Analyse Genetischer Stabilität in Den Nachkommen Bestrahlter Zellen Mittels Klassischer Chromosomenbänderung Und Verschiedener Hochdurchsatz-Techniken

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Analyse Genetischer Stabilität in Den Nachkommen Bestrahlter Zellen Mittels Klassischer Chromosomenbänderung Und Verschiedener Hochdurchsatz-Techniken Analyse genetischer Stabilität in den Nachkommen bestrahlter Zellen mittels klassischer Chromosomenbänderung und verschiedener Hochdurchsatz-Techniken Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Julia Flunkert geboren in Schwerte Würzburg, 2018 Eingereicht am: …………………………………………….................... Mitglieder der Promotionskommission: Vorsitzender: Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Haaf Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Dandekar Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: ……………………….................. Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: ………………………................. Eidesstattliche Versicherung Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von November 2014 bis September 2018 am Institut für Humangenetik der Universität Würzburg unter Betreuung von Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Haaf angefertigt. Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, die Dissertation: „Analyse genetischer Stabilität in den Nachkommen bestrahlter Zellen mittels klassischer Chromosomenbänderung und verschiedener Hochdurchsatz-Techniken“, eigenständig, d. h. insbesondere selbständig und ohne Hilfe eines kommerziellen Promotionsberaters, angefertigt und keine anderen, als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet zu haben. Ich erkläre außerdem, dass die Dissertation weder in gleicher noch in ähnlicher Form bereits in einem anderen Prüfungsverfahren vorgelegen hat. Weiterhin erkläre ich, dass bei allen Abbildungen und Texten bei denen die Verwer- tungsrechte (Copyright) nicht bei mir liegen, diese von den Rechtsinhabern eingeholt wurden und die Textstellen bzw. Abbildungen entsprechend den rechtlichen Vorgaben gekennzeichnet sind sowie bei Abbbildungen, die dem Internet entnommen wurden, der entsprechende Hypertextlink angegeben wurde. Am 17.09.2012 wurde mir von der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg der akademische Grad „Bachelor of Science“ und am 23.10.2014 der „Master of Science“ verliehen. Weitere akademische Grade habe ich weder erworben noch zu erwerben versucht. ……………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………..... Ort, Datum Unterschrift (Julia Flunkert) III Zusammenfassung Ionisierende Strahlung (IR) ist in der medizinischen Diagnostik und in der Tumortherapie von zentraler Bedeutung, kann aber Genominstabilität und Krebs auslösen. Strahleninduzierte Genominstabilität (RIGI) ist in den klonalen Nachkommen bestrahlter Zellen zu beobachten, die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind jedoch noch unverstanden. Zur Erforschung von verzögerten Strahleneffekten wurden primäre embryonale Fibroblastenkulturen mit 2 Gray bestrahlt und für 20 Populationsverdopplungen klonal expandiert. Zellen, die keiner Strahlung ausgesetzt waren, dienten als Kontrolle für normale Alterungsprozesse. Die Klone wurden durch klassische Chromosomenbänderungstechniken analysiert und in Abhängigkeit der Stabilität ihres Genoms in Gruppen eingeteilt. Ein Klon wurde als stabil gewertet, wenn die analysierten Metaphasen keinerlei Auffälligkeiten zeigten, während instabile Klone ein Mosaik aus normalen und abnormalen Metaphasen waren. Die Zellen von zwei Spendern wurden untersucht, um interindividuelle Strahleneffekte zu beurteilen. Nach Bestrahlung hatten mehr als die Hälfte der Klone Metaphasen mit strukturellen Aberrationen und wurden dementsprechend als instabil eingestuft. Drei Klone zeigten zudem numerische Aberrationen, die ausschließlich das Y-Chromosom betrafen. Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierungen verifizierten diese Beobachtung in weiteren Klonen und deuteten an, dass der Verlust des Y-Chromosoms mit RIGI assoziiert ist. Molekulare Karyotypisierungen mit SNP-Arrays ergaben, dass IR in den Klonen Veränderungen der Kopienzahl auslöst. Ein Unterschied zwischen chromosomal stabilen und instabilen Klonen konnte jedoch nicht detektiert werden. Chromosomale Regionen, in denen sich bekanntermaßen fragile Stellen befinden, zeigten eine Anhäufung von CNVs. Ein RIGI-Effekt konnte für die fragile Stelle 3B, in der sich das Gen FHIT befindet, identifiziert werden. Exom-Sequenzierungen von Klonen und der entsprechenden Massenkultur zeigten eine alterungsassoziierte Entstehung von Varianten. Der Effekt wurde durch die Einwirkung von Strahlung erhöht. Auf Ebene von einzelnen Nukleotiden konnten ebenfalls Anhäufungen von Schäden in bestimmten genomischen Bereichen detektiert werden, dieser Effekt ging ohne die typischen RIGI-Endpunkte einher. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass strahlenbedingte Veränderungen auf verschiedenen Ebenen (Chromosomen, Genkopienzahl und einzelnen Nukleotiden) beobachtet werden können, welche, unabhängig von RIGI, die Tumorentstehung begünstigen. IV Speziell Veränderungen im FRA3B-Lokus und der Verlust des Y-Chromosoms scheinen jedoch über die Destabilisierung des Genoms zur Krebsentstehung beizutragen. V Summary Ionizing radiation is important in medical diagnosis and cancer treatment but can lead to genomic instability and secondary malignancies as a late effect. Radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) can be observed in the progeny of irradiated cells but the underlying cellular processes remain to be elucidated. To study delayed genetic radiation effects, single cell fibroblast clones from two different male donors were established after a single X-ray dose of 2 Gray. Non-irradiated cells were used as controls to account for aging-related effects. Clones were characterized using chromosome banding analysis. Stable clones were endowed with no karyotype abnormalities in all analysed metaphases after 20 Population doublings, whereas unstable clones showed both normal and abnormal metaphases. Two fibroblast strains were used to detect differences in radiation sensitivity. More than half of the irradiated clones were chromosomally abnormal and thus classified as unstable. Both banding analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed an increased rate of Y chromosome loss in irradiated clones which might be associated with RIGI. Using SNP-Arrays, an increased rate of de novo copy number variations (CNVs) was detected in the progeny of irradiated cells when compared to non-irradiated controls. However, a significant difference between chromosomally stable and unstable clones was not found. CNVs clustered in chromosomal regions that are associated with known fragile sites. The fragile site 3B, which encompasses the gene FHIT, was found to be affected by CNVs in unstable clones suggesting a RIGI-related effect. Exome sequencing of clones and the respective primary cultures revealed an increased rate of variants during in vitro aging. This effect was further increased by radiation exposure. Analysis of single nucleotides showed a RIGI-independent accumulation of damage in specific regions. The results of the present study show that radiation-induced changes can manifest as chromosomal abnormalities, copy number variations and DNA sequence mutations promoting tumorigenesis independent from RIGI. However, changes in FRA3B and loss of Y chromosome might trigger cancer through destabilizing the genome. VI Inhaltsverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Versicherung ......................................................................... III Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................ IV Summary ....................................................................................................... VI 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Biologische Wechselwirkung ionisierender Strahlung ............................................... 1 1.2. DNA-Schadensantwort ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.1. Zellzyklusarrest nach Bestrahlung .......................................................................... 5 1.2.2. Reparaturmechanismen strahleninduzierter Doppelstrangbrüche ....................... 8 1.2.3. Zelltod durch Bestrahlung .................................................................................... 10 1.3. Folgen von Strahlenschäden .................................................................................... 12 1.4. Strahleninduzierte Genominstabilität ...................................................................... 13 1.5. Strahleninduzierte Krebsentstehung ....................................................................... 16 1.6. Genomische Variabilität: Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen und Kopienzahlvariationen .............................................................................................. 18 1.7. Fibroblasten als Modellsystem................................................................................. 20 1.8. Zielsetzung der Arbeit .............................................................................................. 21 2. Materialien und Methoden ................................................................. 23 2.1. Materialien ............................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Biologisches Material ........................................................................................... 23 2.1.2. Adaptersequenzen für das Whole Exome Sequencing ........................................ 23 2.1.3. Kommerzielle Kit-Systeme ................................................................................... 24 2.1.4. Chemikalien und Reagenzien ............................................................................... 24 2.1.5. Medien, Puffer und
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