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Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia Terhadap Amerika Serikat Melalui Kuliner (Gastrodiplomacy) Tahun 2010-2016

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Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia Terhadap Amerika Serikat Melalui Kuliner (Gastrodiplomacy) Tahun 2010-2016 DIPLOMASI KEBUDAYAAN INDONESIA TERHADAP AMERIKA SERIKAT MELALUI KULINER (GASTRODIPLOMACY) TAHUN 2010-2016. Sarah Patrecia Sinulingga Email : [email protected] Pembimbing : Indra Pahlawan, S.IP. M.Si Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Riau Program Studi S1 Hubungan Internasional FISIP Universitas Riau Kampus Bina Widya Jl. H.R. Soebrantas Km. 12,5 Simpang Baru Pekanbaru 28293-Telp/Fax. 0761-63277 Abstract Cultural diplomacy is a category of Soft Diplomacy in the implementation of a country's foreign policy. Cultural diplomacy is a manifestation of the implementation of public diplomacy. One of the cultural diplomacy instruments used by Indonesia to the United States is culinary. Diplomacy through culinary is known as gastrodiplomasi. Indonesian's Gastrodiplomacy aims to win the hearts and minds of foreigners thereby increasing interaction and cooperation with other countries. Using the theory of diplomacy is the concept of soft power by Joseph Nye, Jr and perspective of Neorealism by Kenneth Waltz, this research obtained data through literature studies and direct research to the Indonesia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The research shows that Indonesian's Gastrodiplomacy have been done through annual festivals serving Indonesian culinary such as Indonesia Culinary Festival, participation of Indonesian government in annual culinary festival held by the United States of America and increasing the number of Indonesian restaurants in the United States of America. Culinary diplomacy also have been done through the media online, such as Youtube. It was also found that the implementation of culinary diplomacy impacts the level of Indonesian food and beverage exports to the United States and attracted the interest of the United States to visit Indonesia. Keywords: Culture Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, Gastrodiplomacy Pendahuluan Diplomasi merupakan cara, dengan peraturan dan tata krama tertentu, yang digunakan suatu negara guna mencapai JOM FISIP Vol. 4 No. 2 t Oktober 2017 Page 1 kesepakatan nasional negara tersebut dalam negara negara pada saat ini untuk mendapat hubungnnya dengan negara lain atau dengan posisi di mata internasional. masyarakat internasional. Dengan demikian, Diplomasi budaya adalah hal yang dalam hubungan internasional, diplomasi sangat menarik dan merupakan hal penting tidak dapat dipisahkan bertalian sangat erat dalam dunia Hubungan Internasional. dengan politik luar negeri dan juga dengan Diplomasi budaya tidak dilakukan dalam politik internasional. Secara konvensional, mekanisme pemerintah ke pemerintah dalam bentuknya yang paling tajam, melainkan ditekankan pada hubungan diplomasi berupa perundingan yang pemerintah ke masyarakat dan yang paling dilakukan oleh para pejabat resmi negara penting adalah hubungan masyarakat ke sebagai pihak pihak yang mewakili masyarakat.2 Diplomasi kebudayaan kepentingan nasional masing masing negara. dianggap sebagai alat untuk memperlihatkan Dalam perkembangannya kemudian, tingkat peradaban suatu bangsa. Seseorang pelaku pelaku diplomasi bukan hanya yang sudah menaruh perhatian terhadap pejabat negara, melainkan juga kalangan sesuatu atau kebudayaan suatu negara swasta atau individu individu yang mewakili tertentu, maka akan muncul rasa ingin tahu kepentingan nasional negaranya dengan mendalam tentang negara yang memiliki sepengetahuan atau persetujuan pemerintah. ketertarikan tersebut. Triyono meyakini Dalam konteks tersebut maka dikenalah bahwa diplomasi kebudayaan, seni dan dengan apa yang disebut —diplomasi budaya memberikan kontribusi yang positif Nebudayaan“, dulu efeNtifitas diplomasi dalam menciptakan perdamaian dunia. memerlukan dukungan politik atau ekonomi Triyono mencetuskan semboyan "a million atau kekukatan militer yang rill, namum friends and zero enemy''' melalui hubungan sekarang justru kekuatan ekonomi, politik, antar masyarakat yang dikenal sebagai dan militer dalam hal hal tertentu akan "people contact" dan dapat terjalin lebih bersifat —counter productive“, tidaN akan jauh lagi.3 Sehingga kebudayaan dipandang membantu tercapainya hasil yang dituju. lebih berpengaruh daripada dengan Kadang kala mengesampingkan penggunaan menggunakan kekuatan militer. kekuatan militer dan ekonominya dengan Keberhasilan diplomasi melalui lebih menonjolkan penggunaan bidang kuliner dapat dilihat dari negara negara kebudayaan. berkembang seperti Indonesia. Diplomasi Kebijakan luar negeri, budaya dan melalui kuliner dapat diterapkan dengan nilai atau norma- norma merupakan sumber cara menjalin kerja sama dengan negara daya utama dari Soft Power. Menurut Josep negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat. S. Nye, Soft power adalah kemampuan Indonesia kaya akan kuliner nusantara. dalam menjadi —menarik“, sehingga bisa Diplomasi yang melalui cara kuliner disebut bekerjasama dengan yang lain.1 Terdapat beberapa cara dalam mempengaruhi bentuk 2 Gusti Ayu. 2016. Pentingnya Diplomasi Budaya soft diplomacy melalui budaya. Diplomasi dan Peranan Social Media dalam Diplomasi Budaya kebudayaan merupakan salah satu alat bagi suatu Negara. Diambil dari https://id.linkedin.com/pulse/pentingnya-diplomasi- budaya-dan-peranan-social-media-dalam-arinta (diakses pada tanggal 20 Desember 2016) 1Siswo Pramono. 2011. Resources of Indonesian Soft 3 Sumber: Direktorat Diplomasi Publik/EPMM) Power Diplomacy. Jakarta: Jakarta Post. Diambil dari Triyono Wibowo dalam pidato pembukaan http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/06/28/reso —Indonesia Seni dan Budaya Sebagai 'Soft urces-indonesian-soft-power-diplomacy.html PowerDiplomacy“, Channel 2011 di Hotel Eldorado, (diakses pada tanggal 13 Desember 2016) Bandung. JOM FISIP Vol. 4 No. 2 t Oktober 2017 Page 2 juga dengan Gastrodiplomacy. Dalam penutupan workshop Gastrodiplomacy diungkapkan oleh Paul kemitraan komprehensif Indonesia dan Rockower, seorang gastronom lulusan Amerika Serikat di Jakarta pada tahun 2009, University of Southern California yang kini Anies Baswedan menyampaikan bahwa bekerja sebagai seorang konsultan salah satu diplomasi budaya yang efektif internasional yang membantu negara-negara adalah dengan mendirikan restoran untuk membuat sebuah merek kuliner indonesia di Amerika, dengan cita rasa bangsa yang efektif.4 Rockower menyatakan masakan Indonesia yang lezat.8 Berdasarkan bahwa gastrodiplomasi merupaNan —the best pernyataan Anies dapat dikatakan bahwa way to win hearts and mind is through the masih kurangnya pengetahuan warga stomach“ (cara terbaiN untuk memenangkan Amerika mengenai kuliner Indonesia, hati dan pikiran adalah melalui perut)5 apalagi masih sedikitnya restoran Indonesia Menurut Rockower, penggunaan di Amerika Serikat dibandingkan dengan gastrodiplomasi secara formal bisa menjadi restoran Asia lainnya. program resmi pemerintah yang digunakan Anies Mengemukakan, membuka untuk mengenalkan makanan khas negara restoran Indonesia dapat menjadi media sebagai tujuan dari diplomasi suatu negara.6 perkenalan kebudayaan Indonesia di AS, Pada November 2010, kunjungan sehingga Indonesia dapat dikenal dunia Obama ke Indonesia dianggap menjadi internasional. Dengan diadakannya festival gerbang bagi Indonesia untuk menjadikan kuliner yang mengenalkan makanan dan kuliner sebagai alat diplomasi. Obama yang minuman Indonesia di Amerika Serikat akan dianggap sebagai Duta bakso, mengenalkan berpengaruh besar terhadap pengenalan kuliner Indonesia kepada masyarakat kuliner Indonesia. Festival harus rutin, tidak Amerika Serikat. Karena hal tersebut hanya bersifat sementara atau mudah sejumlah situs berita Amerika Serikat dilupakan sehingga dapat dilihat antusias misalnya, Nola.com, CDA Press.com, dari masyarakat Amerika Serikat. dan Boston Globe memuat tulisan yang Berdasarkan fakta di atas penulis membahas soal bakso, termasuk resep dan berkeinginan untuk melakukan penelitian cara membuatnya. Tulisan itu diberi judul yang berjudul Diplomasi Kebudayaan —Bakso: the soup President Obama loved as Indonesia terhadap Amerika Serikat a child“ atau —BaNso: Sup .esukaan Melalui Kuliner (Gastrodiplomacy) 3residen Obama :aktu .Hcil“.7 Tahun 2010-2016. Perspektif yang digunakan dalam bahasan ini ialah Neorealisme. Perspektif 4 Rachel :ilson, —Cocina Peruana Para El Mundo : neorealis merupakan sebuah perspektif yang Gastrodiplomacy, The Culinary Nation Brand, and berakar dari realisme klasik dan neoklasik. The Context of National Cuisine in Peru“, (Syracus Pencetus perspektif ini, Kenneth Waltz University, 2015). 5 menekankan konsep anarki internasional Paul S. Rockower, 3roMecting Taiwan : Taiwan‘s sebagai focus Neorealisme berasumsi Public Diplomacy Outreach 47, (Taiwan, Taipei, Institute of International Relations, National bahwa hubungan internasional merupakan Chengchi University, Maret 2011), hal. 107-152. hubungan yang antagonistik dan konfliktual 6 3aul S. Rockower : Mary -o. A Pham, —Food as yang disebabkan oleh struktur anarkis dalam Communication: A Case Study of South Korea Gastrodiplomacy—, (:ashington,D.C, American University, 2013), hal. 4. obama-bakso-jadi-terkenal-di-as (diakses pada 7 Elin Yunita. 2010. —Gara-gara Obama, Bakso Jadi tanggal 20 Mei 2017) Terkenal di AS“. Diambil dari: 8 http://rol.republika.co.id/berita/shortlink/50078 http://life.viva.co.id/news/read/189013-gara-gara- (diakses pada tanggal 19 Desember 2016) JOM FISIP Vol. 4 No. 2 t Oktober 2017 Page 3 sistem internasional.9 Kaum neorealis budaya Indonesia dimana publik menjadi mempercayai bahwa kerjasama internasional target dari strategi tersebut yang dikenal tidak akan dapat terjadi bila negara tidak dengan diplomasi publik. membantu
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