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T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali Dinler Tarihi Bilim Dali

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T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali Dinler Tarihi Bilim Dali T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HİNDUİZM VE BUDİZM’DE CENAZE RİTÜELİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Raziye Betül Dikmen Ankara – 2021 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HİNDUİZM VE BUDİZM’DE CENAZE RİTÜELİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Raziye Betül Dikmen TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Mehmet KATAR Dinler Tarihi Öğretim Üyesi Ankara – 2021 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HİNDUİZM VE BUDİZM’DE CENAZE RİTÜELİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Mehmet KATAR Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı : İmzası : Prof. Dr. Mehmet KATAR …………………………. Doç. Dr. Şevket ÖZCAN ………………………….. Doç. Dr. Cemil KUTLUTÜRK ………………………….. Tez Sınavı Tarihi…………………………. 24.06.2021 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Dinler Tarihi Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Mehmet KATAR danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Hinduizm ve Budizm’de Cenaze Ritüeli (Ankara 2021)” adlı yüksek lisans tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. Tarih:12.07.2021 AdıRaziye-Soyadı Betül ve DİKMEN İmza İçindekiler KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... iii ÖN SÖZ .......................................................................................................................... iv HİNDUİZM VE BUDİZM’DE CENAZE RİTÜELİ .................................................. 1 GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 A. Antik Dinlerde Cenaze Ritüelleri ........................................................................ 3 1. Antik Roma’da Cenaze Ritüeli ............................................................................. 3 2. Antik Yunan’da Cenaze Ritüeli ............................................................................ 6 3. Antik Mısır’da Cenaze Ritüeli .............................................................................. 9 B. Yaşayan Dinlerde Cenaze Ritüelleri ................................................................. 14 1. Yahudilikte Cenaze Ritüeli ................................................................................. 14 2. Hıristiyanlıkta Cenaze Ritüeli ............................................................................. 18 3. İslam’da Cenaze Ritüeli ...................................................................................... 21 4. Zerdüştlükte Cenaze Ritüeli ................................................................................ 24 I. BÖLÜM .................................................................................................................. 27 HİNDUİZM’DE ÖLÜM ANLAYIŞI VE CENAZE RİTÜELİ ................................ 27 A. Hinduizm’de Ölüm Anlayışı .............................................................................. 27 B. Hinduizm’de Cenaze Töreni (Antyeşti Samskara) .......................................... 30 1. Ölüm Anı Yaklaştığında Yapılan Uygulamalar .................................................. 33 2. Ölüm Sonrası Yapılan Uygulamalar ................................................................... 35 3. Cesedin Ortadan Kaldırılması İçin Yapılan Uygulamalar .................................. 39 4. Çocukların ve Sannyasinlerin Cenaze Törenleri ................................................. 46 i C. Ritüel Kirlilik ve Yas Dönemi ............................................................................. 49 II. BÖLÜM .................................................................................................................. 53 BUDİZM’DE ÖLÜM ANLAYIŞI VE CENAZE RİTÜELİ ..................................... 53 A. Budizm’de Ölüm Anlayışı .................................................................................. 54 B. Budizm’de Cenaze Ritüeli .................................................................................. 55 1. Ölüm Anı Yaklaştığında Yapılan Uygulamalar .................................................. 57 2. Ölüm Sonrası Yapılan Uygulamalar ................................................................... 61 3. Cesedin Ortadan Kaldırılması İçin Yapılan Uygulamalar .................................. 66 C. Ritüel Kirlilik ve Yas Dönemi ............................................................................ 73 SONUÇ .......................................................................................................................... 77 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ...................................................................................................... 81 ÖZET ............................................................................................................................. 98 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 99 ii KISALTMALAR AÜ : Ankara Üniversitesi Bkz. : Bakınız byy : Basım yeri yok c. : Cilt Çev. : Çeviren DİA : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi DİB : Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Ed. : Editör ER : Encyclopedia of Religions İÜ : İstanbul Üniversitesi MSGSÜ : Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi s. : Sayı SBE : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü TDV : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı TİB : Türkiye İş Bankası ts : Tarihsiz TTK : Türk Tarih Kurumu Vol. : Volume iii ÖN SÖZ Ölüm, muhakkak ki bütün canlılar için kaçınılmaz bir sondur. Çiçeklerin solması, yaprakların dökülmesi gibi insanlar da dünya hayatında geçirecekleri sınırlı vakti tamamladıklarında bu dünyadan ayrılmaktadır. Fakat burada insanları diğer canlılardan farklı kılan şey ölümü bilmesi, düşünmesi ve ona bir anlam verme çabası içerisinde olmasıdır. Ölümü anlamlandırma çabası içerisinde olan insan, dinlerin sunduğu ölüm sonrasına dair inançlar sayesinde ölümü bir son olarak görmemektedir. Ölümü bir son olarak kabul etmeyen dinlerin ortaya koymuş olduğu cenaze ritüeli uygulamaları esasında bizlere ölümün bir geçiş niteliğinde algılandığını göstermektedir. Dinlerin ortaya koymuş olduğu cenaze ritüellerinde görülen farklılıklar ise dinlerin hayata ve ölüme dair farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda insan hayatını bir ömürden ibaret gören ve ölüm sonrasını ahiret hayatıyla ilişkilendiren dinlerin cenaze törenleri ile hayatı tekrarlayan bir süreç olarak yorumlayan dinlerin ölüme yüklediği anlam ve bu çerçevede sergiledikleri cenaze uygulamaları değişmektedir. Bu çerçevede Hinduizm ve Budizm gibi dinlerde ölümden sonra ruhun yahut bilincin mevcut bedenin dışında yeni bir bedende dünyaya dönmesi yahut dünya hayatından tamamen kurtularak mutlak huzura kavuşması inancı bulunmaktadır. İki dinde de öldükten sonra başlayacak olan bu yeni hayat için ölenlerin ardından geride kalanların yerine getirmeleri gereken cenaze ritüellerinin etkili olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla cenaze törenleri, hem ölen kişiye karşı yerine getirilmesi gereken son görevin tamamlanmasını hem de geride kalanların vicdani olarak rahatlamasını sağlamaktadır. Hinduizm ve Budizm dinlerinin ölüm anlayışı ve buna bağlı olarak gerçekleştirdikleri cenaze ritüelleri incelendiğinde, cenaze ritüeli ve cesedi ortadan iv kaldırmanın geride kalan yakınların ölen kişi için yerine getirmeleri gerekli kabul edilen son bir sorumluluk olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Cenaze törenleri, yukarıda bahsettiğimiz özellikleri sebebiyle dinlerin hayata ve ölüme bakışını ortaya koyması yanında, dinlerin insan hayatına verdiği değeri ortaya koyması açısından da önemli bir gösterge teşkil etmektedir. Bu durum özellikle hayatı döngüsel bir süreç olarak algılayan ve ölümü ya dünya hayatına yeni bir bedende dönüş ya da bu geliş gidişlerin tamamlanması halinde dünya hayatından tamamen kurtuluş olarak algılayan Hint kökenli dinler açısından da özel bir önem arz etmektedir. Ancak konunun bu önemine rağmen, Hinduizm ve Budizm’de cenaze, defin veya ortadan kaldırma uygulamalarının bilimsel bir biçimde ele alınıp karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmediğini tespit ettik. Bu eksiklik nedeniyle Hinduizm ve Budizm’in cenaze kaldırma yöntemlerini ve bu çerçevede yapılan ayin ve törenleri tez konusu olarak çalışmaya karar verdik. “Hinduizm ve Budizm’de Cenaze Ritüeli” başlıklı tezimiz giriş ve iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde genel olarak dinlerde ölüm anlayışı ve cenaze ritüellerinin yanı sıra antik dinler ve yaşayan dinlerdeki cenaze ritüelleri ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Hinduizm’de ölüm anlayışının nasıl olduğu ve ölümün gerçekleşeceği beklenen an itibariyle başlayan cenaze ritüelleri detaylarıyla ortaya konmuştur. İkinci bölümde, Budizm’de ölüm anlayışı ve bu çerçevede ortaya çıkmış olan farklı cenaze törenleri ele alınmıştır. Budizm’e ait tek tip bir cenaze ritüeli ve ceset ortadan kaldırma uygulaması tespit edilememesi ve kaynakların sınırlı olması sebebiyle çalışmamızda Budistlerin farklı kültür ve coğrafyalarda gerçekleştirdikleri cenaze ritüelleri incelenmiştir. Tibet ve Japon Budizm’indeki cenaze ritüellerine ve cesedin ortadan kaldırılma şekilleri esas alınmıştır. v Araştırmamızda, Türkçe ve İngilizce kitap, makale ve ansiklopedi maddelerinden yararlanılmış ve elde edilen bilgiler Dinler Tarihi’nin deskriptif
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