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Preliminary Observations on the Structural History of Rennell Island, South Solomon Sea

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Preliminary Observations on the Structural History of Rennell Island, South Solomon Sea GEOFFREY R. TAYLOR Department of Geological Surveys, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, G.P.O. Box G24, Honiara, Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands Preliminary Observations on the Structural History of Rennell Island, South Solomon Sea ABSTRACT creased knowledge of the morphology of Ren- nell provided the basis for a reappraisal of the Rennell Island is a coral atoll in the South origin of this unique island. The evolutionary Solomon Sea whose entire coastline is formed process proposed in this paper, however, rests by an uplifted reef complex. This complex con- largely on the acceptance of an objective inter- sists of a succession of superimposed fore reefs pretation of the geomorphology. The extensive and their associated reef flats, all of which have recrystallization that accompanies the dolo- been completely dolomitized. During subse- mitization makes impossible the recognition of quent uplift, undolomitized fringing reef lime- original sedimentary structures within the stone was deposited upon the atoll reef com- limited amount of section available across the plex, and lagoonal deposits accumulated in the reefs. Recent evidence indicates that existing enclosed central region. The atoll reef complex radiometric methods of dating recrystallized grew on a subsiding basement platform, the carbonate rocks are unreliable (Kaufman and instability of which resulted in the drowning others, 1971) and, as yet, no diagnostic fossil of successive stages of fore-reef development. evidence has been found. INTRODUCTION REGIONAL SETTING Rennell Island is situated in the South Woollard (1967) described the floor of the Solomon Sea (Fig. 1). It is about 80 km long South Solomon Sea as being structurally com- and has an average width of 10 km. Its long plex and tectonically active. Seismic refraction axis is aligned northwest and a deep embayment and reflection data obtained on traverses across along its southwest coast separates East from the northwestern projection of the Rennell West Rennell. Island Ridge (Fig. 1) show arching and The island is composed of dolomitized reef buckling of the crust accompanied by basement limestone overlaid by recent undolomitized faulting. The primary stress direction is south- reef and lagoon deposits. Ancient atoll reefs are west-northeast. This is possibly a consequence uplifted to a maximum elevation of 200 m in of movement toward the northeast of a segment the northwest and form a nearly continuous of the Australian plate dipping under Guadal- rim of precipitous cliffs around the entire island canal and San Cristobal (Denham, 1971; West- (Fig. 2). Grover (1958) described the island as wood, 1970). The region is also affected by being composed entirely of coralline limestone major east-trending shears, the chief of which is and ascribed the conspicuous coastal features to the Pocklington fault (Fig. 1; Krause, 1962). erosional terraces related to uplift. Christiansen The uplifted atolls of Rennell and Bellona (1964) postulated an entirely eustatic origin for are thought to lie on a faulted basement ridge. these "terraces." This is one of several en echelon basement The island has become the focus of greater structures, including Hammondsport Bank and attention in recent years due to the possibility Indispensable Reefs, upon which there has been of mining a considerable bauxite deposit in the extensive coral-reef development. The align- central lagoon region of the northwest. Low- ment of these crustal warps is in accordance level aerial photography and topographical sur- with the northeast stress direction (Fig. 1). veys are now available for parts of Rennell, and Parallelism of the raised reefs on either side the building of an access road at Lughughi Bay of Rennell Island indicates structural control in (Fig. 3) facilitated detailed geological mapping their growth. The arcuate nature of the south- and sampling of an area about 4 sq km. In- east-facing coastline (Fig. 2) is considered to be Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 2795-2806, 8 figs., August 1973 2795 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/8/2795/3418518/i0016-7606-84-8-2795.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 2796 G. R. TAYLOR I60°E Transcurrent shear with direction shown. --J"- Probable fault with dip Probable anticline Primary stress direction * 1000 fathoms contour 2000 - 3000 fathoms =Z23 Be|ow 3ooo fathoms'. ,—-oSeismk refraction traverse of Woollard 1966 »New Bathymétrie contours drawntrom Admiralty chart 208, cor-ected at 1969. ^VCaledonia Figure 1. Generalized structure and •athymetry of the South Solomon Sea. a consequence of secondary controlling factors RENNELL GEOLOGY such as prevailing wind and current directions. There is also evidence of a sinistral displacement This paper is based on detailed mapping of the underlying basement ridge by approxi- around the Lughughi-Tinggoa road (Fig. 4) mately 6 km prior to, or during, reef develop- and on traverses over the coastal cliffs at ten ment (Fig. 3). The most significant movement locations on northwestern Rennell Island (Fig. has occurred in the central Kanggava Bay 5). More than 400 field tests, using the method region, but other possible trends are indicated. of Keller and Moore (1937), were carried out as Bellona Island, 25 km to the northwest of an aid in distinguishing the dolomite from the Rennell, is 11 km long and has been uplifted limestone. 80 m. In parallel alignment with the main The atoll reef complex is continuous around Rennell axis, it is displaced slightly northeast- the coast, but subsidiary reefs have formed ward and is possibly positioned on a small but across the island at Kanggava Bay (Fig. 3), separate en echelon ridge. indicating the presence at one time of two The Indispensable Reefs are located south of independent but abutting lagoons. Any section Rennell (Fig. 1) and form a lagoon complex across the complex from the coast inland shows more than 130 km long. They are poorly a succession of as many as five major fore reefs, charted but have been covered by aerial the uppermost of which is very narrow and is photography. There is no land above high- precipitous on both sides. The numbers and water level, but the reef-flat zones are probably levels of these reefs are not uniform. Low-level dry at low tides. The width of visible, near- aerial photography shows that segments of the surface reef, is about 1.5 km, which is similar to lower reefs can be traced for many kilometers. that of Rennell Island. The three elongate The two uppermost reefs appear to be con- atoll-like reefs are roughly parallel but are not tinuous around the whole island, but their aligned. A similarity in outline between the levels have been affected by postdepositional Indispensable Reefs and Rennell Island is block faulting (Fig. 3). Within the lagoon striking and indicative of their common region, a series of reef flats and reef knolls at origins, despite their obviously different several levels can often be correlated with the present-day states. succession of fore reefs occurring in that part of Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/8/2795/3418518/i0016-7606-84-8-2795.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 RENNELL ISLAND, SOUTH SOLOMON SEA 2797 Figure 2. The uplifted reefs of Lughughi Bay. The rain forest which effectively hides their true morphol- photograph shows the coastal section just to the west of ogy. The flat-lying lagoon region can be seen in the the area covered by Figure 5. The apparent low relief distance. (Photography by W. D. Procter.) of the uplifted reefs is due to the thick cover of tropical the complex (Figs. 4 and 6). The dolomite dolomite is remarkably uniform over the verti- reefs are identified with the Roman numerals cal thickness of 200 m. The mean magnesia I to VI from top to bottom, that is, with in- content, based on 32 analyses, is 19.80 percent creasing age. The undolomitized terraces and with a standard deviation of 0.85 percent. reef are numbered 1 to 4 from sea level upward, The dolomite varies in color between buff which is also in sequence of increasing age. and pure white. Sections across the reefs, ex- posed in road cuttings, show that the dolomiti- Dolomite Petrography zation is persistent throughout, but its con- The entire reef complex is thought to have tinuity at depth is not proven. Bedding sur- been deposited as coralgal limestone and then faces are difficult to determine but generally dolomitized. The chemical composition of the dip steeply away from the crests of the reefs Figure 3. Rennell Island—geology and structure. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/8/2795/3418518/i0016-7606-84-8-2795.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 2798 G. and are flat lying in the back-reef and lagoon oy subsequent recrystallization, and good regions. The buff dolomite occurs in the lower macro-fossils are rare. Some casts and pseudo- 70 m of the coastal outcrop and sporadically morphs o:; occasional molluscs, coral, and algal within the back-reef regions. The original fabric fragments which have been preserved include of the buff dolomite has largely been obliterated Cypraea, Ringiculidae, Heliopora, and Lithophyl- % * '»HUh •'•• i: •' : iX. I -! -rJ-jSTOE Geological boundary, •Lower limit of slope Reef Limestone dashed where inferred Uplifted reef •Terrace •I - • •)• • Lagoonal Limestone ©to© • Reef levels •Spot heights ¿i " Microcoqulna ©to©' <_36 •Upper limit of slope - Dips •Dolomite Figure 4. Lughughi Bay—geology and geomorphology. The elevations of the uplifted reefs and terraces are shown in Figure 6. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/8/2795/3418518/i0016-7606-84-8-2795.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 RENNELL ISLAND, SOUTH SOLOMON SEA 2799 IOOO« 200« LOCATION OF THE SKETCH 100 IOO PROFILES o o 140*00* E l«0^5"E 200b 100 o w* 200b 200B p.
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