ seeds at maturity, becom­ turity of seeds, becoming ing 2-3 em. long, the 1 Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 5-7 em. long, the axis axis relatively slender, Honolulu 14, Hawaii, and Department of Botany, very stout and woody, with 15-20 obliquely University of Matyland, College Park, Maryland, re­ with 25-40 wedge-shaped shield-shaped scales that spectively. Manuscript received Au-gust 27, 1953. scales that are not easily are easily broken off, 341 342 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. VIII, July, 1954 broken off, terminated by terminated by a long flat­ Leaves often spreading in Leaves spirally arranged, a long terete spine, some­ tened spine, usually de­ 2 ranks, linear or linear­ linear, usually 4-angled what persistent, the scales ciduous, the scales bearing lanceolate, contracted (or in some species 3­ bearing at pollination 3­ at pollination 3-7 erect above base, usually flat­ angled or flat), with sto­ 12 or more erect ovules in ovules in single arched tened and grooved above, mata on 1 or 4 sides, double crescentic row, the row, the ovules becoming without or rarely with with 2 or 0 resin ducts, ovules becoming 3-9 2-5 seeds in a single row stomata, with 2 (rarely 4) the leaves attached by seeds in a (single or) near the margin of the resin ducts, leaves with­ peg-like bases which are double row on the sur­ scale, maturing the em­ out persistent leaf bases persistent on the branch­ face of the scale, maturing bryos in one season let the embryos in two sea­ sons Cupressus Chamaecyparis Stamens with 2-6 anther Stamens with 2-4 anther Seeds about 200 per cone, Seeds about 60 per cone, cells cells 5-7 mm. long, with two 3-4.5 mm. long, with thin wings broader than two spongy wings not as Pistillate cone ripening in Pistillate cone ripening in the body of the seed broad as the body of the 2 seasons, scales with 15­ 1 (or 2) seasons, scales seed 20 seeds with 1-5· seeds Buds naked Buds scaly Seeds with narrow hard Seeds with broad gauzy wings wings Vegetative reproduction Vegetative reproduction none abundant Cotyledons 3-4 Cotyledons 2 Leaves all small, of only Leaves dimorphic, the vig­ Branchlets 4-angled (or in Branchlets frond-like, one kind, not petioled orous terminalshoots with some species flattened or usually flattened small scale-like leaves; terete), irregularly dis-­ other branches with large posed scythe-shaped, petioled leaves Leaves scale-like, minute­ Leaves scale-like, entire ly denticulate-ciliate Stem habit stout, the Stem habit.more slender. branches. turning upward the branches horizontal or Thujopsis Thtda at tip drooping Staminate flowers with 6­ Staminate flowers with Buchholz also tabulates numerous differ­ 10 pairs of stamens 6-12 decussate stamens ences in the gametophytes and in the devel­ Pistillate cones subglo­ Pistillate cones ovoid­ opment of the embryos. bose, the scales 6-8 with oblong or ovoid, scales a boss or mucro below with an apical thickened This tabulation shows the generic charac­ the apex, 4-6 pairs fertile, ridge or boss, only the ters to be numerous and impressive. A only the upper pair sterile, 2-3 middle pairs fertile, conclusion might be drawn here, but it is the fertile scales with 3-5 these with 2-3 seeds better to consider first other comparable pairs seeds of genera. in the Pinaceae or its segregate Leaves decussate, the lat­ Leaves decussate, scale­ related families. The following have long eral ones somewhat like, the literal ones near­ spreading, ovate-Ianceo­ ly covering the facial ones, been and are now almost universally accepted late and curved, with with or without glaucous as genera: glaucous white patches white patches below below Abies Picea Tsuga Picea Staminate cones oval Staminate Gones catkin­ like Staminate cones axillary, Staminate cones terminal, globose, anthers trans­ ament-like, anthers longi. Pistillate cones erect, with Pistillate cones diverging versely dehiscent tudinally dehiscent the axis p~rsistent, the or pendant, shedding as stipitate scales deciduous a whole with the sessile Pistillate cones 1. 5-7.5 Pistillate cones 2-15 cm. scales attached cm. long, cotyledons 3-6 long, cotyledons 5-10 Cotyledons 4-5 Cotyledons 5-10 Leaves spirally attached, Leaves spirally attached 2-ranked, flattened, and and arranged, usually 4­ Winter buds usually res­ Winter buds without resin sromatiferous below or on angled (or in a few species inous both sides, narrowed into 3-angled or flat), with Sequoia gigantea - ST. JOHN AND KRAuss 343 a short petiole, in cross stomata on 1 or 4 sides, SYNONOMY OF SEQUOIA section with 1 tesin duct with 2 lateral resin ducts below the Iibtovasculat (Ot none) Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don in Lamb.) Endl., bundle Syn. Conif. 198, 1847. TaxodiurTI Sequoia (in former broad Taxodium sempervirens D. Don in Lamb., sense, including S. serTI­ Gen. Pinus 2: 24, 1824; also ed. 2, 2: pervirens and S. gigantea) 107, pI. 48, 1828. Staminate flowers in elon­ Staminate cones ovoid, Schubertia? sempervirens (D. Don in Lamb.) gate spikes or panicles, terminal or axillary, scales Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. 11: 353, 1842. scales with 5-9 sporangia with 2-5 sporangia (Schubertia ,is a nomen genericum reji­ Pistillate cones subglo­ Pistillate cones oblong­ ciendum.) bose or obovoid, scales ovoid, scales 3-12-seeded, Sequoia gigantea Endl., Syn. Conif. 198, 2-seeded, thick, coriace­ woody, wedge-shaped, ous, peltate, the ape£ a often mucronate 1847, not of Dcne. 1854 which is Se­ 4-sided, often mucronate quoiadendron giganteum. disc Sequoia religiosa Presl, Bohmische Gesell. Seeds with 3 thick wings, Seeds with 2 wings, coty­ Wiss., Abhandl. V, 6: 597, 1851; and cotyledons 4-9, embryos ledons 2-5, embryos 2-5 reprinted as Epimel Bot. 237, 1851. 2 Condylocarpus Salisb., in Lamb., Gen. Pinus, Buds scaly Buds scaly or naked ed. minor 2: 120, 1832, published by D. Branchlets of '2 kinds, Branchlets of 1 or "2 kinds, Don in synonomy of Taxodium semper­ those near apex persist­ persistent virens D. Don in Lamb. ent, those lower and lat­ Gigantabies taxi/olia J. Nelson, under pseu­ eral deciduous donym Senilis, Pinae. 78, 1866. Short shoots persistent Short shoots deciduous Sequoia taxifolia Kirwan, Pinac. 246, 1868. Steinhauera sempervirens (D. Don in Lamb.) We should probably mention the recently Voss, Deut. Dendrol. Gesell., Mitt. 16 described genus Metasequoia with one living (1907): 90, 1908, the name Steinhauera species and many fossil ones, since there is now being a nomen genericum reji­ such a mass of writing on it. Its generic name ciendum. would suggest a close relationship to Sequoia, but it has many different characters, and, The customary name of this tree remains significantly, the cone scales are decussate unchanged. ' instead of spiral. It is not a close relative 0 f SYNONOMY OF SEQUOIADENDRON Sequoia. The generic differences are summar­ ized by ChaQ.ey (1951: 180). Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz, After this review of the characters that have Amer. Jour. Bot. 26: 536-538, 1939. proved significant and acceptable for the sep­ Wellingtonia gigantea Lindl., Gard. Chron., , aration ofother pairs ofclosely related genera, 819-820, 823, 1853: and Hooker's Jour.
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  • The Pinetum : Being a Synopsis of All the Coniferous Plants at Present

    The Pinetum : Being a Synopsis of All the Coniferous Plants at Present

    it: i (Lop^^ : THE PINETUM: BEfNa A SYNOPSES OF ALL THE CONIFEKOUS PLANTS AT PRESENT KNOWN, WITH DESCEIPTIONS, HISTORY. AND SYNONl^MES, AND COMPEISING NEARLY ONE HUNDRED NEW KINDS. BT GEOEGE GOEDON, A.L.S., FORMEULY SUrElU^'TK^'DENT OF THE HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, CUISWICK. ASSISTED BY ROBERT GLENDINNING, F. H. S., OF THE CHISV/ICIt NURSERY, NEAR i.ONJJON. LIBKAKT NEW YO«K B^TAIIICAL QAkDCM LONDON HENET a. BOHN, TOEK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1858. C.3 TO THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, K.G., &c., &c., &c. A GREAT ADMIRER OF HARDY TREES, THE CULTIVATION OF WHICH IN ENGLAND HAS BEEN MUCH INFLUENCED BY THE MANY FINE SPECIMENS IN HIS GRACE's PARK AND PLEASURE GROUNDS AT SYON, IS VERY RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY HIS OBEDIENT AND HUMBLE SERVANT, GEORGE GORDON. LIBRAK NEW YO QAkI>t PREFACE, With the view of rendering tlie present work useful to those unacquainted with the science of botany, the author ^ has throughout aimed at the utmost simpUcity in language o ^ and arrangement. ^-r^ The alphabetical mode has therefore been adopted in o reference both to the Genera and Species. By means of ^ this, any Conifer, of which the name is known, may be immediately found. For the use of those who possess some botanical ft knowledge, a diagnostic table is prefixed to the volume, ^ The descriptions of the Genera are comprehensive though (- concise ; and each species is accompanied by all its syno- n nymes, with the authorities for them. Care has also been p- taken to furnish such information respecting habits, value, y products, &c., as is likely to be required by the planter r-^ or cultivator.