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TO ORDER THE PRINT EDITION: 2 For the latest offers available for the Oxford DNB print edition, including a range of payment options for institutions, please contact: The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was created in partnership with the British Academy by scholars of international standing. Academic Sales It was edited by the late Professor H. C. G. Matthew, Professor of Modern History, , and Great Clarendon Street 2,400 years of history through people Professor Sir Brian Harrison, Professor of Modern History, University of Oxford, with the assistance of 14 consultant editors Oxford OX2 6DP and 470 associate editors worldwide. UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 354582 Dr Lawrence Goldman, Fellow and Tutor in Modern History, St Peter's College, Oxford, became editor in October 2004. Fax: +44 (0)1865 353308 Email: [email protected] AOODNB806

Prestigious Awards for the Oxford DNB 61,472 pages, 10,057 black and white illustrations, Trimmed page size 246mm x 189mm, Longman-History Today Awards 2005 Besterman/McColvin Medal 2005 ISBN: 0-19-861411-X, 978-0-19-861411-1 The Trustees’ Award for the promotion of history Awarded by CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Published September 2004 Information Professionals for the outstanding electronic Dartmouth Medal 2005 reference work of the year TO SUBSCRIBE TO THE ONLINE EDITION: Awarded by the American Library Association for the creation of 8 INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: an outstanding, high-quality reference resource British Book Design and Production Awards 2005 Concurrent and unlimited user licences are available. Winner: Scholarly and Reference category Please contact us for a quotation. National Book Critics Circle The Oxford DNB is the first reference work to be awarded a International Information Industry Awards 2005 Tel: +44 (0)1865 353705 special citation at the Circle’s annual awards Best User Experience Fax: +44 (0)1865 353308 Email: [email protected]

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Image of Douglas Adams © Brian Griffin Image of Winston Churchill © courtesy Estate of Walter Sickert ‘Every visit to shelf or screen has left me in a state of head-shaking amazement.’ 1 www.oxforddnb.com Image of Elsa Sullivan Lanchester © Estate of Doris Clare Zinkeisen; collection National Portrait Gallery, All other images courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London Stefan Collini, London Review of Books 15879 DNB 1_2.qxp 27/06/2006 11:16 Page 2

What is the Oxford Dictionary of The finest scholarship on the Not just the great and the good... Lives from around the world... The history of Britain from Every story fascinates... National Biography? greatest people... People from all walks of life have a place in the Oxford DNB. The Oxford DNB includes people from around the world who left Land’s End to John O’Groats... The Oxford DNB contains stories of courage, malice, romance, Alchemists and nuclear physicists, fencing masters and their mark on the British Isles or the British empire. dedication, ambition, and comedy, capturing the diversity and 10,000contributors • 10,000illustrations • Over 55,000biographies The Oxford DNB is the story of Britain told through the lives of Many leading biographers and scholars have contributed articles footballers, society painters and performance artists, millionaires Read about the extraordinary lives of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja of Entrepreneur and creator of the famous custard powder, delights of human conduct. Discover the Irish bishop who was 55,000 men and women who have shaped the British Isles and on the most influential figures in British history: for example, and paupers, lawyers and traitors rub shoulders with royal Baroda and Indian social reformer; the exiled French empress Alfred Bird once tricycled from Lands End to John O'Groats. The also an accomplished boomerang thrower, the historian who beyond from the fourth century BC to the 21st century. What did Paul Addison on Winston Churchill, Patrick Collinson on mistresses such as Mary Anne Clarke; whose letters and memoirs Eugénie; Josiah Henson, the escaped slave and sole black Oxford DNB is a wonderful place to discover local associations the insisted on having ‘Not Yours’ inscribed on the inside of his hats, Elizabeth I achieve? When was Geoffrey Chaucer born? Who were Elizabeth I, Lyndall Gordon on , Christopher Ricks of life with Frederick, Duke of York, cost more than £7,000 to exhibitor at the 1851 Great Exhibition; and many more. length and breadth of the British Isles: from births in Belfast, and and the story of the philanthropist and friend of Dickens the influential figures in 20th-century photography? The Oxford on Alfred Tennyson, Frank Barlow on Thomas Becket, Fiona suppress in the 1810s! brides in Brechin, to burials in Bangor. Angela Burdett-Coutts, who defied convention by proposing to DNB provides the answers, and is transforming research into every MacCarthy on , Roy Jenkins on Harold Wilson. ‘The family snapshot album of the island race ... one of ’A fine genealogical research tool that allows you to the Duke of Wellington when he was seventy-seven and she was aspect of Britain's past. ‘The Oxford DNB is a major work of reference, but it also the biggest publishing ventures ever undertaken.’ just thirty. He turned her down. ‘Paul Addison’s Churchill ... is a miniature explore family history, heredity, and even ethnic identity.’ ‘An intellectual wonderland for all scholars and contains some of the best gossip in the world.’ Godfrey Smith, Sunday Times masterpiece.’ Margaret Drabble, Prospect 'Every story fascinates. The new ODNB will enrich your enthusiasts.’ John Gross, Sunday Telegraph Piers Brendon, The Independent life, and the national life.’ Tristram Hunt, Matthew Parris,

Explore the lives of over 55,000 people who have shaped the history of the British Isles and beyond 60,000 pages • 60 magnificent volumes include location sources of additional references information Bibliographic paper archives throughout the sound, film, and Details of related Listings of known Oxford DNB more than 300,000 likenesses and their one of the information most comprehensive Oxford DNB published records of this Where known, wealth at the death is included, making Comprehensive coverage of lives and legacies coverage Comprehensive in length up to 30,000 words in articles sculpture to photographs, drawings, and drawings, 10,000 portrait Subheadings in from paintings, you find specific information easily longer articles help medals, and effigies illustrations ranging are shown alongside relevant biographies is one of the is one of sign and Production Awards

Winner in the Scholarly and Reference Category and Reference Scholarly in the Winner 2005 British Book Design and Production Awards Oxford DictionaryOxford Biography National of

the National Portrait Gallery, London, make this the largest London, make Portrait Gallery, the National published portraiture national ever selection of resources to browse • set print with every Contributors Index of Free • from sustainable acid-free paper quality, on highest Printed • library and durability use extended Top-quality binding for • and a pleasure use to it easy makes print clear Exceptionally largest single works ever printed in English. This modern in English. printed ever single works largest with production values archive a permanent provides classic its contents. of the excellence match to • volumes in 60 magnificent 60,000 pages • in partnership portrait 10,000 with researched illustrations, The Judges of the British Book De the British of Judges ‘A paradigm of a reference work’ work’ a reference of ‘A paradigm 15879 DNB 3.qxp 27/06/2006 11:19 Page 1 Page 11:19 27/06/2006 3.qxp DNB 15879 Find out more at www.oxforddnb.com A Quick Search box is on every available webpage references The invaluable section includes a list of sources, plus details of where to find archive material relating to Churchill (including film and sound) and portraits. can also find out his You wealth at death! Articles can be printed and emailed, and is citation information also available DNB also contains an expanding Archives, and the Royal Historical Society Direct links to external web sites such as the Oxford DNB National Portrait Gallery, the National Register of the National National Portrait Gallery, bibliography open up further research possibilities bibliography Move to biographies of other people mentioned in the article Compare the new article on Churchill with the entry in the original The range of articles on particular themes – and Winston Churchill is mentioned in several, including Chancellors of the exchequer Subheadings make it possible ease to browse long biographies with content. . DNB Oxford DNB's Oxford A search for Churchill produces 30 results which you can A search for Churchill produces 30 ways search again in many re-order by birth or death date, or can choose to view illustrated articles only Illustrated articles are easy to find - and you companion guide to British history to guide sense. companion in the widest and Australia; of leaders and post-independence colonial to captains from English cricket the of the members the Garter to Knights of from the Founding groups, on historical essays through the paths exciting provide These Ealing Studios. • an online creating materials, reference thematic range of an expanding also include Updates • holders, office lists of Britain South Africa; to articles, from Roman feature include Themes Use the People Search page to find people by Use the People Search page to find residence or place and date of birth, education, affiliation. death, or by occupation and religious politicians Here, for example, look for women active in late 19th-century Manchester... contains the full text of the 60-volume print edition PLUS the full text of the original 33-volume 33-volume the full text the original of PLUS edition print full text the 60-volume the of contains Advanced Search options open up even more research possibilities – for example, People Search Oxford DNB Oxford Sunday Times Sunday with great speed and ease. Articles and search results can results Articles and search and ease. speed with great Oxford DNB Oxford Do a quick search for people by name, or for Do a quick search for people by name, full text people, places, and phrases in the New biographies, thematic articles, and other features are added three times a year

Winner of the Best User Experience Category Experience User the Best of Winner Industry 2005 Information Awards International award-winning online edition of the edition of online award-winning

possible to explore the to possible into the 21st century. into Register of Archives and the National Portrait Gallery make it an invaluable research tool. research it an invaluable Portrait Gallery and the National make Archives of Register be printed and emailed. be printed The • it making options, and browse search range of an extensive The online edition provides • extending now with coverage in online updates, a year times are added three biographies New • Excellent internal cross-referencing, and links to external websites such as the National the as such • websites external and links to cross-referencing, internal Excellent Humphrey Carpenter, Carpenter, Humphrey ‘The huge website is superbly designed and easy to navigate. Who could ask for anything more?’ for ask could Who navigate. to easy and designed superbly is website huge ‘The 15879 DNB 4.qxp 27/06/2006 11:21 Page 1 Page 11:21 27/06/2006 4.qxp DNB 15879