The Taxonomic Position and the Scientific Name of the Big Tree Known As Sequoia Gigantea

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Taxonomic Position and the Scientific Name of the Big Tree Known As Sequoia Gigantea The Taxonomic Position and the Scientific Name of the Big Tree known as Sequoia gigantea HAROLD ST. JOHN and ROBERT W. KRAUSS l FOR NEARLY A CENTURY it has been cus­ ing psychological document, but its major,ity tomary to classify the big tree as Sequoia gigan­ vote does not settle either the taxonomy or tea Dcne., placing it in the same genus with the nomenclature of the big tree. No more the only other living species, Sequoia semper­ does the fact that "the National Park Service, virens (Lamb.) End!., the redwood. Both the which has almost exclusive custodY of this taxonomic placement and the nomenclature tree, has formally adopted the name Sequoia are now at issue. Buchholz (1939: 536) pro­ gigantea for it" (Dayton, 1943: 210) settle posed that the big tree be considered a dis­ the question. tinct genus, and he renamed the tree Sequoia­ The first issue is the generic status of the dendron giganteum (Lind!.) Buchholz. This trees. Though the two species \differ con­ dassification was not kindly received. Later, spicuously in foliage and in cone structure, to obtain the consensus of the Calif.ornian these differences have long been generally botanists, Dayton (1943: 209-219) sent them considered ofspecific and notofgeneric value. a questionnaire, then reported on and sum­ Sequoiadendron, when described by Buchholz, marized their replies. Of the 29 answering, was carefully documented, and his tabular 24 preferred the name Sequoia gigantea. Many comparison contains an impressive total of of the passages quoted show that these were combined generic and specific characters for preferences based on old custom or sentiment, his monotypic genus. This is readily avail­ and that few of them were willing to accept able to botanists, so it does not seem necessary whatever name proved correct under the laws to quote it in full here, but it does seem of nomenclature. Only 3 of the 29, on con­ appropriate to select and repeat those ma­ sideration of the botanical characters of the croscopic characters of stem, leaf, and cone big tree, came to the conclusion that it rep­ which seem of gerreric import. resented a distinct genus and should be called Sequoiadendron; and of the three, two were Sequoiadendron giganteum Sequoia sempervirens willing to accept it only provisionally. The Staminate cones sessile Staminate cones stipitate replies to this questionnaire make an interest- Ovulate cones remaining Ovulate cones turning green and attached to tree brown and shedding the for many years after ma­ seeds at maturity, becom­ turity of seeds, becoming ing 2-3 em. long, the 1 Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 5-7 em. long, the axis axis relatively slender, Honolulu 14, Hawaii, and Department of Botany, very stout and woody, with 15-20 obliquely University of Matyland, College Park, Maryland, re­ with 25-40 wedge-shaped shield-shaped scales that spectively. Manuscript received Au-gust 27, 1953. scales that are not easily are easily broken off, 341 342 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. VIII, July, 1954 broken off, terminated by terminated by a long flat­ Leaves often spreading in Leaves spirally arranged, a long terete spine, some­ tened spine, usually de­ 2 ranks, linear or linear­ linear, usually 4-angled what persistent, the scales ciduous, the scales bearing lanceolate, contracted (or in some species 3­ bearing at pollination 3­ at pollination 3-7 erect above base, usually flat­ angled or flat), with sto­ 12 or more erect ovules in ovules in single arched tened and grooved above, mata on 1 or 4 sides, double crescentic row, the row, the ovules becoming without or rarely with with 2 or 0 resin ducts, ovules becoming 3-9 2-5 seeds in a single row stomata, with 2 (rarely 4) the leaves attached by seeds in a (single or) near the margin of the resin ducts, leaves with­ peg-like bases which are double row on the sur­ scale, maturing the em­ out persistent leaf bases persistent on the branch­ face of the scale, maturing bryos in one season let the embryos in two sea­ sons Cupressus Chamaecyparis Stamens with 2-6 anther Stamens with 2-4 anther Seeds about 200 per cone, Seeds about 60 per cone, cells cells 5-7 mm. long, with two 3-4.5 mm. long, with thin wings broader than two spongy wings not as Pistillate cone ripening in Pistillate cone ripening in the body of the seed broad as the body of the 2 seasons, scales with 15­ 1 (or 2) seasons, scales seed 20 seeds with 1-5· seeds Buds naked Buds scaly Seeds with narrow hard Seeds with broad gauzy wings wings Vegetative reproduction Vegetative reproduction none abundant Cotyledons 3-4 Cotyledons 2 Leaves all small, of only Leaves dimorphic, the vig­ Branchlets 4-angled (or in Branchlets frond-like, one kind, not petioled orous terminalshoots with some species flattened or usually flattened small scale-like leaves; terete), irregularly dis-­ other branches with large posed scythe-shaped, petioled leaves Leaves scale-like, minute­ Leaves scale-like, entire ly denticulate-ciliate Stem habit stout, the Stem habit.more slender. branches. turning upward the branches horizontal or Thujopsis Thtda at tip drooping Staminate flowers with 6­ Staminate flowers with Buchholz also tabulates numerous differ­ 10 pairs of stamens 6-12 decussate stamens ences in the gametophytes and in the devel­ Pistillate cones subglo­ Pistillate cones ovoid­ opment of the embryos. bose, the scales 6-8 with oblong or ovoid, scales a boss or mucro below with an apical thickened This tabulation shows the generic charac­ the apex, 4-6 pairs fertile, ridge or boss, only the ters to be numerous and impressive. A only the upper pair sterile, 2-3 middle pairs fertile, conclusion might be drawn here, but it is the fertile scales with 3-5 these with 2-3 seeds better to consider first other comparable pairs seeds of genera. in the Pinaceae or its segregate Leaves decussate, the lat­ Leaves decussate, scale­ related families. The following have long eral ones somewhat like, the literal ones near­ spreading, ovate-Ianceo­ ly covering the facial ones, been and are now almost universally accepted late and curved, with with or without glaucous as genera: glaucous white patches white patches below below Abies Picea Tsuga Picea Staminate cones oval Staminate Gones catkin­ like Staminate cones axillary, Staminate cones terminal, globose, anthers trans­ ament-like, anthers longi. Pistillate cones erect, with Pistillate cones diverging versely dehiscent tudinally dehiscent the axis p~rsistent, the or pendant, shedding as stipitate scales deciduous a whole with the sessile Pistillate cones 1. 5-7.5 Pistillate cones 2-15 cm. scales attached cm. long, cotyledons 3-6 long, cotyledons 5-10 Cotyledons 4-5 Cotyledons 5-10 Leaves spirally attached, Leaves spirally attached 2-ranked, flattened, and and arranged, usually 4­ Winter buds usually res­ Winter buds without resin sromatiferous below or on angled (or in a few species inous both sides, narrowed into 3-angled or flat), with Sequoia gigantea - ST. JOHN AND KRAuss 343 a short petiole, in cross stomata on 1 or 4 sides, SYNONOMY OF SEQUOIA section with 1 tesin duct with 2 lateral resin ducts below the Iibtovasculat (Ot none) Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don in Lamb.) Endl., bundle Syn. Conif. 198, 1847. TaxodiurTI Sequoia (in former broad Taxodium sempervirens D. Don in Lamb., sense, including S. serTI­ Gen. Pinus 2: 24, 1824; also ed. 2, 2: pervirens and S. gigantea) 107, pI. 48, 1828. Staminate flowers in elon­ Staminate cones ovoid, Schubertia? sempervirens (D. Don in Lamb.) gate spikes or panicles, terminal or axillary, scales Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. 11: 353, 1842. scales with 5-9 sporangia with 2-5 sporangia (Schubertia ,is a nomen genericum reji­ Pistillate cones subglo­ Pistillate cones oblong­ ciendum.) bose or obovoid, scales ovoid, scales 3-12-seeded, Sequoia gigantea Endl., Syn. Conif. 198, 2-seeded, thick, coriace­ woody, wedge-shaped, ous, peltate, the ape£ a often mucronate 1847, not of Dcne. 1854 which is Se­ 4-sided, often mucronate quoiadendron giganteum. disc Sequoia religiosa Presl, Bohmische Gesell. Seeds with 3 thick wings, Seeds with 2 wings, coty­ Wiss., Abhandl. V, 6: 597, 1851; and cotyledons 4-9, embryos ledons 2-5, embryos 2-5 reprinted as Epimel Bot. 237, 1851. 2 Condylocarpus Salisb., in Lamb., Gen. Pinus, Buds scaly Buds scaly or naked ed. minor 2: 120, 1832, published by D. Branchlets of '2 kinds, Branchlets of 1 or "2 kinds, Don in synonomy of Taxodium semper­ those near apex persist­ persistent virens D. Don in Lamb. ent, those lower and lat­ Gigantabies taxi/olia J. Nelson, under pseu­ eral deciduous donym Senilis, Pinae. 78, 1866. Short shoots persistent Short shoots deciduous Sequoia taxifolia Kirwan, Pinac. 246, 1868. Steinhauera sempervirens (D. Don in Lamb.) We should probably mention the recently Voss, Deut. Dendrol. Gesell., Mitt. 16 described genus Metasequoia with one living (1907): 90, 1908, the name Steinhauera species and many fossil ones, since there is now being a nomen genericum reji­ such a mass of writing on it. Its generic name ciendum. would suggest a close relationship to Sequoia, but it has many different characters, and, The customary name of this tree remains significantly, the cone scales are decussate unchanged. ' instead of spiral. It is not a close relative 0 f SYNONOMY OF SEQUOIADENDRON Sequoia. The generic differences are summar­ ized by ChaQ.ey (1951: 180). Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz, After this review of the characters that have Amer. Jour. Bot. 26: 536-538, 1939. proved significant and acceptable for the sep­ Wellingtonia gigantea Lindl., Gard. Chron., , aration ofother pairs ofclosely related genera, 819-820, 823, 1853: and Hooker's Jour.
Recommended publications
  • Distribution of Living Cupressaceae Reflects the Breakup of Pangea
    Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea Kangshan Maoa,b,c,1, Richard I. Milnea,b,c,1, Libing Zhangd,e, Yanling Penga, Jianquan Liua,2, Philip Thomasc, Robert R. Millc, and Susanne S. Rennerf aState Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People’s Republic of China; bInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom; cRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, United Kingdom; dChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China; eMissouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO 63166; fSystematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany Edited by Charles C. Davis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and accepted by the Editorial Board March 21, 2012 (received for review September 2, 2011) Most extant genus-level radiations in gymnosperms are of Oligocene occur on all continents except Antarctica and comprise 162 species age or younger, reflecting widespread extinction during climate in 32 genera (see Table S2 for subfamilies, genera, and species cooling at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary [∼23 million years ago numbers). The family has a well-studied fossil record going back (Ma)]. Recent biogeographic studies have revealed many instances of to the Jurassic (32–36). Using ancient fossils to calibrate genetic long-distance dispersal in gymnospermsaswellasinangiosperms. distances in molecular phylogenies can be problematic, because the Acting together, extinction and long-distance dispersal are likely to older a fossil is, the more likely it is to represent an extinct lineage erase historical biogeographic signals.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaiswal Amit Et Al. IRJP 2011, 2 (11), 58-61
    Jaiswal Amit et al. IRJP 2011, 2 (11), 58-61 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online www.irjponline.com Review Article REVIEW / PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PLATYCLADUS ORIEANTALIS Jaiswal Amit1*, Kumar Abhinav1, Mishra Deepali2, Kasula Mastanaiah3 1Department Of Pharmacology, RKDF College Of Pharmacy,Bhopal, (M.P.)India 2Department Of Pharmacy, Sir Madanlal Institute Of Pharmacy,Etawah (U.P.)India 3 Department Of Pharmacology, The Erode College Of Pharmacy, Erode, Tamilnadu, India Article Received on: 11/09/11 Revised on: 23/10/11 Approved for publication: 10/11/11 *Email: [email protected] , [email protected] ABSTRACT Platycladus orientalis, also known as Chinese Arborvitae or Biota. It is native to northwestern China and widely naturalized elsewhere in Asia east to Korea and Japan, south to northern India, and west to northern Iran. It is a small, slow growing tree, to 15-20 m tall and 0.5 m trunk diameter (exceptionally to 30 m tall and 2 m diameter in very old trees). The different parts of the plant are traditionally used as a diuretic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, stomachic, antipyretic, analgesic and anthelmintic. However, not many pharmacological reports are available on this important plant product. This review gives a detailed account of the chemical constituents and also reports on the pharmacological activity activities of the oil and extracts of Platycladus orientalis. Keywords: Dry distillation, Phytochemisty, Pharmacological activity, Platycladus orientalis. INTRODUCTION cultivated in Europe since the first half of the 18th century. In cooler Botanical Name : Platycladus orientalis. areas of tropical Africa it has been planted primarily as an Family: Cupressaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Colonization of Western Redcedar by Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Fumigated and Nonfumigated Nursery Beds
    Tree Planter's Notes, Volume 42, No. 4 (1991) Growth and Colonization of Western Redcedar by Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Fumigated and Nonfumigated Nursery Beds S. M. Berch, E. Deom, and T. Willingdon Assistant professor and research assistant, Department of Soil Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, and manager, Surrey Nursery, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Surrey, BC Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) VAM. Positive growth responses of up to 20 times the seedlings were grown in a bareroot nursery bed that had nonmycorrhizal controls occurred under conditions of limited been fumigated with methyl bromide. Seedlings grown in soil phosphorus. Incense-cedar, redwood, and giant sequoia fumigated beds were stunted and had purple foliage. seedlings in northern California nursery beds are routinely Microscopic examination showed that roots from these inoculated with Glomus sp. (Adams et al. 1990), as seedlings were poorly colonized by mycorrhizae, and only by experience has shown that the absence of VAM after soil fine vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. In contrast, roots from fumigation leads to phosphorus deficiency and poor growth. seedlings grown in non-fumigated beds had larger shoots and When western redcedars in fumigated transplant beds at green foliage and were highly colonized by both fine and the British Columbia Ministry of Forest's Surrey Nursery coarse vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Tree Planters' began to show signs of phosphorus deficiency, a deficiency Notes 42(4):14-16; 1991. of mycorrhizal colonization was suspected. Many studies have demonstrated improved P status of VAM-inoculated Species of cypress (Cupressaceae) and yew plants (see Harley and Smith 1983).
    [Show full text]
  • Falmouth's Great Gardens of Empire: Wealth and Power in Nineteenth
    Falmouth’s Great Gardens of Empire: Wealth and power in nineteenth century horticulture By Megan Oldcorn TROZE The Online Journal of the National Maritime Museum Cornwall www.nmmc.co.uk Cornwall Online Journal Museum Maritime The of National the Month 2015 Volume 6 Number 2 TROZE Troze is the journal of the National Maritime Museum Cornwall whose mission is to promote an understanding of small boats and their place in people’s lives, and of the maritime history of Cornwall. ‘Troze: the sound made by water about the bows of a boat in motion’ From R. Morton Nance, A Glossary of Cornish Sea Words Editorial Board Editor Dr. Cathryn Pearce Dr. Helen Doe Captain George Hogg RN, National Maritime Museum Cornwall Dr Alston Kennerley, University of Plymouth Tony Pawlyn, Head of Library, National Maritime Museum Cornwall Professor Philip Payton, Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter Dr Nigel Rigby, National Maritime Museum Dr Martin Wilcox, Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull We welcome article submissions on any aspect relating to our mission. Please contact the editor at [email protected] or National Maritime Museum Cornwall Discovery Quay Falmouth Cornwall TR11 3QY United Kingdom © 2015 National Maritime Museum Cornwall and Megan Oldcorn Megan Oldcorn Megan Oldcorn is a PhD student at Falmouth University. Her research project investigates Falmouth and the role it played in the British Empire during the period 1800-1850. Falmouth’s Great Gardens of Empire: Wealth and power in nineteenth century horticulture Megan Oldcorn The woods rising on the opposite side of the stream belong to Carclew, the seat of Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.
    [Show full text]
  • Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana: Lawson Falsecypress1 Edward F
    ENH313 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: Lawson Falsecypress1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 Introduction General Information Often seen at 40 to 60 feet tall by 15 feet wide in its culti- Scientific name: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana vated form, this North American native can soar to heights Pronunciation: kam-eh-SIP-uh-riss law-so-nee-AY-nuh of 100 to 150 feet in the wild. The massive, thick trunk and Common name(s): Lawson falsecypress, Port Orford cedar formal, upright, conical silhouette is softened by the gently Family: Cupressaceae weeping tips of the short, upright branches. The flattened, USDA hardiness zones: 5B through 7B (Fig. 2) dark blue-green branchlets have a delicate, almost fern-like Origin: native to North America appearance, and are nicely complemented by the rough, Invasive potential: little invasive potential deeply furrowed, reddish-brown bark. Available in a wide Uses: specimen; screen; bonsai variety of forms and bluish foliage colors, Lawson falsecy- Availability: not native to North America press still remains today an important timber trees from the Pacific Northwest. But it is rare in the nursery trade and probably not well adapted to most landscapes. Figure 2. Range Description Height: 40 to 60 feet Spread: 15 to 25 feet Crown uniformity: symmetrical Figure 1. Mature Chamaecyparis lawsoniana: Lawson Falsecypress 1. This document is ENH313, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 1993. Reviewed May 2014. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department; Dennis G. Watson, former associate professor, Agricultural Engineering Department, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville FL 32611.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Native Trees and Large Shrubs for the Washington, D.C. Area
    Green Spring Gardens 4603 Green Spring Rd ● Alexandria ● VA 22312 Phone: 703-642-5173 ● TTY: 703-803-3354 www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/greenspring NON - NATIVE TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS ­ FOR THE WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA ­ Non-native trees are some of the most beloved plants in the landscape due to their beauty. In addition, these trees are grown for the shade, screening, structure, and landscape benefits they provide. Deciduous trees, whose leaves die and fall off in the autumn, are valuable additions to landscapes because of their changing interest throughout the year. Evergreen trees are valued for their year-round beauty and shelter for wildlife. Evergreens are often grouped into two categories, broadleaf evergreens and conifers. Broadleaf evergreens have broad, flat leaves. They also may have showy flowers, such as Camellia oleifera (a large shrub), or colorful fruits, such as Nellie R. Stevens holly. Coniferous evergreens either have needle-like foliage, such as the lacebark pine, or scale-like foliage, such as the green giant arborvitae. Conifers do not have true flowers or fruits but bear cones. Though most conifers are evergreen, exceptions exist. Dawn redwood, for example, loses its needles each fall. The following are useful definitions: Cultivar (cv.) - a cultivated variety designated by single quotes, such as ‘Autumn Gold’. A variety (var.) or subspecies (subsp.), in contrast, is found in nature and is a subdivision of a species (a variety of Cedar of Lebanon is listed). Full Shade - the amount of light under a dense deciduous tree canopy or beneath evergreens. Full Sun - at least 6 hours of sun daily.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant List 2020/21
    PLANTwww.ctsplants.com LIST 2020/21 1 CONTENTS Beckheath Nursery 2 01590 612198 CONTENTS CONTENTS Introduction to Chichester Trees and Shrubs 4 Office Contacts 9 How to Order 10 Delivery Charges 13 New Plant Introductions 14 Shrubs 26 Trees 57 Hedging 63 Climbers 67 Clematis 72 Perennials 77 Common Herbs & Edibles 114 Bamboo 115 Grasses 116 Ferns 119 Roses 121 Terms and Conditions 129 Nursery Maps 130 www.ctsplants.com 3 ABOUT ABOUT CHICHESTER Welcome to our new 2020/21 Plant List Chichester Trees and Shrubs Ltd was originally founded as a tree nursery in 1976 by James Chichester. Over the years it has evolved. We now grow an extensive range of perennials, shrubs, specimen stock, grasses, ferns, trees, fruit, roses and climbers over three nursery sites. We also have a very efficient network of suppliers and specialist growers, and source many plants not listed in our main catalogue. As a wholesale nursery we are geared up to professional members of the trade, however we can supply private clients under strictly wholesale terms. Orders must have a minimum value of £300.00 for a delivery. Smaller orders can be arranged for collection from one of our nursery sites with at least 48 hours notice. If you do not see the stock you are looking for please email us at [email protected]. We have a wide network of suppliers in the UK and Europe and may be able to supply what you are looking for. 4 01590 612198 ABOUT www.ctsplants.com 5 ABOUT RHS – AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT We have marked items in the catalogue with the RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM).
    [Show full text]
  • Metasequoia Dawn Redwood a Truly Beautiful Tree
    Metasequoia Dawn Redwood A Truly Beautiful Tree Metasequoia glyptostroboides is considered to be a living fossil as it is the only remaining species of a genus that was widespread in the geological past. In 1941 it was discovered in Hubei, China. In 1948 the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University sent an expedition to collect seed, which was distributed to universities and botanical gardens worldwide for growth trials. Seedlings were raised in New Zealand and trees can be seen in Christchurch Botanical Gardens, Eastwoodhill and Queens Gardens, Nelson. A number of natural Metasequoia populations exist in the wetlands and valleys of Lichuan County, Hubei, mostly as small groups. The largest contains 5400 trees. It is an excellent tall growing deciduous tree to complement evergreens in wetlands, stream edge plantings to control slips, and to prevent erosion in damp valley bottoms where other forestry trees fail to grow. Spring growth is a fresh bright green and in autumn the foliage turns a A fast growing deciduous conifer, red coppery brown making a great display. with a straight trunk, numerous It is also a most attractive winter branch silhouette. While the foliage is a similiar colour in autumn to that of swamp cypress (Taxodium), it is a branches and a tall conical crown, much taller erect growing tree, though both species thrive in moist soil growing to 45 metres in height and conditions. We import our seed from China and the uniformity of the seedling one metre in diameter. crop is most impressive. The timber has been used in boat building. Abies vejari 20 years old on left 14 years old on right Abies Silver Firs These dramatic conical shaped conifers make a great statement in the landscape, long-lived and withstanding the elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 07:21:54PM Via Free Access 126 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 28 (2), 2007: 125-137 WOOD ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ANCIENT BURIED LOGS OF FITZROYA CUPRESSOlDES Maria A. Castro1 and Fidel A. Roig2 SUMMARY The anatomy and ultrastructure of subfossil wood of Fitzroya cup res­ soides from the late Pleistocene (>50,000 14C years before present) were compared with those of extant F. cupressoides trees from southern Chile, using light microscopy (polarized light and ftuorescence), scanning elec­ tron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system, and transmission electron microscopy. The ancient wood showed an unchanged gross wood structure, loss of cell wall birefringence, loss of lignin autoftuorescence, and a loss of the original microfibrillar pat­ tern. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicated higher than normal contents of S, Cl, and Na in subfossil wood. Ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall of the subfossil wood could have important implications for further studies involving isotopic and wood anatomical measurements of ancient wood. Key words: Fitzroya cupressoides, Pleistocene subfossil wood, cell wall ultrastructure, TEM, SEM-EDXA analysis, wood anatomy. INTRODUCTION The temperate rain forest of South America has a very rich tree species assemblage with a high level of endemism (Arroyo et al. 1993). One of the natural endemies is Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M.lohnston (alerce, Cupressaceae), a tree species that grows under a relatively low annual mean temperature and high precipitation in areas ofthe southernAndes ofChile and southwesternArgentina. Tree-ring analysis revealed that Fitzroya is a slow-growing tree and is one of the longest-lived tree species in the world, known to reach up to around 3,500 years of age (Lara & Villalba 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Cupressaceae Calocedrus Decurrens Incense Cedar
    Cupressaceae Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar Sight ID characteristics • scale leaves lustrous, decurrent, much longer than wide • laterals nearly enclosing facials • seed cone with 3 pairs of scale/bract and one central 11 NOTES AND SKETCHES 12 Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Port Orford cedar Sight ID characteristics • scale leaves with glaucous bloom • tips of laterals on older stems diverging from branch (not always too obvious) • prominent white “x” pattern on underside of branchlets • globose seed cones with 6-8 peltate cone scales – no boss on apophysis 13 NOTES AND SKETCHES 14 Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic white cedar Sight ID characteristics • branchlets slender, irregularly arranged (not in flattened sprays). • scale leaves blue-green with white margins, glandular on back • laterals with pointed, spreading tips, facials closely appressed • bark fibrous, ash-gray • globose seed cones 1/4, 4-5 scales, apophysis armed with central boss, blue/purple and glaucous when young, maturing in fall to red-brown 15 NOTES AND SKETCHES 16 Cupressaceae Callitropsis nootkatensis Alaska yellow cedar Sight ID characteristics • branchlets very droopy • scale leaves more or less glabrous – little glaucescence • globose seed cones with 6-8 peltate cone scales – prominent boss on apophysis • tips of laterals tightly appressed to stem (mostly) – even on older foliage (not always the best character!) 15 NOTES AND SKETCHES 16 Cupressaceae Taxodium distichum bald cypress Sight ID characteristics • buttressed trunks and knees • leaves
    [Show full text]
  • Cupressus Macrocarpa
    Cupressus macrocarpa COMMON NAME Macrocarpa FAMILY Cupressaceae AUTHORITY Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Exotic STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Gymnosperms NVS CODE CUPMAC HABITAT Terrestrial. regenerating bush and scrub near planted trees and hedgerows. FEATURES Cupressus macrocarpa. Photographer: Peter de Medium sized tree to about 36 metres. Has distinctive fluted trunk when Lange mature, bark is thick, reddish brown beneath often becoming whitish on the surface. Adult foliage comprises many small dark green scales closely appressed to the branchlets, but not flattened. Juvenile foliage more needle like, and not appressed. Male cones up to about 3 mm long, yellow and knobbly arising on the tips of the branches. Female cone are also terminal, rosette-like at first, becoming a rounded brown cone with 8-14 scales when mature. Usually 10-20 small seeds per cone scale. SIMILAR TAXA The scales closely appressed on mature plants, but stems not becoming flattened separate Cupressus from other conifers. There are several Cupressus species in cultivation in New Zealand but C. macrocarpa is by far the most common, and can be identified by the blunt leaves lacking resin glands, and the shining brown mature cones. FLOWER COLOURS No flowers YEAR NATURALISED 1904 Cupressus macrocarpa. Photographer: Peter de Lange ORIGIN Monterey Peninsula, California, N. America ETYMOLOGY cupressus: Classical name, said to be derived from the Greek kuo ‘to produce’ and pari ‘equal’, alluding to the symmetrical form of the Italian cypress; alternatively the name is derived from an ancient Latin word for box, the wood once being used for coffins. macrocarpa: Large fruit Reason For Introduction Forestry Life Cycle Comments Occasional and scattered cultivation escape in the vicinity of planted trees (Webb et al 1988).
    [Show full text]
  • The Pinetum : Being a Synopsis of All the Coniferous Plants at Present
    it: i (Lop^^ : THE PINETUM: BEfNa A SYNOPSES OF ALL THE CONIFEKOUS PLANTS AT PRESENT KNOWN, WITH DESCEIPTIONS, HISTORY. AND SYNONl^MES, AND COMPEISING NEARLY ONE HUNDRED NEW KINDS. BT GEOEGE GOEDON, A.L.S., FORMEULY SUrElU^'TK^'DENT OF THE HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, CUISWICK. ASSISTED BY ROBERT GLENDINNING, F. H. S., OF THE CHISV/ICIt NURSERY, NEAR i.ONJJON. LIBKAKT NEW YO«K B^TAIIICAL QAkDCM LONDON HENET a. BOHN, TOEK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1858. C.3 TO THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, K.G., &c., &c., &c. A GREAT ADMIRER OF HARDY TREES, THE CULTIVATION OF WHICH IN ENGLAND HAS BEEN MUCH INFLUENCED BY THE MANY FINE SPECIMENS IN HIS GRACE's PARK AND PLEASURE GROUNDS AT SYON, IS VERY RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY HIS OBEDIENT AND HUMBLE SERVANT, GEORGE GORDON. LIBRAK NEW YO QAkI>t PREFACE, With the view of rendering tlie present work useful to those unacquainted with the science of botany, the author ^ has throughout aimed at the utmost simpUcity in language o ^ and arrangement. ^-r^ The alphabetical mode has therefore been adopted in o reference both to the Genera and Species. By means of ^ this, any Conifer, of which the name is known, may be immediately found. For the use of those who possess some botanical ft knowledge, a diagnostic table is prefixed to the volume, ^ The descriptions of the Genera are comprehensive though (- concise ; and each species is accompanied by all its syno- n nymes, with the authorities for them. Care has also been p- taken to furnish such information respecting habits, value, y products, &c., as is likely to be required by the planter r-^ or cultivator.
    [Show full text]