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Introduction Chapter 1 Notes Introduction 1. Allan Ramsay, ‘Verses by the Celebrated Allan Ramsay to his Son. On his Drawing a Fine Gentleman’s Picture’, in The Scarborough Miscellany for the Year 1732, 2nd edn (London: Wilford, 1734), pp. 20–22 (p. 20, p. 21, p. 21). 2. See Iain Gordon Brown, Poet & Painter, Allan Ramsay, Father and Son, 1684–1784 (Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, 1984). 3. When considering works produced prior to the formation of the United Kingdom in 1801, I have followed in this study the eighteenth-century prac- tice of using ‘united kingdom’ in lower case as a synonym for Great Britain. 4. See, respectively, Kurt Wittig, The Scottish Tradition in Literature (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1958); G. Gregory Smith, Scottish Literature: Character and Influence (London: Macmillan, 1919); Hugh MacDiarmid, A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, ed. by Kenneth Buthlay (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988); David Craig, Scottish Literature and the Scottish People, 1680–1830 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1961); David Daiches, The Paradox of Scottish Culture: The Eighteenth-Century Experience (London: Oxford University Press, 1964); Kenneth Simpson, The Protean Scot: The Crisis of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Scottish Literature (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1988); Robert Crawford, Devolving English Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992); Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth- Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and idem, Scottish and Irish Romanticism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 5. See Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (London: Yale University Press, 1992). 6. See, respectively, Leith Davis, Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707–1830 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); Janet Sorensen, The Grammar of Empire in Eighteenth-Century British Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Evan Gottlieb, Feeling British: Sympathy and National Identity in Scottish and English Writing, 1707– 1832 (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2007); and Juliet Shields, Sentimental Literature and Anglo-Scottish Identity, 1745–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 7. See Susan Manning, Fragments of Union: Making Connections in Scottish and American Writing (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002). 8. See Colley, Britons, p. 11. Chapter 1 1. See ‘Bicentenary of James Thomson, Poet of The Seasons. Celebrated at South Dean’, Jedburgh Gazette, 15 September 1900, p. 3, d–g. 233 234 Notes 2. Ralph Cohen discusses Thomson’s popularity: see his The Art of Discrimination: Thomson’s The Seasons and the Language of Criticism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), pp. 381–440. 3. Lectures on the English Poets, in The Complete Works of William Hazlitt, ed. by Percival Presland Howe, 21 vols (London and Toronto: Dent and Sons, 1930–34), V (1930), pp. 1–168 (p. 88). 4. ‘Local Memories of Great Men’, The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 11 (1842), 113–15 (p. 113). 5. See David Steuart Erskine, Earl of Buchan, Essays on the Lives and Writings of Fletcher of Soltoun and the Poet, Thomson (London: Debrett, 1792), pp. 178, 243. John Evans records Buchan’s purchase of the memorial tablet: see his Richmond, and its Vicinity, with a Glance at Twickenham, Strawberry Hill, and Hampton Court (Richmond: Darnhill, [1824]), pp. 76–7. 6. See ibid. p. 244. 7. ‘On the Terrace at Richmond’, in Poems and Some Letters of James Thomson, ed. by Anne Ridler (London: Centaur Press, 1963), pp. 122–4 (ll. 15–16). 8. Patrick Murdoch, ‘An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr James Thomson’, in The Works of James Thomson, 4 vols (London: Donaldson, 1775), I, [iii]–xxxiv (p. xiv). ‘James Thomson’ in Old England, 3 September, p. 2; and Tobias Smollett, ‘The Works of James Thomson’, Critical Review, 14 (1762), 122–30 (p. 122). 9. See Samuel Johnson, The Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets […], ed. by Roger Lonsdale, 4 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006), IV, p. 103; see Joseph Warton, An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope, 2 vols (London: Dodsley, 1782), II, pp. 43–5. 10. Robert Heron (pseud.) [John Pinkerton], Letters of Literature (London: Robinson, 1785), pp. 64–5; see Hazlitt, Lectures on The English Poets, p. 86; ‘Critical Observations’, in James Thomson, The Seasons (London: Sharpe, 1816), pp. [v]–xii (p. x). 11. See Herbert Drennon, ‘James Thomson’s Contact with Newtonianism and his Interest in Natural Philosophy’, PMLA, 49 (1934), 71–80; Marjorie Hope Nicholson, Newton Demands the Muse: Newton’s Optics and the Eighteenth- Century Poets (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946); Alan D. McKillop, The Background of Thomson’s Seasons (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1942, repr. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1961); and idem, The Background of Thomson’s Liberty (Houston: The Rice Institute, 1951). Hilbert H. Campbell provides an overview of critical writing on Thomson to 1975: see his James Thomson (1700–1748): An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Editions and the Important Criticism (New York: Garland, 1976). 12. James Thomson, The Seasons, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981); Thomson, Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); and James Sambrook, James Thomson 1700–1748: A Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). 13. See John Barrell, Poetry, Language and Politics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), pp. 100–36; Christine Gerrard, The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Poetry, Politics and National Myth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994); and Mary Jane W. Scott, James Thomson, Anglo-Scot (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988). More recent studies operating along similar histori- cal lines are James Thomson: Essays for the Tercentenary, ed. by Richard Terry Notes 235 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000); Suvir Kaul, Poems of Nation, Anthems of Empire: English Verse in the Long Eighteenth Century (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), pp. 131–52; and Dustin Griffin, Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 74–97. 14. Thomson, The Seasons, ed. Sambrook, pp. 252, 102, 6, 7, 122, 186, 74. All further quotations from The Seasons are from this edition. 15. Thomson to Mallet, 21–27 August 1726. James Thomson, Letters and Documents, ed. by Alan D. McKillop (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1958), p. 48. 16. Monica R. Gale, ‘Introduction to the Georgics’, in Conington’s Virgil Georgics (Bristol: Phoenix, 2007), pp. xvii–xxxi (p. xxiv). 17. See Ivars Peterson in his Newton’s Clock: Chaos in the Solar System (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993), pp. 73–97. 18. Thomson, A Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. Sambrook, pp. 6–14 (pp. 13, 9). 19. Sambrook, 1991, p. 109. 20. Reasons for Improving the Fisheries and Linnen Manufacture of Scotland (London: Roberts, 1727), p. 24. Other pamphlets considering the same issue are Plan by the Commissioners and Trustees for Improving Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland, for the Application of their Funds (Edinburgh: Davidson, 1727) and His Majesty’s Patent for Improving Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland (Edinburgh: Davidson, 1727). 21. Onslow Burrish, Batavia illustrata: Or, a View of the Policy and Commerce of the United Provinces […], 2 vols (London: Innys, 1728), II, p. 269. 22. See [Patrick Lindsay], The Interest of Scotland Considered […] (Edinburgh: Fleming, 1733), pp. 190–208. 23. See Abigail Williams, Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture, 1681–1714 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 178–81. 24. On Thomson’s use of the sublime, see Robert Inglesfield, ‘James Thomson, Aaron Hill and the Poetic Sublime’, British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 13 (1990), 215–21. 25. See Balthazar Telles’s description of mountainous communities in his The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London: Knapton and others, 1710), pp. 31–3. 26. John Milton, Paradise Lost, ed. by Alastair Fowler, rev. 2nd edn (Harlow: Pearson, 2007), p. 237 (IV, 281–6); McKillop, The Background of Thomson’s Seasons, pp. 152–3. 27. Noël-Antoine Pluche, Spectacle de la nature; Or, Nature Display’d.[...], trans. by Samuel Humphreys, 2nd edn, 3 vols (London: Pemberton and others, 1736), III, pp. 115–16. Discussed in McKillop, The Background of Thomson’s Seasons, pp. 157–8. 28. See Sambrook’s discussion of the literary antecedents in Thomson, The Seasons, ed. Sambrook, p. 351. 29. Thomson to Mallet, 2 August 1726, in Thomson, Letters and Documents, ed. McKillop, p. 41. 30. See Sean Irlam’s reading of the Torrid Zone (after Edward Said) in his ‘Gerrymandered Geographies: Exoticism in Thomson and Chateaubriand’, MLN, 108 (1993), 891–912. 31. See Martin Butlin and Evelyn Joll, The Paintings of J. M. W. Turner, rev. edn, 2 vols (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), I, pp. 236a–237b. 236 Notes 32. See Jack Lindsay, J. M. W. Turner: His Life and Work, A Critical Biography (London: Corey, Adams & Mackay, 1966), pp. 189–90. 33. See, for example, Richard Harding, ‘Edward Vernon, 1684–1757’, in Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century, ed. by Peter Le Fevre and Richard Harding (London: Chatham, 2000), pp. 151–75 (pp. 168–71). 34. James Thomson, ‘Britannia’, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. by Sambrook, pp. 21–30 (p. 22, l. 36). 35. See Tim Fulford, Landscape, Liberty and Authority: Poetry, Criticism and Politics from Thomson to Wordsworth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 19. 36. See my ‘James Thomson’s Picture Collection and British History Painting’, Journal of the History of Collections, 23 (2011), 127–52. 37. See Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, 12 vols (Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons, 1905), VII, p. 184. 38. Thomson, Liberty, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence, and Other Poems, ed. Sambrook, pp. 40–47 (p.
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