Notes

Introduction

1. Allan Ramsay, ‘Verses by the Celebrated Allan Ramsay to his Son. On his Drawing a Fine Gentleman’s Picture’, in The Scarborough Miscellany for the Year 1732, 2nd edn (London: Wilford, 1734), pp. 20–22 (p. 20, p. 21, p. 21). 2. See Iain Gordon Brown, Poet & Painter, Allan Ramsay, Father and Son, 1684–1784 (: National Library of , 1984). 3. When considering works produced prior to the formation of the United Kingdom in 1801, I have followed in this study the eighteenth-century prac- tice of using ‘united kingdom’ in lower case as a synonym for Great Britain. 4. See, respectively, Kurt Wittig, The Scottish Tradition in Literature (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1958); G. Gregory Smith, : Character and Influence (London: Macmillan, 1919); Hugh MacDiarmid, A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, ed. by Kenneth Buthlay (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988); David Craig, Scottish Literature and the Scottish People, 1680–1830 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1961); David Daiches, The Paradox of Scottish Culture: The Eighteenth-Century Experience (London: , 1964); Kenneth Simpson, The Protean Scot: The Crisis of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Scottish Literature (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1988); Robert Crawford, Devolving English Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992); Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth- Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) and idem, Scottish and Irish Romanticism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 5. See Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (London: Press, 1992). 6. See, respectively, Leith Davis, Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707–1830 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); Janet Sorensen, The Grammar of Empire in Eighteenth-Century British Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Evan Gottlieb, Feeling British: Sympathy and National Identity in Scottish and English Writing, 1707– 1832 (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2007); and Juliet Shields, Sentimental Literature and Anglo-Scottish Identity, 1745–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 7. See Susan Manning, Fragments of Union: Making Connections in Scottish and American Writing (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002). 8. See Colley, Britons, p. 11.

Chapter 1

1. See ‘Bicentenary of James Thomson, Poet of The Seasons. Celebrated at South Dean’, Jedburgh Gazette, 15 September 1900, p. 3, d–g.

233 234 Notes

2. Ralph Cohen discusses Thomson’s popularity: see his The Art of Discrimination: Thomson’s The Seasons and the Language of Criticism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), pp. 381–440. 3. Lectures on the English Poets, in The Complete Works of William Hazlitt, ed. by Percival Presland Howe, 21 vols (London and Toronto: Dent and Sons, 1930–34), V (1930), pp. 1–168 (p. 88). 4. ‘Local Memories of Great Men’, The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 11 (1842), 113–15 (p. 113). 5. See David Steuart Erskine, Earl of Buchan, Essays on the Lives and Writings of Fletcher of Soltoun and the Poet, Thomson (London: Debrett, 1792), pp. 178, 243. John Evans records Buchan’s purchase of the memorial tablet: see his Richmond, and its Vicinity, with a Glance at Twickenham, Strawberry Hill, and Hampton Court (Richmond: Darnhill, [1824]), pp. 76–7. 6. See ibid. p. 244. 7. ‘On the Terrace at Richmond’, in Poems and Some Letters of James Thomson, ed. by Anne Ridler (London: Centaur Press, 1963), pp. 122–4 (ll. 15–16). 8. Patrick Murdoch, ‘An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr James Thomson’, in The Works of James Thomson, 4 vols (London: Donaldson, 1775), I, [iii]–xxxiv (p. xiv). ‘James Thomson’ in Old England, 3 September, p. 2; and Tobias Smollett, ‘The Works of James Thomson’, Critical Review, 14 (1762), 122–30 (p. 122). 9. See , The Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets […], ed. by Roger Lonsdale, 4 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006), IV, p. 103; see Joseph Warton, An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope, 2 vols (London: Dodsley, 1782), II, pp. 43–5. 10. Robert Heron (pseud.) [John Pinkerton], Letters of Literature (London: Robinson, 1785), pp. 64–5; see Hazlitt, Lectures on The English Poets, p. 86; ‘Critical Observations’, in James Thomson, The Seasons (London: Sharpe, 1816), pp. [v]–xii (p. x). 11. See Herbert Drennon, ‘James Thomson’s Contact with Newtonianism and his Interest in Natural Philosophy’, PMLA, 49 (1934), 71–80; Marjorie Hope Nicholson, Newton Demands the Muse: Newton’s Optics and the Eighteenth- Century Poets (Princeton: Press, 1946); Alan D. McKillop, The Background of Thomson’s Seasons (Minneapolis: , 1942, repr. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1961); and idem, The Background of Thomson’s Liberty (Houston: The Rice Institute, 1951). Hilbert H. Campbell provides an overview of critical writing on Thomson to 1975: see his James Thomson (1700–1748): An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Editions and the Important Criticism (New York: Garland, 1976). 12. James Thomson, The Seasons, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981); Thomson, Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); and James Sambrook, James Thomson 1700–1748: A Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). 13. See John Barrell, Poetry, Language and Politics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), pp. 100–36; Christine Gerrard, The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Poetry, Politics and National Myth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994); and Mary Jane W. Scott, James Thomson, Anglo-Scot (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988). More recent studies operating along similar histori- cal lines are James Thomson: Essays for the Tercentenary, ed. by Richard Terry Notes 235

(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000); Suvir Kaul, Poems of Nation, Anthems of Empire: English Verse in the Long Eighteenth Century (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), pp. 131–52; and Dustin Griffin, Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 74–97. 14. Thomson, The Seasons, ed. Sambrook, pp. 252, 102, 6, 7, 122, 186, 74. All further quotations from The Seasons are from this edition. 15. Thomson to Mallet, 21–27 August 1726. James Thomson, Letters and Documents, ed. by Alan D. McKillop (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1958), p. 48. 16. Monica R. Gale, ‘Introduction to the Georgics’, in Conington’s Virgil Georgics (Bristol: Phoenix, 2007), pp. xvii–xxxi (p. xxiv). 17. See Ivars Peterson in his Newton’s Clock: Chaos in the Solar System (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993), pp. 73–97. 18. Thomson, A Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. Sambrook, pp. 6–14 (pp. 13, 9). 19. Sambrook, 1991, p. 109. 20. Reasons for Improving the Fisheries and Linnen Manufacture of Scotland (London: Roberts, 1727), p. 24. Other pamphlets considering the same issue are Plan by the Commissioners and Trustees for Improving Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland, for the Application of their Funds (Edinburgh: Davidson, 1727) and His Majesty’s Patent for Improving Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland (Edinburgh: Davidson, 1727). 21. Onslow Burrish, Batavia illustrata: Or, a View of the Policy and Commerce of the United Provinces […], 2 vols (London: Innys, 1728), II, p. 269. 22. See [Patrick Lindsay], The Interest of Scotland Considered […] (Edinburgh: Fleming, 1733), pp. 190–208. 23. See Abigail Williams, Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture, 1681–1714 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 178–81. 24. On Thomson’s use of the sublime, see Robert Inglesfield, ‘James Thomson, Aaron Hill and the Poetic Sublime’, British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 13 (1990), 215–21. 25. See Balthazar Telles’s description of mountainous communities in his The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (London: Knapton and others, 1710), pp. 31–3. 26. John Milton, Paradise Lost, ed. by Alastair Fowler, rev. 2nd edn (Harlow: Pearson, 2007), p. 237 (IV, 281–6); McKillop, The Background of Thomson’s Seasons, pp. 152–3. 27. Noël-Antoine Pluche, Spectacle de la nature; Or, Nature Display’d.[...], trans. by Samuel Humphreys, 2nd edn, 3 vols (London: Pemberton and others, 1736), III, pp. 115–16. Discussed in McKillop, The Background of Thomson’s Seasons, pp. 157–8. 28. See Sambrook’s discussion of the literary antecedents in Thomson, The Seasons, ed. Sambrook, p. 351. 29. Thomson to Mallet, 2 August 1726, in Thomson, Letters and Documents, ed. McKillop, p. 41. 30. See Sean Irlam’s reading of the Torrid Zone (after Edward Said) in his ‘Gerrymandered Geographies: Exoticism in Thomson and Chateaubriand’, MLN, 108 (1993), 891–912. 31. See Martin Butlin and Evelyn Joll, The Paintings of J. M. W. Turner, rev. edn, 2 vols (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), I, pp. 236a–237b. 236 Notes

32. See Jack Lindsay, J. M. W. Turner: His Life and Work, A Critical Biography (London: Corey, Adams & Mackay, 1966), pp. 189–90. 33. See, for example, Richard Harding, ‘Edward Vernon, 1684–1757’, in Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century, ed. by Peter Le Fevre and Richard Harding (London: Chatham, 2000), pp. 151–75 (pp. 168–71). 34. James Thomson, ‘Britannia’, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. by Sambrook, pp. 21–30 (p. 22, l. 36). 35. See Tim Fulford, Landscape, Liberty and Authority: Poetry, Criticism and Politics from Thomson to Wordsworth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 19. 36. See my ‘James Thomson’s Picture Collection and British History Painting’, Journal of the History of Collections, 23 (2011), 127–52. 37. See Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, 12 vols (Glasgow: James MacLehose & Sons, 1905), VII, p. 184. 38. Thomson, Liberty, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence, and Other Poems, ed. Sambrook, pp. 40–47 (p. 70); all further references to the poem are to this edition. 39. See Vico, The First New Science, ed. and trans. by Leon Pompa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), especially ‘Book IV The Ground of the Proofs that Establish this Science’, pp. 225–30; and Pompa’s account of ideal eternal history in his introduction, pp. xxxvi–xxxviii. 40. See Williams, Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture, p. 176. 41. See Pompa in Vico, New Science, pp. xxxvi–xxxviii; and the fuller account of this cyclical tendency in relation to Hegel’s philosophy of history in his Vico: A Study of the ‘New Science’, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 120–27. 42. Hill to Thomson, 17 February 1735. Works of the Late Aaron Hill, 4 vols (London: NP, 1753), I, p. 222. 43. On the twentieth-century criticism of the poem see my ‘James Thomson’s The Castle of Indolence and the Allegory of Selfhood’, The Cambridge Quarterly, 35 (2006), 327–44. 44. See, respectively, John Barrell, English Literature in History, 1730–1780: An Equal, Wide Survey (London: Hutchinson, 1983), pp. 79–90; Scott, James Thomson, pp. 278–79; and Gerrard, Patriot Opposition to Walpole, pp. 180–84. 45. See Richard C. Frushell, Edmund Spenser in the Early Eighteenth Century: Education, Imitation, and the Making of a Literary Model (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1999), p. 51. 46. Robert Kellogg, ‘Red Cross Knight’, in The Spenser Encyclopedia, ed. by A. C. Hamilton and others (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990), pp. 587c–588c (p. 588b). 47. James Thomson, The Castle of Indolence, in Liberty, The Castle of Indolence, and Other Poems, ed. Sambrook, pp. 171–223 (p. 212) (II.xliii.382). All further references to the poem are to this edition. 48. See Paul Alpers, ‘Bower of Bliss’, in The Spenser Encyclopedia, ed. Hamilton, pp. 104c–107b (pp. 106c–107b). 49. See, for example, Robert C. Olson, ‘Nets, Hogs, and Knights: The Influence of Spenser’s Bower on Thomson’s Castle’, Lamar Journal of the Humanities, 23 (1997), 31–8 (p. 33). Notes 237

50. Hilbert H. Campbell, James Thomson (Boston: Twayne, 1979), pp. 136–7. 51. See Antony, Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, ed. by John M. Robertson, 2 vols in one (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964), I, p. 302, and ‘The Spectator, 21 June 1712’, in Addison and Steele Selections for The Tatler and The Spectator, 2nd edn, ed. by Robert J. Allen (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), pp. 397–400 (p. 399). 52. See Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe, trans. by R. E. Latham (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1951), p. 60. 53. See Thomson, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. McKillop, pp. 2–3. 54. See Peter Shaw, A New Practice of Physic […], 2 vols (London: Osborn and Longman: 1726), I, pp. 1–2, 318–19. 55. Thomson to George Dodington, 24 October 1730. Thomson, Letters and Documents, ed. McKillop, p. 73. 56. Sambrook notes Cheyne’s influence on The Seasons in his James Thomson, 1700–1748, p. 107. 57. George Cheyne, The English Malady; or, a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of All Kinds (1733), intro. by Roy Porter (London: Tavistock, 1991), p. 6. 58. Ibid., p. ii. 59. Ibid., p. 329. 60. See Paul Child, ‘Discourse and Practice in Eighteenth-Century Medical Literature: The Case of George Cheyne’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, , 1992), p. 182. 61. Cheyne, The English Malady, p. 363. 62. Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, ed. by A. C. Hamilton (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2001), p. 222 (II.xii.86.2–3). Further references to the poem are to this edition. 63. John Milton, ‘Areopagitica’, in Prose Writings, ed. by K. M. Burton, rev. edn (London: Dent, 1958), pp. 145–85 (p. 158). 64. Shenstone to Lady Luxborough, 9 November 1748. Letters of William Shenstone, ed. by Duncan Mallam (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1939), p. 129.

Chapter 2

1. Georg Lukács, The Historical Novel, trans. by Hannah and Stanley Mitchell (London: Merlin Press, 1989), pp. 20, 66, 201. 2. John Skinner, Constructions of Smollett: A Study of Genre and Gender (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1996), pp. 79–80. 3. Fredric Jameson, Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century Dialectical Theories of Literature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 173. 4. Lewis Mansfield Knapp, Tobias Smollett: Doctor of Men and Manners (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1949), p. 26; Jeremy Lewis, Tobias Smollett (London: Jonathan Cape, 2003), p. 2; and Kenneth Simpson, ‘Smollett, Tobias George (1721–71)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25947, accessed 24 March 2012]. 5. Knapp provides details of the Chichester in Smollett (1949), pp. 30–31. 238 Notes

6. See Garrick to John Hoadly, 14 September 1746, Letters of David Garrick, 3 vols, ed. by David M. Little and George M. Kahrl, 3 vols (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), I, pp. 85–7 (p. 86). 7. See Tobias Smollett, Poems, Plays, and The Briton, intro. by Byron Gassman and ed. by O. M. Brack Jr. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1993), p. 69, pp. 73–4. 8. George Buchanan, History of Scotland in Twenty Books, trans. by Bond, 2nd edn, 2 vols (London: Bettesworth and others, 1722), I, p. 453. 9. Ibid., p. 468. 10. On the prohibitions on professional theatrical performance in the West of Scotland, see Robb Lawson, The Story of the Scots Stage (Paisley: Gardner, 1917), pp. 190–200; Donald Campbell, Playing for Scotland: A History of the Scottish Stage 1715–1965 (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1996), p. 8; and Adrienne Scullion, ‘The Eighteenth Century’, in A History of Scottish Theatre, ed. by Bill Findlay (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1998), pp. 80–136 (pp. 86–7). 11. See, for example, Frank Kermode, Shakespeare’s Language (London: Penguin, 2001), pp. 215–16; and Kenneth Muir’s introduction to William Shakespeare, Macbeth (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. xxx–xxxi. 12. Tobias Smollett, The Regicide, in Poems, Play and the Briton (1993), pp. 87–218 (III.ix.11, 36, 40–41, 49); all further references are to this edition. 13. Tobias Smollett, The Tears of Scotland in The Regicide, in Poems, Play and the Briton (1993), pp. 23–24 (ll. 1–8). All further references are to this edition. 14. Alexander Carlyle, Anecdotes and Characters of the Times, ed. by James Kinsley (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 99. 15. See, for example, Knapp, Smollett (1949), pp. 57–8; Robert D. Spector, Tobias Smollett (New York: Twayne, 1968), pp. 24–5; and Lewis, Smollett, pp. 71–2. 16. See Michael Hook and Walter Ross, The Forty-Five: The Last Jacobite Rebellion (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1995), p. 116. 17. Ibid., pp. 119. 18. See Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746 (Aberdeen: Scottish Cultural Press, 1995), pp. 262–3. 19. Ibid., p. 263; and Hook and Ross, The Forty-Five (1995), p. 122. 20. Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 79–83. 21. See ibid., pp. 165–72; see also Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth: A Study in Portraiture, 1720–1892 (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p. 75. 22. See Tom Devine’s discussion of anti-Jacobite views in lowland Scotland in the mid-1740s in his The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (London: Penguin, 2000), pp. 47–8. 23. William Richardson, Poems and Plays, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Mundell, 1805), I, p. 125. 24. John Moore, ‘Memoirs of his Life’, in The Works of Tobias Smollett M.D., 8 vols (London: Law and others, 1798), I, pp. xcvii–cxcvi (p. cxvi). 25. See Carlyle, Anecdotes (1973), p. 172. 26. Tobias Smollett, The Adventures of Roderick Random, ed. by Paul-Gabriel Boucé (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. xxxiv. All further references are to this edition. Notes 239

27. On the relationship of literature to violence, see André P. Brink, An Act of Violence: Thoughts on the Function of Literature (Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 1991); John Fraser, Violence in the Arts (London: Cambridge University Press, 1974); John Chalker, Violence in Augustan Literature (London: Westfield College, 1975); and Stephen Wilson, The Cradle of Violence: Essays on Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Literature (London: Kingsley, 1995). 28. See Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (London: Pimlico, 1997), p. 356. 29. See Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry in Aristotle/Horace/Longinus, Classic Literary Criticism, trans. by T.S. Dorsch (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), pp. 48–51; Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), trans. by David Ross, p. 45; and Friedrich Nietzsche’s account of the fusion of Appoline and Dionysiac impulses in Attic tragedy in The Birth of Tragedy, trans. by Ronald Speirs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 99–102. 30. Fraser discusses these aspects of Sade’s and Nietzsche’s writings in Violence in the Arts, pp. 113–14. See also Nietzsche on torture in his On the Genealogy of Morality, intro. by Keith Ansell-Pearson and trans. by Carol Diethe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 22–5, 137–9; and the Marquis de Sade in his The 120 days of Sodom, trans by Austryn Wainhouse and Richard Seaver (London: Arrow, 1990), pp. 200–1. Sartre’s views on the self-creation of the self are discussed in Rollo May, Power and Innocence: A Search for the Sources of Violence (London: Souvenir, 1974), pp. 184–7; and Stephen A. Diamond, Anger, Madness, and the Daimonic: the Psychological Genesis of Violence, Evil, and Creativity (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996), pp. 18–19. 31. Vic Gatrell, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London, (London: Atlantic, 2006), pp. 180–81. 32. Robert P. Irvine, Enlightenment and Romance: Gender and Agency in Smollett and Scott (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2000), p. 43. 33. On Smollett’s attitude to slavery, see James G. Basker, ‘Smollett’s Racial Consciousness in Roderick Random’, 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era, 6 (2001), 77–90. 34. Quoted in Lewis, Smollett (2003), p. 87. 35. See Lukács on Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister in his The Theory of the Novel, trans. by Anna Bostock (London: Merlin, 1971), pp. 132–43. 36. For Bute and the Seven Years’ War, see Stanley Ayling, George the Third (London, Collins, 1972), pp. 87–104; John Brewer, ‘The Misfortunes of Lord Bute: A Case-Study in Eighteenth-Century Political Argument and Public Opinion’, The Historical Journal, 16 (1973), pp. 3–43; Karl Wolfgang Schweizer, ‘John Stuart, Third Earl of Bute (1713–1792)’, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by Matthew and Harrison; online edn ed. by Goldman [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26716?docPos=1, accessed 24 March 2012]. 37. Robert Donald Spector, English Literary Periodicals and the Climate of Opinion during the Seven Years’ War (The Hague: Mouton, 1966), pp. 96–7. 38. Terence Hutchison, Before : The Emergence of Political Economy, 1662–1776 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p. 178. 39. See ibid., pp. 176–7; Harry Landreth and David C. Colander, History of Economic Thought, 3rd edn (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 48–50; and 240 Notes

Anthony Brewer, ‘Pre-Classical Economics in Britain’, in A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, ed. by Warren J. Samuels and others (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), pp. 78–93 (pp. 84–7). 40. [Tobias Smollett], ‘The Monitor, vol. 3’, Critical Review, 7 (1759), 22–6 (p. 23). 41. Ibid., p. 24. 42. Richmond P. Bond, The Tatler: The Making of a Literary Career (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 156. 43. Smollett, Poems, Plays, and The Briton (1993), p. 241. All further quotations are from this edition. 44. Smollett, Poems, Plays, and The Briton (1993), p. 230, p. 481 n. 3. 45. Arthur H. Cash, John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 72. 46. There are fifteen mentions of Smollett in the descriptions of prints 1762–63 in Frederic George Stevens and Edward Hawkins, Catalogue of the Prints in the , Division 1, Political and Personal Satires, IV (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1883). The online catalogue for the British Museum and an inspection of prints in the collection suggests that there are four further depictions in the early 1760s. 47. Richard Sharp, The Engraved Record of the Jacobite Movement (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), p. 57. 48. Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and the Making of a Myth: A Study of Portraiture, 1720–1892 (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p. 64. 49. Ibid., pp. 76–80. 50. See Michael Lynch, Scotland: a New History (London: Pimlico, 1992), p. 337. 51. See Louis L. Martz, The Later Career of Tobias Smollett (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942), pp. 149–151; Byron Gassman, ‘The Economy of Humphry Clinker’, in Bicentennial Essays Presented to Lewis M. Knapp, ed. by G. S. Rousseau and P.-G. Boucé (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 155–68 (p. 159); Robert Folkenflik, ‘Self and Society: Comic Union in Humphry Clinker’, Philological Quarterly 53 (1974), 195–204; and Robert Mayer, ‘History, Humphry Clinker and the Novel’, Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 4 (1992), 239–55. 52. See Smollett to John Hunter, 9 January 1771, Letters (1970), p. 170. 53. Tobias Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker, intro by Thomas R. Preston and ed. by O. M. Brack Jr. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990), p. xxiii. 54. Ibid., p. 208. All further references are to this edition. 55. See M. A. Goldberg, Smollett and the Scottish School: Studies in Eighteenth- Century Thought (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1959). 56. See Evan Gottlieb, Feeling British: Sympathy and National Identity in Scottish and English Writing, 1707–1832 (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2007), pp. 61–98; and Juliet Shields, Sentimental Literature and Anglo-Scottish Identity, 1745–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 87–95. 57. See Charles R. Sullivan, ‘Enacting the : Tobias Smollett’s Expedition of Humphry Clinker’, Journal of the Historical Society, 4 (2004), 415–45. 58. Smollett, Complete History (1758–60), I, sig. [Χ1]r. 59. See Basker, Smollett (1988), pp. 82–5. 60. On Smith and Native Americans, see Lise Sorensen, ‘Savages and Men of Feeling: North American Indians in Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Notes 241

Sentiments and Henry Mackenzie’s The Man of the World’, in Native Americans and Anglo-American Culture, 1750–1850, ed. by Tim Fulford and Kevin Hutchings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 74–93. 61. James R. Foster, ‘Smollett’s Pamphleteering Foe Shebbeare’, PMLA, 17 (1942), 1053–1100 (p. 1076). The Indian material in Humphry Clinker is discussed by James E. Evans, ‘“An honest scar received in the service of my country”: Lismahago’s Colonial Perspective in Humphry Clinker’, Philological Quarterly 79 (2000), 483–99; and by Tara Ghoshal Wallace, ‘“About savages and the awfulness of America”: Colonial Corruptions in Humphry Clinker’, Eighteenth- Century Fiction 18 (2006), 229–50. 62. See Troy Bickham, ‘“I shall tear off their scalps, makes caps of their skulls”: American Indians in the Eighteenth-Century British Press’, in Native Americans and Anglo-American Culture (2009), pp. 56–73. 63. Paul-Gabriel Boucé, The Novels of Tobias Smollett, trans by Antonia White (London: Longman, 1976), p. 240. 64. [Tobias Smollett], ‘History of Canada’, The British Magazine, 2 (1761), 153–4 (p. 154). 65. Jerry C. Beazley, ‘Tobias Smollett: The Scot in England’, Studies in Scottish Literature, 29 (1996), 14–28 (p. 28). 66. The standard accounts of portraits of Smollett are Lewis M. Knapp and Lillian de la Torre, ‘Portraits of Tobias Smollett’, Notes and Queries, 23 (1976), 500a–504a; and John Kerslake, Early Georgian Portraits in the National Portrait Gallery, 2 vols (London: HMSO, 1977), I, 253–5. Neither discusses this picture.

Chapter 3

1. Peter J. M. McEwan, Dictionary of and Architecture, 2nd edn (Ballater: Glengarden Press, 2004), p. 457b. 2. George Vertue, Vertue Note Books, ed. by Katherine A. Esdaile, the Earl of Ilchester and Sir Henry M. Hake, 6 vols, Walpole Society, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930–55), III (1933–34), p. 96. Vertue also provides the first account of Ramsay’s technique of painting, including the use of a red under-preparation. 3. Ibid. Marcia Pointon describes the competitiveness of portrait painting in eighteenth-century London in her Hanging the Head: Portraiture and Social Formation in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 36a–52b. Ramsay’s totals are for 1739 and 1739–50 respec- tively. He painted 594 known portraits in his professional career from 1734 to 1772. See Alastair Smart, Allan Ramsay: A Complete Catalogue of his Paintings, ed. by John Ingamells (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 420–21. 4. Ramsay to Cunyngham, 10 April 1740. The National Archives of Scotland, Papers of the Dick Cunyngham Family of Prestonfield, Midlothian 1589–1970, GD331/5/20. 5. See Alastair Smart, Allan Ramsay: Painter, Essayist, and Man of the Enlightenment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 96, and ‘Ramsay’s Prices’, in Smart, Allan Ramsay: A Complete Catalogue, ed. by Ingamells, p. 421. 242 Notes

6. John Ingamells, ‘Ramsay, Allan, of Kinkell (1713–1784)’, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, ed. by Lawrence Goldman [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23073, accessed 24 March 2012]. 7. [ Joseph Moser], ‘Review of Northcote’s Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds’, European Magazine and London Review, 64 (1813), 413a–19a, 513a–15a (p. 516a n). 8. The major revision in Ramsay’s reputation was due to Alastair Smart’s first study, The Life and Art of Allan Ramsay (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952) and Ellis Waterhouse’s Painting in Britain 1530–1790 (London: Penguin, 1953), pp. 151–4. 9. Jean André Rouquet, The Present State of the Arts in England (London: Nourse, 1755), pp. 36–7. 10. See Vertue, Note Books, III (1933–34), p. 96; and John Fleming, Robert Adam and his Circle in Edinburgh and Rome (London: John Murray, 1962), p. 174. 11. Reynolds’s observations were reported by James Northcote; see Conversations of James Northcote esq. R.A., in The Complete Works of William Hazlitt, ed. by P. P. Howe, 21 vols (London: Dent, 1930–34), XI (1932), pp. 185–320 (p. 274). 12. See Smart, Allan Ramsay: Painter, Essayist, pp. 100–1. The Battle of the Pictures was etched as the bidder’s ticket for the auction of 19 of Hogarth’s paintings in February 1745. 13. See Richard Brilliant, Portraiture (London: Reaktion, 1991), pp. 24–6; and Shearer West, Portraiture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 43–50. 14. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, rev. trans. by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (London: Continuum, 2004), pp. 138–40. 15. Jonathan Richardson, An Essay on the Theory of Painting (London: John Churchill, 1715), p. 24. 16. Ibid., pp. 24–5. 17. Smart, ‘Statistical Survey of Ramsay’s Portraits’, in Allan Ramsay: A Complete Catalogue, ed. by Ingamells, pp. 420–21. 18. Details of Mrs Ramsay’s dress are given in ibid., pp. 172–3. 19. For modern discussions of sculptural prototypes for Ramsay’s paintings, see Robert Simon, The Portrait in Britain and America with a Biographical Dictionary of Portrait Painters 1680–1914 (Oxford: Phaidon, 1987), pp. 79–80, and David H. Solkin, ‘Great Pictures or Great Men? Reynolds, Male Portraiture, and the Power of Art’, Oxford Art Journal, 9 (1986), 42–9 (pp. 44a–46b). 20. See Gilbert Austin, Chironomia; or, a Treatise on Rhetorical Delivery (London: Cadell and Davies, 1806), p. 301. 21. See Ruth K. McClure, Coram’s Children: The London Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 66–7. 22. See Benedict Nicolson, The Treasures of the Foundling Hospital (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), p. 76a. 23. Duncan Thomson, Raeburn: The Art of Sir Henry Raeburn 1756–1823 (Edinburgh: Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 1997), p. 168b. 24. Henry Cockburn, Memorials of his Time, new edn, intro. by Harry A. Cockburn (Edinburgh: Foulis, 1909), p. 140. 25. Ibid. 26. Mrs Abington’s appearance is discussed by Aileen Ribeiro, The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France, 1750 to 1820 (New Haven: Yale University Notes 243

Press, 1995), pp. 65a–66b; and Nicholas Penny, Reynolds (London: Royal Academy of Arts and Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1986), p. 246a–b. See also Malcolm Cormack, ‘Star Quality’, Art News (summer 1983), 112–14; and David Mannings, Sir Joshua Reynolds: A Complete Catalogue of his Paintings, 2 vols (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), I, pp. 55b–56a. 27. Biographical details from Alison Oddey, ‘Abington [née Barton], Frances [Fanny] (1737–1815)’, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by Matthew and Harrison; online edn, ed. by Goldman [http://www.oxforddnb. com/view/article/51, accessed 4 December 2009]. 28. Iain Gordon Brown, Poet & Painter: Allan Ramsay Father and Son 1684–1784 (Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, 1984), p. 47a. 29. Allan Ramsay, ‘Life of Allan Ramsay the Poet’, Edinburgh University Library, MS Laing La. II 212/42, p. 6. 30. The print is discussed by Iain Gordon Brown, ‘Allan Ramsay’s Rise and Reputation’, Walpole Society, 50 (1984), 209–47 (pp. 212–13). Ramsay is mentioned in North Briton, 17 (1765), 54. 31. Robert Strange gives his account of the affair in the letter in his An Inquiry into the Rise and Establishment of the Royal Academy of Arts to which is Prefixed a Letter to the Earl of Bute (London: E. and C. Dilly and others, 1775). Mrs Strange’s letter is quoted in James Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange […] and of his Brother-in-Law Andrew Lumisden, 2 vols (London: Longman and others, 1855), II, pp. 33–6. 32. Ramsay to Dick, 31 January 1762. National Archives of Scotland, GD 331/ S/20+22. 33. Margaret Ramsay to her sister, 20 March 1773. NLS, MS 10782, fol. 85. 34. ‘Rules and Orders of the Select Society’, NLS, Adv. MSS 23.1.1, p. 2. 35. Ibid., p.17. 36. Hume wrote to Ramsay when the latter was abroad in Italy that the society had ‘grown to be a national concern. Young and old, noble and ignoble, witty and dull, laity and clergy, all the world are ambitious of a place amongst us.’ Hume to Ramsay, April or May 1755. The Letters of , ed. by J. Y. T. Greig, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932), I, p. 219. 37. Hume to Millar, 17 May 1762. Hume Letters (1932), I, p. 359. 38. Duncan Macmillan, Painting in Scotland: The Golden Age (Oxford: Phaidon Press and others, 1986), p. 18. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid., p. 29a. 41. Edgar Wind, Hume and the Heroic Portrait: Studies in Eighteenth-Century Imagery, ed. by Jaynie Anderson, trans. by T. J. Reed and others (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 1. 42. Ibid., pp. 30–31. 43. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. by David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 7 (Part 1, Book 1, Section 1, Paragraph 1). 44. Ibid., p. 7 (1, 1, 1, 2). 45. ‘An Abstract of a Book lately Published, Entitled A Treatise of Human Nature […]’, in Hume, A Treatise, ed. Norton and Norton, pp. 407–17 (p. 411). 46. Hume, A Treatise, ed. Norton and Norton, p. 168 (1, 4, 6, 12). 47. Ibid., p. 165 (1, 4, 6, 4). 244 Notes

48. See Annette Baier, ‘Hume on Heaps and Bundles’, American Philosophical Quarterly, 16 (1979), 285–95; S. C. Patten, ‘Hume’s Bundles, Self-Consciousness and Kant’, Hume Studies, 2 (1976), 59–75; and Corliss Gayda Swain, ‘Personal Identity and the Skeptical System of Philosophy’, in The Blackwell Guide to Hume’s Treatise, ed. by Saul Traiger (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 133–50. 49. Hume, Treatise, ed. by Norton and Norton, p. 172 (1, 4, 7, 2). 50. Ibid., p. 175 (1, 4, 7, 9). 51. See Smart, Allan Ramsay: Painter, Essayist, pp. 208–10. 52. Hume, A Treatise, ed. by Norton and Norton, p. 182 (2, 1, 2, 4). 53. Ibid., p. 184 (2, 1, 3, 2). 54. Ibid., p. 184 (2, 1, 3, 5). 55. Ibid., p. 183 (2, 1, 2, 5). 56. Ibid., p. 200 (2, 1, 9, 10). 57. Ibid., p. 215 (2, 2, 1, 6). 58. Ibid., p. 231 (2, 2, 5, 1). 59. Ibid., p. 231 (2, 2, 5, 2). 60. See ibid., p. 301 (3, 1, 1, 26). 61. Ibid., p. 314 (3, 2, 2, 9). 62. Ibid., p. 385 (3, 3, 3, 3). 63. See Alasdair MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (London: Duckworth, 1988), p. 295. 64. ‘My Own Life’, in David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. by Eugene F. Miller, rev. edn (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1987), pp. xxxi–xli (p. xl). 65. Ramsay is supposed to have retorted ‘that he wished posterity should see that one philosopher during your Majesty’s reign had a good coat upon his back’. See Boswelliana: The Commonplace Book of , ed. by Charles Rogers (London: Houlston and Sons, 1876), p. 255. 66. Edward Edwards first suggested that Ramsay was too easily ‘diverted by literary pursuits, which he seemed to prefer to the cultivation of his art’. See his Anecdotes of Painters Who have Resided or have been Born in England with Critical Remarks on their Productions (London: Leigh and Sotheby and others, 1808), p. 107. Waterhouse’s views are cited in Brown, Poet & Painter, p. 30b. 67. Ramsay to Dick, June 1752. National Archives of Scotland, GD 331/5/17. 68. [Allan Ramsay], An Essay on the Naturalization of Foreigners (London: NP, 1762), p. 7. 69. [Allan Ramsay], An Enquiry into the Rights of the East India Company of Making War and Peace; and of Possessing their Territorial Acquisitions without the Participation or Inspection of the British Government (London: Shropshire and Bladon, 1772), pp. iii–iv. 70. Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778, ed. by Charles McC. Weiss and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1971), p. 280. 71. [Allan Ramsay], A Letter to Esq. Occasioned by his Speech in Parliament February 11, 1780 (London: Bew, 1780), p. 37. 72. [Allan Ramsay], Observations upon the Riot Act, with an Attempt towards the Amendment of It. By a Dilitante in Law and Politics (London: Cadell, 1781), p. 20. 73. [Allan Ramsay], Thoughts on the Origin and Nature of Government. Occasioned by the Late Disputes between Great Britain and her Colonies (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1769), p. 48. Notes 245

74. [Allan Ramsay], Letters on the Present Disturbances in Great Britain and her American Provinces (London [Rome]: NP, 1771), p. 22. 75. [Allan Ramsay], A Succinct Review of the American Contest, Addressed to Those Whom it May Concern. By Zero. First Published in February, 1778, while the Bills Called Conciliatory Were under the Consideration of the House of Commons (London: Faulder, Blaimire, and Law, 1782), pp. 23, 24. 76. [Ramsay], Thoughts on the Origin and Nature of Government, p. 3. 77. [Ramsay], Letters on the Present Disturbances, p. 14. 78. Smart, The Life and Art of Allan Ramsay, p. 48. 79. 13 October 1831. Letters of Lady Louisa Stuart to Miss Louisa Clinton, 2nd series, ed. by James A. Home (Edinburgh: Douglas, 1903), p. 306. 80. See, for example, James Christen Steward, The New Child: British Art and the Origins of British Childhood, 1730–1830 (Berkeley: , 1995), p. 82. 81. See Sebastian Mitchell, ‘“But cast their eyes on these little wretched beings”: The Innocence and Experience of Children in the Late Eighteenth Century’, New Formations, 42 (2001), 115–30.

Chapter 4

1. See Tom Normand, Calum Colvin: Fragments of Ancient Poetry (Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, [2002]). 2. Stoddart states his intentions in his Ossian: A Proposal 2010 (Edinburgh: Birlinn, [2010]). 3. I have in mind Jean Baudrillard’s notions of simulacra for Colvin and Charles Jencks’ notion of post-modern classicism for Stoddart. See Baudrillard, Simulations, trans. by Paul Foss and others (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983); and Jencks, Post-: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture (London: Academy Editions, 1987). See also Murray Pittock’s ‘Extraordinary and Anticipated’, in Alexander Stoddart, Cabinet Works & Studies (Edinburgh: Bourne Fine Art, 2010), pp. 5–7. 4. See Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dafydd Moore, Enlightenment and Romance in James Macpherson’s The Poems of Ossian: Myth, Genre, and Cultural Change (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); and The Reception of Ossian in Europe, ed. by Howard Gaskill (London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004). 5. Richard B. Sher gives the timing of Blair’s academic appointments in his ‘Hugh Blair’, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, ed. by Lawrence Goldman [http://www.oxforddnb. com/view/article/2563, accessed 24 March 2012]. [ James Macpherson], Fragments of Ancient Poetry […] 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Hamilton and Balfour, 1760), p. v. 6. James Macpherson, Fingal, An Ancient Epic Poem, in Six Books: Together with Several Other Poems, Composed by Ossian, the Son of Fingal (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1762 [1761]), sig. [a4]r. 7. Ibid., sig. [a4]v. 246 Notes

8. Katie Trumpener, Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 70–71. 9. Macpherson, Fingal (1762 [1761]), pp. 62–3. 10. The Iliad of Homer, The Twickenham Edition of the Poems of Alexander Pope, vols VII–VIII, ed. by Maynard Mack (London: Methuen, 1967), VII, p. 522 (XIII.834–7) and p. 523 (XIII.856–9). 11. Details of Ossian’s eighteenth-century emergence were established by the Report of the Committee of the Highland Society of Scotland Appointed to Inquire into the Nature and Authenticity of the Poems of Ossian, […] Edinburgh: Constable, 1805). Stone’s Gaelic translations are considered by Donald Mackinnon, ‘Collections of Ossianic Ballads by Jerome Stone’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, 14 (1887–88), 314–69; Derick S. Thomson, ‘Bogus Gaelic Literature c.1750-c.1820’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Glasgow, 5 (1958), 172–88 (p. 175); and Fiona Stafford, The Sublime Savage: A Study of James Macpherson and the Poems of Ossian (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1988), p. 113. Malcolm Laing first printed Macpherson’s juvenilia in his edition of The Poems of Ossian, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Constable, 1805). T. Bailey Saunders compares the ‘Book of the Dean of Lismore’ and Ossian in his The Life and Letters of James Macpherson (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1894), pp. 144–5; Derick Thomson examines narrative paral- lels in his The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson’s ‘Ossian’ (Edinburgh, London: Oliver & Boyd, 1952). The interpretative difficulties of ‘Book of the Dean of Lismore’ are discussed by William Watson in Scottish Verse from the Book of the Dean of Lismore, ed. by William J. Watson (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1937), pp. xi–xx. Stafford discusses Blackwell’s and Lowth’s possible influence; see Sublime Savage, pp. 28–37 and 86–7. J. S. Smart makes the point about the fashionable poetry in his James Macpherson: An Episode in Literature (London: Nutt, 1905), p. 212. Sher discusses the Scottish background in his ‘“Those Scotch Imposters and their Cabals”: Ossian and the Scottish Enlightenment’, in Man and Nature: Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, ed. by Roger L. Emerson, Gilles Gerard and Roseann Runte (Ontario: University of Western Ontario, 1982), pp. 55–61; and idem, Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 242–61. 12. [Tobias Smollett], ‘Review of Fingal: An Ancient Epic Poem’, Critical Review, 12 (1761), 405–18, reprinted in Ossian and Ossianism, ed. by Dafydd Moore, 4 vols (London: Routledge, 2004), III, pp. 6–17 (p. 10). 13. ‘Review of Fingal: An Ancient Epic Poem’, Monthly Review, 26 (1762), 130–41 (p. 141), reprinted in Ossian and Ossianism, ed. Moore III, pp. 40–49 (p. 48). 14. Madame de Staël, On Politics, Literature, and National Character, trans. and ed. by Morroe Berger (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1964), pp. 125–6, 152. 15. See for example William Shaw, An Enquiry into the Authenticity of the Poems Ascribed to Ossian (London: Murray, 1781), p. 10; and Clement Hawes, The British Eighteenth Century and Global Critique (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 43. 16. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 16. 17. See Clare O’Halloran, ‘Irish Re-Creations of the Gaelic Past: The Challenge of Macpherson’s Ossian’, Past and Present, 124 (1989), 69–95. Notes 247

18. Miso-dolos [Sylvester O’Halloran], ‘The Poems of Ossine, the Son of Fionne Mac Comhal, Re-Claimed’, Dublin Magazine ( January 1763), 21–3 (p. 23), reprinted in Ossian and Ossianism, ed. Moore, III, pp. 87–9 (p. 89). 19. [Daniel Webb], Fingal Reclaimed (London: The author, 1762), p. 20, reprinted in Ossian and Ossianism, ed. by Moore, III, 78–86 (p. 85). 20. Macpherson, Fingal (1761 [1762]), sig. A2r. 21. See Paul J. DeGategno, James Macpherson (Boston: Twayne, 1989), p. 135. 22. Gisbal, an Hyperborean Tale: Translated from the Fragments of Ossian, the Son of Fingal (London: The author, 1762), p. 28. 23. Three Beautiful and Important Passages Omitted by the Translator of Fingal, Translated and Restored by Donald Macdonald (probably pseudonymous) (London: Hinxman, 1762), sig. B2r. 24. Ibid., [p. 3], sig. A2r. 25. The final edition in the nineteenth century to contain Blair’s A Critical Dissertation was Dove’s The Poems of Ossian (London: Dove, [1852]). 26. Steve Rizza, ‘“A Bulky and Foolish Treatise”? Hugh Blair’s Critical Dissertation Reconsidered’, in Ossian Revisited, ed. by Howard Gaskill (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), pp. 129–46 (p. 121); see also Gaskill, The Reception of Ossian in Europe, pp. 27–8; and The Poems of Ossian and Related Works, ed. by Gaskill and intro. by Fiona Stafford (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 542–3. 27. Hugh Blair, A Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, in The Poems of Ossian, ed. Gaskill, pp. 343–408 (p. 345). 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid., p. 356. 30. Jerome J. McGann, The Poetics of Sensibility: A Revolution in Literary Style (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.38. 31. Blair, Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, p. 381. 32. Ibid., p. 382. 33. Margaret Rubel, Savage and Barbarian: Historical Attitudes in the Criticism of Homer and Ossian in Britain, 1760–1800 (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing, 1978), p. 44. 34. Blair, Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, p. 346. 35. Ibid., p. 368. 36. Blair makes this clear in the appendix to A Critical Dissertation. See his ‘A Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian’, p. 401. See also Nick Groom, ‘Celts, Goths, and the Nature of the Literary Source’, in Tradition in Transition: Women Writers, Marginal Texts, and the Eighteenth-Century Canon, ed. by Alvaro Ribeiro and James G. Basker (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 275–96 (p. 289 n. 49). 37. Blair, Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, p. 357. 38. Ibid., p. 399. 39. See also Dafydd Moore’s discussion of Ossian’s martial aesthetic, ‘Heroic Incoh- erence in The Poems of Ossian’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34 (2000), 43–59. 40. The events of the Seven Years’ War are taken from Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America 1754–1766 (New York: Knopf, 2000). 41. ‘An Account of the Expedition against Martinico; Attempted in the Manner of Fingal; or the Song of Ossian’, in The Beauties of All the Magazines Selected, 248 Notes

ed. by George Stevens, 3 vols (London: Walker, [1762]–64), I, pp. 106a–108b (p. 106b). 42. Ibid., p. 108b. 43. Ibid., p. 107a. 44. Ibid. 45. See Thomson, The Gaelic Sources, p. 14; Donald E. Meek, ‘The Gaelic Ballads of Scotland: Creativity and Adaptation’, in Ossian Revisited, ed. by Gaskill, pp. 19–48; and John MacQueen, ‘Temora and Legendary History’, in From Gaelic to Romantic: Ossianic Translations, ed. by Fiona Stafford and Howard Gaskill (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998), pp. 69–78. 46. Macpherson, Temora, An Ancient Poem in Eight Books (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1763), p. xviii. 47. Ibid., p. ii. 48. Ibid., p. xxi. 49. Ibid., p. xxii. 50. Colin Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689–c.1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 230. 51. See Charles O’Conor, A Dissertation on the First Migrations, and Final Settlement of the Scots in North Britain: with Occasional Observations on the Poems of Fingal and Temora (Dublin: Faulkner, 1766), p. 27. 52. Sylvester O’Halloran, An Introduction to the Study of the History and Antiquities of Ireland (Dublin: Ewing, 1772), p. 359. 53. Macpherson, Temora, p. xxi. 54. Ossian and Ossianism, ed. Moore, I, p. lxv. 55. Macpherson, Temora, p. 44. 56. Ibid., p. 15. 57. See Rosemary Sweet, Antiquarians: The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth- Century Britain (London: Hambledon, 2004), pp. 128–9. 58. David Boyd Haycock suggests that Stukeley was ‘reluctant to practice the circumspection necessary in the study of prehistory’. See his ‘Stukeley, William (1687–1765) in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by Matthew and Harrison; online edn ed. by Goldman [http://www.oxforddnb. com/view/article/26743, accessed 24 March 2012]. 59. William Stukeley, A Letter from Dr Stukeley to Mr Macpherson, on his Publication of Fingal and Temora (London: Hett, 1763), p. 7. Reprinted in Ossian and Ossianism, ed. Moore, III, pp. 105–13 (p. 106). 60. Ibid. 61. John M. Gray, Notes on the Art Treasures at Penicuik House, Midlothian (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1889), p. 63. 62. See Susan Booth, ‘The Early Career of Alexander Runciman and his Relations with Sir James Clerk of Penicuik’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 32 (1969), 332–43; and J. Duncan MacMillan, ‘Alexander Runciman in Rome’, The Burlington Magazine, 112 (1970), 21–31. 63. The decorations were destroyed by fire in 1899. Their appearance was reconstructed by Duncan Macmilllan; see J. D. Macmillan, ‘The Early Career of Alexander Runciman and the Influences that Shaped his Style’, 2 vols (unpublished doctoral thesis, , 1974), I, pp. 199–220. Notes 249

64. See Macmillan’s discussion of the image in ‘The Early Career of Alexander Runciman’, I, p. 199. 65. [Walter Ross], A Description of the Paintings in the Hall of Ossian, at Pennycuik near Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Kincaid and Creech, 1773), p. 22. 66. See Luke Gibbons, ‘“A Shadowy Narrator”: History, Art and Romantic Nationalism in Ireland 1750–1850’, in Ideology and the Historians, ed. by Ciaran Brady (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1991), pp. 99–127 (pp. 108–22); and Gibbons, ‘From Ossian to O’Caloran: The Bard as Separatist Symbol’, in From Gaelic to Romantic, ed. by Stafford and Gaskill, pp. 226–51 (pp. 236–40). 67. See my ‘Ossian and Ossianic Parallelism in James Barry’s Works’, Eighteenth- Century Ireland, 23 (2008), 94–120 (p. 111–12). 68. See Peter Holland’s discussion of the performance of King Lear in this period in his ‘The Age of Garrick’, in The Oxford Illustrated History of Shakespeare on Stage, ed. by Jonathan Bate and Russell Jackson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 69–91 (pp. 82–6). 69. See William L. Pressly, The Life and Art of James Barry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 57. Tom Dunne also detects the influence of Jean Restout’s The Death of St Scholastica (1730). See James Barry (1741–1806), the Great Historical Painter, ed. by Tom Dunne (Cork: Crawford Art Gallery, 2005), p. 124b. 70. See my ‘Ossian and Ossianic Parallelism’ (2008), pp. 114–15. 71. See Booth, ‘The Early Career of Alexander Runciman and his Relations with Sir James Clerk of Penicuik’, 341; Duncan Macmillan, Painting in Scotland: The Golden Age (Oxford: Phaidon, 1986), p. 58a; Sam Smiles, Image of Antiquity: Ancient Britain and the Romantic Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 70; and Murdo Macdonald, ‘Ossian and Art’, in The Reception of Ossian in Europe, ed. Gaskill, pp. 393–404 (p. 396). 72. William L. Pressly, James Barry: The Artist as Hero (London: Tate Gallery, 1983), p. 57b. 73. See Pressly’s accounts of the prints, ibid., p. 121b. 74. Macmillan, Painting in Scotland, p. 58a. 75. Pressly, The Life and Art of James Barry, p. 144; Smiles, Image of Antiquity, p. 71. 76. Barry almost certainly knew this work. He produced a drawing (now lost), which bears the same title, Orthography of Stone Henge, as accompanies an illustration of the restored temple in Stukeley’s work. See Pressly, The Life and Art of James Barry, p. 220b n. 11. The design of the smaller temple in Barry’s picture is similar to the illustration in Stukeley’s work. 77. See Tom Dunne’s account of the shifting Anglo-Irish dynamic of Barry’s use of Celtic imagery in James Barry, Great Historical Painter, pp. 119–21, 132. 78. The fullest account of the reception of Wolfe’s death, from which this description derives, is Alan McNairn, Behold the Hero: General Wolfe & the Arts in the Eighteenth Century ([Quebec]: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997). 79. See Robert C. Alberts, Benjamin West: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 108–9; and Charles Mitchell, ‘Benjamin West’s “The Death of General Wolfe” and the Popular History Piece’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 7 (1944), 20–33 (p. 30). 80. See Helmut von Erffa and Allen Staley, The Paintings of Benjamin West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), p. 213c. 250 Notes

81. John Galt, The Life, Studies, and Works of Benjamin West, Esq.: President of the Royal Academy of London. Composed from Materials Furnished by Himself, 2 parts in 1 vol. (London: Cadell & Davies, 1820), Part 2, pp. 46–50. 82. Edgar Wind, ‘The Revolution of History Painting’, Journal of the Warburg Institute, 2 (1938), 116–27. The description of Wind’s argument is Charles Mitchell’s; see his ‘Benjamin West’s “Death of General Wolfe”’, p. 21. See also David Fordham’s interpretation of the picture as an expression of what he terms ‘Anglican Classicism’ in his British Art and the Seven Years’ War: Allegiance and Autonomy (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2010), pp. 218–26 (p. 225). 83. David H. Solkin, Painting for Money: The Visual Arts and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 212–13. 84. Mitchell, ‘Benjamin West’s “Death of General Wolfe”’, p. 30.

Chapter 5

1. St. James’s Chronicle, 19–21 May, 1795, p. 4d. 2. , ‘Boswell’s Life of Johnson’, in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, 5 vols (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899), III, pp. 62–135 (pp. 89, 69). 3. Ibid. p. 74. 4. Thomas Babington Macaulay, ‘Samuel Johnson’, in Critical & Historical Essays, ed. by A. J. Grieve, 2 vols (London: Dent, 1961), II, pp. 523–62 (p. 539). 5. The standard accounts of the Boswell papers are David Buchanan, The Treasure of Auchinleck: The Story of the Boswell Papers (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972); and Frederick A. Pottle, Pride and Negligence: The History of the Boswell Papers (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982). See also James J. Caudle, ‘Editing James Boswell, 1924–2010: Past, Present, Futures’, The Age of Johnson, 20 (2010), 111–44. 6. See Heinemann box advertisement, Time and Tide, 9 December 1950, p. 1260a. Publication and sales of Pottle’s edition are discussed by Gordon Turnbull in his edition of the work; see James Boswell, London Journal 1762–63, ed. by Gordon Turnbull (London: Penguin, 2010), pp. xviii–xix. 7. Stephen Spender, ‘The Double Vision of James Boswell’, Time and Tide, 9 December 1950, 1249b–1250c (p. 1249b). 8. Ibid., p. 1249b. On the boom in Freudian psychoanalysis in the USA after the Second World War, see Clarence B. Oberndorf, A History of Psychoanalysis in America (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964), p. 218 passim; and Reuben Fine, A History of Psychoanalysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), pp. 515–23. 9. See Donald J. Newman, ‘James Boswell, Joseph Addison, and the Spectator in the Mirror’ and his ‘Boswell’s Poetry: The Comic Cohesion of a Fragmented Self’, both in James Boswell: Psychological Interpretations, ed. by Donald J. Newman (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1995), pp. 1–32, 165–88. 10. Gordon Turnbull, Greg Clingham and Erin F. Labbie provide Lacanian discus- sions of Boswell. See Turnbull, ‘Boswell and the Insistence of the Letter’, in Contesting the Subject: Essays in the Postmodern Theory and Practice of Biography and Biographical Criticism, ed. by William H. Epstein (West Lafayette, IN: Notes 251

Purdue University Press, 1991), pp. 43–52; Greg Clingham, ‘Double Writing: The Erotics of Narrative in Boswell’s Life of Johnson’ in Newman, Psychological Interpretations, pp. 189–214; and Erin F. Labbie, ‘Identification and Identity in James Boswell’s Journals: A Psycholingustic Reflection’, in Newman, Psychological Interpretations, pp. 51–70. 11. See Elizabeth W. Bruss, Autobiographical Acts: The Changing Situation of a Literary Genre (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). 12. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 184. 13. See David Daiches’ introduction to New Light on Boswell: Critical Essays on the Occasion of the Bicentenary of the Life of Johnson, ed. by Greg Clingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 1–8. 14. See Kenneth Simpson, The Protean Scot: The Crisis of Identity in Eighteenth– Century Scottish Literature (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1988); and Murray Pittock, James Boswell (Aberdeen: Aberdeen: AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, 2007). 15. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nations 1707–1837 (London: Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 124–5. 16. James Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, L.L.D., in Boswell’s Life of Johnson, ed. by George Birbeck Hill and rev. by L.F. Powell, 6 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1934–64), V (1964), p. 20. 17. See Boswell, London Journal 1762–1763 (2010), p. 26; hereafter LJ. 18. On the occasional spats between Boswell and Wilkes, see Frank Brady, Boswell’s Political Career (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 36–7, 47–8. 19. Boswell in Search of a Wife, 1766–1769, ed. by Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1957), p. 158; hereafter ISW. 20. Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778, ed. by Charles Mc C. Weis and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1971), p. 146; hereafter IE. 21. James Boswell, The Journal of his German and Swiss Travels, 1764, Research Edition I, ed. by Marlies K. Danziger (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), p. 111; hereafter JGST. 22. Boswell for the Defence, 1769–1774, ed. by William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1960), p. 103; hereafter BD. 23. See Gordon Turnbull, ‘James Boswell: Biography and the Union’, in The History of Scottish Literature, Volume 2, 1600–1800, ed. by Andrew Hook (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987), pp. 157–74 (pp. 161–2). 24. Pat Rogers, Johnson and Boswell: The Transit of Caledonia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 68n. See also Thomas M. Curley, Samuel Johnson and the Age of Travel (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1976). 25. See Boswell, Life of Johnson, I, p. 450. 26. See Boswell, Life of Johnson, III, pp. 271, 274. 27. ‘The Bravery of English Common Soldiers’, in Samuel Johnson, ed. by Donald Greene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 549–50 (p. 549), first published in British Magazine, 1 (1760), 37–9. 28. ‘A Prostitute’s Story’, in Samuel Johnson, ed. Greene, pp. 249–52 (p. 249), first published in The Rambler, 170 (1751), 82–8. 29. Samuel Johnson, The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, ed. by Thomas Keymer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 43; all further references are to this edition. 252 Notes

30. For other comparisons of the Rasselas and The Journey to the Western Isles, see Curley, Johnson and the Age of Travel, pp. 185–93; and Edward Tomarken, Johnson, Rasselas, and the Choice of Criticism (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), pp. 152–3. 31. Boswell, Life of Johnson, IV, p. 199. 32. Samuel Johnson, A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland, intro. by J.D. Fleeman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), p. 79; all further references are to this edition. On the consolidation of all jurisdictions into the High Court of the Justiciary through the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, see ‘The High Court of the Justiciary’ in The Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia, VI, pp. 366–96 (p. 375); and for the support of the Scottish political and legal elite for this provision, see Lindsay Farmer, Criminal Law, Tradition, and Legal Order: Crime and the Genius of Scots Law, 1747 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 60–66. 33. See Fleeman’s survey of contemporary responses in his introduction to Journey to the Western Isles, pp. xxx–xxxv; and Helen Louise McGuffie, Samuel Johnson in the British Press, 1749–84: A Chronological Checklist (New York: Garland, 1976), p. 136 ff.. 34. The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, in Boswell’s Life of Johnson, V, p. 20; all further reference are to this edition. 35. Turnbull, ‘James Boswell: Biography and the Union’, p. 169. On contempo- rary objections to Boswell’s book see, in particular, Verax (pseud.), Remarks on the Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides in a Letter to James Boswell Esq. (London: Debrett, 1785); and ‘Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides’, English Review, 6 (1785), 370–78. 36. See Pittock, James Boswell, pp. 20–25. 37. On the psychological and political aspects of this portrait of the queen, see ‘William Robertson, History of Scotland’, Critical Review, 7 (1759), 89–103 (p. 91). 38. Boswell to Johnston of Grange, 13 September, 1762. The Correspondence of James Boswell and John Johnston of Grange, ed. by Ralph S. Walker (London: Heinemann, 1966), pp. 14–17 (p. 15). 39. See Brady, Boswell’s Political Career, p. 27. 40. Boswell to Hamilton, 15 December 1765. Yale Collection of the Papers of James Boswell, L 621. 41. See Julia Lloyd Williams, ‘Hamilton, Gavin (1723–1798)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online edn, ed. by Lawrence Goldman, January 2008 [http:// www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12066, accessed 24 March 2012]. 42. See Duncan Macmillan, Painting in Scotland: The Golden Age (Oxford: Phaidon Press, 1986), pp. 35–6. 43. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, and France, 1765–1766, ed. by Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1956), p. 53; hereafter BGT. 44. James Boswell, An Account of Corsica, The Journal of a Tour to that Island, and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli, ed. by James T. Boulton and T.O. McLoughlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 161; all further references are to this edition. 45. London Chronicle, 23 January 1766, 1. Notes 253

46. Boswell, Account of Corsica, [p. 3], translation, p. 4. For Pittock’s conjecture on the source of the epigraph, see his Boswell, p. 49. 47. See Boswell: The Great Biographer, 1789–1795, ed. by Marlies K. Danziger and Frank Brady (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), pp. 292–3; hereafter BGB. 48. James Boswell, British Essays in Favour of the Brave Corsicans by Several Hands (London: Dilley, 1769), sig. A1r. 49. Boswell, British Essays, p. vii. 50. See Helen Smailes and Duncan Thomson, The Queen’s Image: A Celebration of Mary Queen of Scots (Edinburgh: Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 1987), p. 107. 51. Boswell to Hamilton, 15 December 1765. Yale Boswell Papers, L 621. 52. See Aileen Ribeiro on Mary’s costume in her The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France, 1750–1820 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 191; and BGT, p. 68. 53. Hamilton’s Abdication has been in the Hunterian collection of the since 1972, cat. no: GLHA 43874. 54. See Smailes and Thomson, Queen’s Image, p. 57. 55. See, for example, Jayne Elizabeth Lewis, ‘Hamilton’s “Abdication”, Boswell’s Jacobitism and the Myth of Mary Queen of Scots’, ELH, 64 (1997), 1069–90. 56. Boswell: The Ominous Years, 1774–1776, ed. by Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1963), p. 272; hereafter OY. 57. Gordon Turnbull’s Lacanian reading is unusual in this respect, as it substan- tially considers Boswell’s relationship with his mother. See Turnbull, ‘Boswell and the Insistence of the Letter’, pp. 43–52. 58. See Gordon Turnbull, ‘Boswell, James (1740–1795)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004). Online edn, ed. by Lawrence Goldman (2006) [http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/2950, accessed 24 March 2012]. Boswell records the rise in his allowance in a letter to Thomas David Boswell, 25 November 1776, private collection; there is a transcription of this letter in the editorial office of the Yale Boswell Editions. 59. See Auchinleck to Boswell, 27 November 1762. Yale Boswell Papers, C 211. 60. Auchinleck to Boswell, 30 May 1763. Yale Boswell Papers, C 214. 61. Auchinleck to Boswell, 27 November 1762. 62. Auchinleck to Boswell, 23 July 1763. Yale Boswell Papers, C 219. 63. See Brady, Political Career, p. 95. 64. See Frederick A. Pottle, James Boswell: The Earlier Years, 1740–1769 (London: Heinemann, 1966), pp. 441–2. Boswell discusses his allowance and the payment of his debts in his letter to David Boswell, 27 November 1776. 65. J 36, 14 June to 2 September 1774, ‘Journal in Edinburgh’, and J 37, [2 September] to 26 December 1774, ‘Journal in Edinburgh’. Yale Boswell Papers. 66. There is a copy of Reid’s indictment for his first trial in Boswell’s papers at Yale, LG 4 (1). The witness statements and verdict are recorded in H.M. Advocate v John Reid, ‘Minute Book of the High Court of the Justiciary’, National Archives of Scotland, JC3/34, pp. 485–515; and the outcome of the trial is reported in the Caledonian Mercury, 20 December 1766, 606b–c. 67. See LG 22 (3–6) Papers Relating to John Reid’s Trial, Yale Boswell Papers; and H.M. Advocate v John Reid, ‘Minute Book’, National Archives of Scotland, JC7/38 pp. 353–77. 254 Notes

68. LG 23 (3) ‘Memorial for John Reid’, Boswell Yale Papers, f.2r. 69. See Hugh M. Milne, Boswell’s Edinburgh Journals, 1767–1786 (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 2001), pp. 126–8. 70. A Royalist [ James Boswell], ‘To the Printer of the London Chronicle’, London Chronicle, 17–20 September 1774, 276a. 71. Ibid. Boswell draws the distinction between capital penalties for property offences in England and Scotland. These were a matter of statute in England, but operated substantially on the basis of common law in Scotland. See Farmer, Criminal Law, Tradition, and Legal Order, p. 21. 72. James J. Caudle, ‘James Boswell (H. Scoticus Londoniensis)’, in Scots in London in the Eighteenth Century: Patronage, Culture and Identity, ed. by Stana Nenadic (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2010), pp. 109–38 (p. 133). 73. Biographical details are taken from Alison G. Muir, ‘Brodie, Alexander, of Brodie, Lord Brodie (1617–1680)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3482, accessed 24 March 2012]; and David Laing’s preface to The Diary of Alexander Brodie of Brodie, and his Son, James Brodie of Brodie, ed. by David Laing (Aberdeen: Spalding Club, 1863), pp. ix–lxxvi. 74. Laing, preface to Diary of Alexander Brodie, p. xi. All further references are to this edition. 75. Susan Manning, The Puritan-Provincial Vision: Scottish and American Literature in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 12. 76. Peter Dews, Logics of Disintegration: Poststructuralist Thought and the Claims of Critical Theory (London: Verso, 1987), p. 10. 77. Definitions are taken from J. A. Cuddon, The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, rev. by C. E. Preston, 4th edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999), p. 50. 78. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), p. 144. 79. William Ray, Story and History: Narrative Authority and Social Identity in the Eighteenth-Century French and English Novel (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p. 133. 80. All three broadsheets are in the Yale Boswell papers, Lg 24 (3, 4, 5). See also Gordon Turnbull, ‘Boswell and Sympathy: The Trial and Execution of John Reid’, in Clingham, New Light on Boswell, pp. 104–15. 81. Greg Clingham, Boswell, The Life of Johnson, Landmarks of World Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 16. 82. See Jean-Paul Sartre, Baudelaire, trans. by Martin Turnell (New York: New Directions, 1967), pp. 24–5. 83. See Gordon Turnbull on Boswell’s repeated use of this phrase in his ‘Yale Boswell Editions Notes’, Johnsonian News Letter 51 (2002), 26–7. 84. Boswell in Holland, 1763–1764, and Correspondence with Belle de Zuylen, ed. by Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1952), p. 147. 85. ‘The Journal of My Jaunt Harvest, 1762’, in The Private Papers of James Boswell from Malahide Castle in the Collection of Lt-Colonel Ralph Heyward Isham, ed. by Geoffrey Scott and Frederick A. Pottle, 18 vols (Mount Vernon, NY: [n.pub.], 1928–34), I, pp. 54–138 (p. 83). Notes 255

86. Conversation with Caudle 19 September 2011; see also his account of Boswell’s relationship with Margaret Montgomerie, in his ‘James Boswell (H. Scoticus Londoniensis)’, pp. 144–5. 87. See J 121, ‘Monday 9 March 1795’, Yale Boswell Papers, f.1r.

Chapter 6

1. James Thomson, The Seasons, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), p. 179 (Autumn, 890). 2. Ibid., p. 132 (Summer, 1595). 3. Ibid., p. 42 (Spring, 845–6). 4. See John Sutherland, The Life of (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), p. 76. 5. See Walter Scott, ‘Introduction to Sir Tristrem’, Poetical Works, 12 vols (Edinburgh: Cadell, 1833), V, pp. 30–50. 6. See Nancy Moore Goslee on this point in the introduction to her Scott the Rhymer (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1988), pp. 1–17. 7. ‘Kinmont Willie’, in The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Borders, in Scott, Poetical Works, vols 1–4, II, pp. 51–60 (p. 55). 8. [Walter Scott], The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French. With a Preliminary View of The French Revolution, 2nd edn, 9 vols (Edinburgh: Ballantyne, 1827), I, p. 63. 9. James Hogg, Memoirs of the Author’s Life (1807) and Familiar Anecdotes of Sir Walter Scott (1834), ed. by D.S. Mack (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1972), p. 129. 10. See Paul Hamilton’s chapter ‘Waverley: Scott’s Romantic Narrative and Revolutionary Historiography’, in his Metaromanticism: Aesthetics, Literature, Theory (Chicago: Press, 2003), pp. 115–38. 11. See Susan Oliver, Scott, Byron and the Poetics of Cultural Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 5. For other recent accounts of the verse, see Alison Lumsden, Walter Scott and the Limits of Language (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), pp. 42–74; and Murray Pittock, Scottish and Irish Romanticism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 187–97. 12. The illustrated editions of Scott’s poems are listed in William Ruff, A Bibliography of the Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott, 1796–1832 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 1937); and William B. Todd and Anne Bowden, Sir Walter Scott: A Bibliographical History (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 1998). Early editions of individual poems appeared with plates after Richard Westall, Richard Cook and John Schetky. There is recent work on the history of book illustration of Scott, but this is mostly concerned with the prose rather than the poetry. See, for example, Peter Garside, ‘Illustrating the Waverly Novels: Scott, Scotland, and the London Print Trade, 1819–1836’, Library: The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, 11 (2010), pp. 168–96; and Richard J. Hill, Picturing Scotland through the Waverley Novels: Walter Scott and the Origins of the Victorian Illustrated Novel (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010). 13. See Gerald Finley, Landscapes of Memory, Turner as Illustrator to Scott (London: Scolar Press, 1980), in particular Chapter 8 ‘Turner’s Tour of Scotland in 1831, its Artistic Significance’, pp. 155–71. There is a useful précis of Finley’s 256 Notes

view of the significance of the collaboration between Scott and Turner in his ‘Images of Time: Turner, Scott and Scotland’ in the exhibition catalogue, Turner in Scotland (Aberdeen: Aberdeen Art Gallery, 1982), pp. 21–5. 14. See Finley’s appendix ‘The Selection of Subjects Illustrated in Lockhart’s Edition of Scott’s Poetical Works’ in his Landscapes of Memory, pp. 240–44. Finley reconstructed the discussions of Scott, Cadell and Turner on the basis of the Cadell papers in the National Library of Scotland. 15. [Francis Jeffrey], ‘The Lay of the Last Minstrel: a Poem’, The Edinburgh Review, 6 (1805), [1]–20 (18), quoted in Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, in Poetical Works (1833), VI, p. 210n. All further references to the Lay are to this edition. 16. This synopsis compiled on the basis of my reading of the poem, Susan Oliver’s ‘The Lay of the Last Minstrel’, in The Literary Encyclopedia (2005) [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=384, accessed 28 February 2012], and Jeffrey’s review of the poem. 17. William St Clair records the print runs for the editions of Scott’s poems and novels in his The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); the figures for The Lay of the Last Minstrel are given on pp. 633–4. 18. See Jeffrey ‘Lay of the Last Minstrel’, p. 2. 19. Lay of the Last Minstrel, Poetical Works, VI, p. 65 n. 2. 20. See Scott’s note on his namesake, Lay of the Last Minstrel, Poetical Works, VI, p. 247. The attachment of the title ‘wizard’ to Scott is considered by Carola Oman in her The Wizard of the North: The Life of Sir Walter Scott (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1973), p. 10. 21. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, Poetical Works, VI, p. 130 n. 1. 22. See Marjorie Garson, ‘Scott, Walter (1771–1832)’ , in The Spenser Encyclopedia, ed. by A.C. Hamilton and others (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990), p. 633a–c. 23. See Walter Scott, ‘On the Fairies of Popular Superstition’, in Poetical Works, II, pp. 254–356 (p. 306 n). 24. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, trans. by G. Barden and J. Cumming (New York: Seabury Press, 1975), p. 67; quoted in Paul de Man, ‘The Rhetoric of Temporality’, in Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism, 2nd edn (London: Methuen, 1983), pp. 187–228 (p. 188). 25. De Man, ‘Rhetoric of Temporality’, p. 189. 26. Ibid., p. 191. 27. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, Poetical Works, VI, p. 25 n. 2. The correspond- ent of the Critical Review also detects an echo of The Ancient Mariner in the poem. See ‘Lay of the Last Minstrel; A Poem’, Critical Review, 5 (1805), 225–42 (p. 229). 28. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, Poetical Works, VI, , p. 27. 29. ‘Christabel; Kubla Kahn, a Vision, The Pains of Sleep. By S. T. Coleridge, Esq. – 1816. Murray’, in The Selected Writings of William Hazlitt, ed. by Duncan Wu (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1998), 9 (Uncollected Essays), pp. 23–6 (p. 25). 30. For the influence of Freud and psychoanalysis on twentieth-century Coleridgean criticism, see Robert M. Maniquis, ‘Writing about Coleridge’, Notes 257

in The Oxford Handbook of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. by Frederick Burwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 713–30. 31. R. G. Howarth, The Poetry of Sir Walter Scott (Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 1971), p. 7. 32. W. G. Thornbury, The Life of J. M. W. Turner R.A., new edn (London: Chatto & Windus, 1897), p. 134. 33. See Finley, Landscapes of Memory, pp. 158–69; Luke Herrmann, Turner Prints: The Engraved Work of J.M.W. Turner (New York: New York University Press, 1990), pp. 197–9; and Jan Piggott, Turner’s Vignettes (London: Tate Gallery, 1993), pp. 54–6. 34. Finley, Landscapes of Memory, pp. 161–2. The watercolour is now part of the Vaughan Bequest at the National Galleries of Scotland (D NG 860). See also Christopher Baker’s discussion of the view of Melrose in his J.M.W. Turner, The Vaughan Bequest (Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, 2006), p. 56. 35. Walter Scott, Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field, Poetical Works, VII, p. 287 (v.xxxiv.15–22); all further references are to this edition of the poem. 36. David Hume, The History of England, 6 vols (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1983), III, p. 106. 37. [Francis Jeffrey], ‘Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field’, The Edinburgh Review, 12 (1808), [1]–35 (p. 3). 38. Jeffrey, ‘Marmion’, p. 2. 39. St Clair calculates that 28,000 copies of Marmion had been sold by 1815; see his Reading Nation, p. 634. 40. Anna Seward to Walter Scott, 15 March 1808, quoted in J. H. Alexander, The Reception of Scott’s Poetry by his Correspondents: 1796–1817, 2 vols (Salzburg: Universität Salzburg, 1979), II, p. 305. 41. Scott, Marmion, Poetical Works, VII, p. 226 n. 1. 42. Jeffrey, ‘Marmion’, p. 35. 43. Susan Oliver, ‘Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field’, in The Literary Encyclopedia (2005) [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3710, accessed 24 March 2012]. 44. See Goslee, Scott the Rhymer, pp. 41–66. 45. Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, ed. by A.C. Hamilton, revised 2nd edn (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2001), p. 138 (I.XI.v.2–4). 46. See Hume, History of England, VI, p. 106. 47. See Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London: Pimlico, 1992), pp. 161–2. 48. See Finley, Landscapes of Memory, pp. 85–6. 49. See A. J. Youngson, The Making of Classical Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966), p. 238. 50. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland’, in The Invention of Tradition, ed. by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 15–42. 51. Murray Pittock, The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 90. 52. Ian Duncan, Scott’s Shadow: The Novel in Romantic Edinburgh (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 4. 53. Ibid., p. 5. 258 Notes

54. See Gerald Finley, Turner and George IV in Edinburgh, 1822 (London: Tate Gallery, 1981), p. 43. 55. See David Blayney Brown, ‘Historical Subjects’, in The Oxford Companion to J.M.W. Turner, ed. by Evelyn Joll and others (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 140a–141a. 56. [Probably John Landseer], ‘The Battle of Trafalgar, as seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory’, Review of Publications of Art (1808), quoted in Martin Butlin and Evelyn Joll, The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner, revised edn, 2 vols (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), I, p. 46b. 57. Finley, Turner and George IV in Edinburgh, 1822, pp. 56–61. 58. Walter Scott, The Lady of the Lake, Poetical Works, VIII, p. 4. 59. See Walter Scott, ‘Report of the Highland Society, ed. by Henry Mackenzie, and The Poems of Ossian, ed. by Malcolm Laing’, The Edinburgh Review, 6 (1805), 429–62. 60. Scott, The Lady of the Lake, Poetical Works, VIII, p. 102 (II.xxx.16–18); all further references to The Lady of the Lake are to this edition. 61. See Oliver, Scott, Byron and the Poetics of Cultural Encounter, p. 91. 62. ‘Lady of the Lake: a Poem’, The Quarterly Review, 3 (1810), 492–517 (512), quoted in Scott, The Lady of the Lake, Poetical Works, VIII, p. 19 n.1. 63. William Wordsworth, The Prelude: A Parallel Text, ed. by J.C. Maxwell (London: Penguin, 1986), p. 56 (I, 406–8). 64. ‘Lady of the Lake: A Poem’, The Critical Review, 20 (1810), 337–57 (p. 340), quoted in Scott, The Lady of the Lake, Poetical Works, VIII, p. 40. 65. See Takero Sato, A Concordance to the Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott (Tokyo: Liber Press, 1996), p. 807b. 66. See Sutherland, Walter Scott, p. 177–9; and Penny Fielding’s account of the provenance of the poem in her Scotland and the Fictions of Geography, North Britain 1760–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 133–5. 67. Walter Scott, The Lord of the Isles, Poetical Works (1833), X, p. 8. 68. [Francis Jeffrey], ‘The Lord of the Isles’, The Edinburgh Review, 24 (1815), 273–94 (p. 273), quoted in Scott, Lord of the Isles, X, p. 14. 69. Scott, Lord of the Isles, X, p. 109–10 (III.xiv.2 –7). All further references are to this edition of the poem. 70. Turner provided a vivid description of the trip from Tobermory to Staffa some years later in a letter to James Lennox; see Turner to Lennox, [16 August 1845], Collected Correspondence of J.M.W. Turner, ed. by John Gage (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 209–10. 71. See Butlin and Joll, The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner, pp. 198–9. 72. On the compositional components of early Turner, see Paul Spencer- Longhurst, The Sun Rising Through Vapour: Turner’s Early Seascapes (London: Third Millennium, 2003). 73. For John Gage’s conjecture on the origin of the haloed sun, see Butlin and Joll, The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner, I, p. 199. 74. ‘Our Royal-Academical Lounge’, Fraser’s Magazine, 5 (1832), 709–20 (p. 717). 75. Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p. 89. This discussion is also informed by Paul Crowther, The Kantian Sublime: From Morality to Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); and John Kemp, The Philosophy of Kant (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1995), pp. 97–122. Notes 259

76. Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic, p. 91. 77. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment, trans. by James Creed Meredith and rev. by Nicholas Walker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 91. 78. Judy Egerton, Making & Meaning: Turner: The Fighting Temeraire (London: National Gallery, 1995), p. 68; and see J. Hillis Miller, Illustration: Essays in Art and Culture (London: Reaktion, 1992), p. 131. 79. See James Hamilton, Turner: A Life (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1997), p. 257. Bibliography

Key texts

Blair, Hugh, A Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, in The Poems of Ossian and Related Works, ed. by Howard Gaskill (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 343–408. Boswell, James, An Account of Corsica, The Journal of a Tour to that Island, and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli, ed. by James T. Boulton and T. O. McLoughlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Boswell, James. Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763, ed. by Frederick A. Pottle (London, Heinemann, 1950). Boswell, James, London Journal 1762–1763, ed. by Gordon Turnbull (London: Penguin, 2010). Boswell, James, Boswell in Holland, 1763–1764, and Correspondence with Belle de Zuylen, ed. by Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1952). Boswell, James, The Journal of his German and Swiss Travels, 1764, Research Edition, I, ed. by Marlies K. Danziger (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008). Boswell, James, Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, and France, 1765–1766, ed. by Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1956). Boswell, James, Boswell in Search of a Wife, 1766–1769, ed. by Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1957). Boswell, James, Boswell for the Defence, 1769–1774, ed. by William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1960). Boswell, James, Boswell: The Ominous Years, 1774–1776, ed. by Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1963). Boswell, James, Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778, ed. by Charles Mc C. Weis and Frederick A. Pottle (London: Heinemann, 1971). Boswell, James, Boswell: The Great Biographer, 1789–1795, ed. by Marlies K. Danziger and Frank Brady (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989). Boswell, James, British Essays in Favour of the Brave Corsicans by Several Hands (London: Dilley, 1769). Boswell, James, ‘The Journal of my Jaunt Harvest, 1762’, in The Private Papers of James Boswell from Malahide Castle in the Collection of Lt-Colonel Ralph Heyward Isham, ed. by Geoffrey Scott and Frederick A. Pottle, 18 vols (Mount Vernon, NY: NP, 1928–34), I (1928), pp. 54–138. Boswell, James, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, L.L.D., in Boswell’s Life of Johnson, ed. by George Birbeck Hill and rev. by L.F. Powell, 6 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1934–64), v (1964). Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. by David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Macpherson, James, Fingal, An Ancient Epic Poem, in Six Books: Together with Several Other Poems, Composed by Ossian, the Son of Fingal (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1762 [1761]).

260 Bibliography 261

Macpherson, James, Temora, An Ancient Poem in Eight Books Together with Several Other Poems, Composed by Ossian, the Son of Fingal (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1763). [Ramsay, Allan], An Essay on the Naturalization of Foreigners (London: NP, 1762). [Ramsay, Allan], An Essay on the Constitution of England (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1765). [Ramsay, Allan], Thoughts on the Origin and Nature of Government. Occasioned by the Late Disputes between Great Britain and her Colonies (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1769). [Ramsay, Allan], Letters on the Present Disturbances in Great Britain and her American Provinces (London [Rome], NP, 1771). [Ramsay, Allan], An Enquiry into the Rights of the East India Company of Making War and Peace; and of Possessing their Territorial Acquisitions without the Participation or Inspection of the British Government (London: Shropshire and Bladon, 1772). [Ramsay, Allan], A Plan of Reconciliation between Great Britain and her Colonies (London: Johnson and Elmsly, 1776). [Ramsay, Allan], A Letter to Edmund Burke Esq. Occasioned by his Speech in Parliament February 11, 1780 (London: Bew, 1780). [Ramsay, Allan], Observations upon the Riot Act, with an Attempt towards the Amendment of It (London: Cadell, 1781). [Ramsay, Allan], A Succinct Review of the American Contest, Addressed to Those Whom it May Concern. By Zero. First Published in February, 1778, while the Bills Called Conciliatory Were under the Consideration of the House of Commons (London: Faulder, Blaimire, and Law, 1782). Scott, Walter, Poetical Works, ed. by J.G. Lockhart, 12 vols (Edinburgh: Cadell, 1833). Smollett, Tobias, Poems, Plays, and The Briton, intro. by Byron Gassman and ed. by O. M. Brack Jr. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1993). Smollett, Tobias, The Adventures of Roderick Random, ed. by Paul-Gabriel Boucé (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981). Smollett, Tobias, The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom, intro by Jerry C. Beasley and ed. by O. M. Brack Jr. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1988). Smollett, Tobias, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker, intro by Thomas R. Preston and ed. by O. M. Brack Jr. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990). Thomson, James, Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and Other Poems, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). Thomson, James The Seasons, ed. by James Sambrook (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981).

Key manuscript resources

Edinburgh University Library Ramsay, Allan ‘Life of Allan Ramsay the Poet’, MS Laing La. II 212/42.

National Archives of Scotland H.M. Advocate v John Reid, ‘Minute Book of the High Court of the Justiciary’, JC3/34. 262 Bibliography

Papers of the Dick Cunyngham Family of Prestonfield, Midlothian 1589–1970: Ramsay to Cunyngham, 10 April 1740, GD331/5/20. Ramsay to Dick, 31 January 1762, GD 331/S/20+22. Ramsay to Dick, June 1752, GD 331/5/17.

National Library of Scotland Rules and Orders of the Select Society, Adv. MSS 23.1.1. Correspondence of Margaret Ramsay: Ramsay to her sister, 20 March 1773, MS 10782, fol. 85.

Beinecke Library, Yale University Yale Boswell Papers: C 211: Auchinleck to Boswell, 27 November 1762. C 214: Auchinleck to Boswell, 30 May 1763. C 219: Auchinleck to Boswell, 23 July 1763. L 621: Boswell to Hamilton, 15 December 1765. Lg 22 (3–6): Papers Relating to John Reid’s Trial. J 2: 14 September–14 November 1762, ‘Journal of my jaunt harvest’. J2.1: 15 November 1762–4 August 1763, ‘Journal from the time of my leaving Scotland 15 Novr. 1762’. J3: 28 November 1762–4 August 1763, Memoranda in London. J33: 18 August–26 October 1773, Journal of the Tour to the Hebrides. J 36: 14 June–2 September 1774, ‘Journal in Edinburgh’. J 37: [2 September]–26 December 1774, ‘Journal in Edinburgh’. J118: 1 August 1793–12 April 1794. J 121: ‘Monday 9 March 1795’.

Period newspapers and journals [runs consulted]

British Magazine [1760–62] Briton [1762–63] Critical Review [1756–63] Monthly Review [1758–63] North Briton [1762–63]

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Abbotsford 197, 228 Aristotle 77, 131, 135 Abercrombie, Patrick 169 Armstrong, John 38, 39 Aberdeen 184, 185 Arran 226 King’s College 130 art Abington, Fanny 100–2 domestic national facets of works Abyssinia 25 of 8 Achray, Loch 222, 224–5 expressive and effective 41 Act of Indemnity (GB 1747) 90 opposing claims of literature Act of Union (1707) 2, 13, 15 and 2 blamed for eroding distinctive spirit as foundational form of the Scots 158, 178 of 31 promoted by Campbell of see also Gainsborough; Hamilton Argyll 19 (Gavin); Hogarth; Ramsay (the Adam, Mary 91 younger); Rembrandt; Reynolds; Adam, Robert 87–8 Runciman; Turner Addison, Joseph 36 Ashestiel House 213 allegory 32, 39, 41, 42, 44, 187, 196 Auchinleck, Alexander Boswell, confessional 40 Lord 177–80, 184 dislocated 67 Avebury 142 explicit external referents 34 Ayrshire 159, 160, 178 national 3 public 33 Bacon, Sir Francis 14, 17 Spenserian 13, 201, 202, 203 Baier, Annette 108 allusion 53–4, 186 Balzac, Honoré de 46 American policy 118 Banks, Joseph 226 American writing 5 Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 220, Anglicised modes 3, 13, 158 225 Anglo-Scottish relations Barrell, John 12 belligerent 200 Barry, James 116, 146–7, 148, collaboration 7, 196 149–50, 151, 154 combustible 206 Basker, James G. 76 exceptionally difficult 130 Bath 39, 79 exemplary of representation 232 Baudelaire, Charles 191 extensive review of 74 Beattie, James 106 mutually destructive 193 Beazley, Jerry 81 turbulent but eventually Becket, Thomas 126, 135, 139 resolved 203 Ben Venue 225 anti-Jacobinism 196, 218 Berlin 176 anti-Scottishness 6, 65, 103, 161, 167 Berwick-upon-Tweed 74 virulent 133 Bickerstaff, Isaac 65, 161 Ardtornish Castle 225 Bildungsroman 62, 82 Argyll, John Campbell, 2nd Duke Blackford Hill 212, 214 of 18–19, 87 Blackwell, Thomas 130, 136

279 280 Index

Blair, Hugh 104, 125, 130, 135–7, sentimental 153 142, 148 stressed by George III 66 Critical Dissertation 137–8, 155 triumphant 169 Blake, William 143 Briton (journal) 63, 64, 65, 66, 67–8, Bond, Richmond 65 69, 80, 160 Book of Lamentations 53 see also North Briton Boswell, Alexander see Auchinleck Brodie of Brodie, Alexander 185–8 Boswell, (Sir) David 171 Brown, Iain Gordon 1–2, 102 Boswell, James 6, 7, 8, 9, 117, Brunswick 162, 168, 220 156–92 Bruss, Elizabeth 158, 185, 186 Account of Corsica 156, 172, 173 Brutus 17 British Essays in Favour of the Brave Buchan, David Steuart Erskine, 11th Corsicans 173–4 Earl of 10–11 Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Buchanan, George 49, 50–1, 169 Samuel Johnson 160, 166, 168, Burke, Edmund 21, 22, 116, 117, 191 180, 224, 230 Journal of His German and Swiss Burnet, James 104 Travels 162 Burnet, Thomas 21 Boswell, Margaret Burns, Robert 122, 194 (Montgomerie) 182, 183–4, 190 Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of 62, Boucé, Paul-Gabriel 77 65, 66, 69, 70, 87, 133, 134, 139, Bourbon Catholicism 5, 159 160 Bower, Walter 173 Boydell, John 148, 150, 151 Caddonfoot 213 Brady, Frank 170 Cadell, Robert 195, 196–7, 213, 214, Branksome Hall/Tower 198, 200, 216 201, 202, 203 Caledonian antisyzygy 3 Brechtian Verfremdungseffekt 101 Campbell, Hilbert 35 Brewster, David 218, 230 Campbell, John see Argyll Brilliant, Richard 88 Canada 63, 78 Bristol 231 see also Quebec British Constitution 117 Cantillon, Richard 63–4, 76 British imperial policy 196 Carlyle, Alexander 52, 53, 63 British Magazine, The 63, 77, 153, Carlyle, Thomas 156, 157 163 Carracci, Annibale 147 British patriotism 2, 3, 102, 232 Cartagena Campaign (1741) 25, 48, bellicose 208 56 potent symbol of 153 Cash, Arthur 67 British portraiture 3, 7, 84–121 Castelli, Filippo 27 British superiority 24 Castle of Indolence, The (Thomson) 7, Britishness 4 34–5, 40, 44, 202 distinctive characteristics of 5 artistic activities discussed in expansive 10 42 important component of 125 intellectual inconsistency 36–7 inclusive 8, 125, 153 Miltonic references in 33 paradigmatic approaches to 8 national narrative 13 progressive 13 progressiveness of 32 salient questions about the nature standard Whig virtues of 6 celebrated 41 Index 281

Catholic communion/ritual 78, Craig, James 216 224 Cranstoun, William 40 Caudle, James 185, 192 Crawford, Robert 4 cause and effect 107 Critical Review, The 62, 63, 64, 130, Celtic imagery/amity 125, 127 223–4 Cervantes, Miguel de 61 Croker, J. W. 156 Don Quixote 47, 55, 56 Cromwell, Oliver 185, 186 Charles I, king of England, Scotland Culloden Moor 48, 53, 66, 81 and Ireland 170 cultural separateness 125 Charles II, king of England, Scotland Cumberland, Wiliam Augustus, Duke and Ireland 185 of 52, 53–4 Charlotte, queen of the United Cunyngham, Alexander see Dick Kingdom 96 Cherokees 69, 151, 153 Da Vinci, Leonardo 163 Cheyne, George 39–41, 44 Daiches, David 3–4, 158 chiaroscuro 109–10, 122, 176 Dalrymple, Lady Helen 102 Chichester (man-of-war) 48, 56 Dalrymple, Sir Hew see Drummore Child, Paul 41 Daniell, William 228 Churchill, Charles 63, 64–5, 133 Davis, Leith 5 Cicero 17 De Hondt, Peter 126, 135, 139 Clerk, James 144 De Man, Paul 202 Clingham, Greg 191, 192 Declaration of Arbroath (1320) 169, Clydeside boats 226 173 Clyde, River 144 Dennis, John 21 Cobham, Richard Temple, Derby 231 1st Viscount 16 Derrida, Jacques 188 Cockburn, Anne 91 Descartes, René 17 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 10, 202–3, Dews, Peter 188 224 Dick, Sir Alexander 87, 103, 116 Colley, Linda 4, 5, 6–7, 12, 159, 168, différance 188–9 169 divided self 81 Collins, William 130 Dodington, George Bubb, Lord 16 Colvin, Calum 122–3, 124, 150 Dogger Bank 19 Congreve, William 100, 101 Drake, Sir Francis 17 consciousness 28, 81, 107, 109, 158, Drennon, Herbert 12 160 Druidism 142, 149 reflective 108 Drummore, Hew Dalrymple, subjective 159 Lord 96–7 see also self-consciousness Dryden, John 126, 128 Cooke, W. B. 218 Dumbarton 48 Copley, J. S. 219 Duncan, Ian 218, 220 Coram, Thomas 94, 95, 97–8 Dundas, Henry 173 Corsica 166, 172–4 Dunkeld 130 Coruisk, Loch (Loch Coriskin) 226, Dürer, Albrecht 122 229 Dutch fleets 19 County Dublin 157 Court of Session (Scotland) 177, 179 Eagleton, Terry 189, 230–31 Covenanting regime 185 East India Company 116–17, 138 Craig, David 3 East Lothian 74 282 Index

Edinburgh 1, 9, 86, 194, 197, 206, Edward II, king of England 225 214–15, 218, 220, 230 Egerton, Judy 231 Boswell and 158, 159, 160, 162, Eglinton, Lord 162 167, 169, 176, 177, 179–84, 189–91 Eldin, John Clerk, Lord 98–100 devolved parliament (1999) 123 Elizabethan England 34 intellectual society 74–5 Ellis, George 208 Jacobite forces occupy (1746) 103 emotions 107, 110 Select Society 104 admirable mastery of 102 sites: Arthur’s Seat 215; Assembly attempts to hide 145–6 Rooms 217; Blackford 215; English cultural dominion 4 Borough moor 215; Braidwood’s English patriotism 7, 66, 67 school 166; Bruntsfield epistolary realism 189 Links 215; Calton Hill 216, ethics 106, 114 217; Castle Hill 87; Charlotte Evans, John 11 Square 216; Cowgate 182, 183, Expositor (newspaper) 65 190; Duke’s Stairs 182; Faculty of Advocates Library 103, 104; Fascistic pamphlets 116 Firth of Forth 215; George Ferguson, Adam 104, 137 Street 216, 217; Grange 215; Fettercairn House 157 Grassmarket 182, 190; Greyfriars Fielding, Henry 46 Kirk 225; Hanover Street 216; Fife 103, 215 High Street 216; Holyrood 75, Fingal see Ossian 216, 217; Lawnmarket 182; Fingal’s Cave 226, 227, 228, 229, Meadows 215; Nelson 230, 231, 232 Monument 216; Finley, Gerald 197, 204, 218, 219 New Town 216, 217; first-person narrators 157 Newington 215; Old Firth of Lorne 142 Town 215–16; Pantheon 216; Flaxman, John 143 Parliament Close 182; Fleeman, J. C. 166 Parliament House 167, 217; Flodden, battle of (1513) 206–7, 209, Portobello Sands 217; 211, 212–3, 214, 220 Princes Street 216; Queen Forbes, Duncan 19 Street 216; Rose Street 216; Forbes, Sir William 157 Royal Infirmary 94; Salisbury Foster, James 77 Crags 215; Royal Mile 75, 216, Fox, Charles James 208, 213 217; Sciennes 215; Scottish France 5, 62, 166, 173, 208, 213 National Portrait Gallery 122; sporadic warfare with 196 St Andrew Square 216; Fraser’s Magazine 230 St George’s church 216; French Academy 86 St Giles cathedral 216; Thistle French Revolution 195 Street 216; Tron church 216; Freud, Sigmund 57, 157, 159, 188, Walker’s Inn 180; Water of 203 Leith 215; West Bow 182; Fromm, Erich 57 West Register House 216 Frushell, Richard 33 Edinburgh Castle Crown Room Fulford, Tim 26 217 Fuseli, Henry 145 Edinburgh Review 207, 221 Edinburgh University 125, 176 Gadamer, Hans-Georg 88–9, 202 Ednam 11 Gaelic language 125, 126, 138 Index 283

translations of traditional Hamilton, Paul 196 balladry 130 Hamilton, William 171 Gainsborough, Thomas 83, 106 Hanoverian forces 48, 66, 72 Gale, Monica 15 Hanoverian loyalist verse 53 Galt, John 152 Hawick 198, 199 Garrick, David 49 Hazlitt, William 10, 11, 203 Garson, Marjorie 201 Hebraic verse 130 Gaskill, Howard 135 Hebrides 163, 166, 168, 191, 225, Gatrell, Vic 58 230, 232 General Election (1774) 178 Hebronites 134 Genoa 172, 173 Hegel, G. W. F. 7, 47, 135, 159, George III, king of the United 188 Kingdom of Great Britain and Heinemann 157 Ireland 2, 62, 69, 139, 162, heroism 213 168 death of 122–55 Britishness stressed by 66 defence of 106 Ramsay’s coronation portrait Herrmann, Luke 204 (1761) 87 High Court of Justiciary George IV, king of the United (Scotland) 177, 180, 182, 187 Kingdom of Great Britain and Hill, Aaron 31 Ireland 216, 217, 219, 220 Hogarth, William 86, 88, 103, 116, Germany 162, 166, 200 181 see also Berlin; Brunswick Captain Thomas Coram 94, 95, 97, Gerrard, Christine 12 98 Gibbons, Luke 146 Hogg, James 196, 231 Gisbal 133–4, 139 Holland 166, 177–8, 191 Glasgow 74, 75 Home, Henry see Kames malt-tax riots (1725) 20, 118 Home, John 138, 142 Glasgow University 48, 176 Homer 17–18, 126, 127, 130, 131, Goldberg, Milton 75 132, 136, 137, 146, 171 Goslee, Nancy Moore 209 The Odyssey 43, 44 Gothicism 30, 181, 203, 204, 209, Hopetoun, John Hope, 2nd Earl 216 of 94 modern 144, 208 Horace 135 Romantic 144, 147, 148, 154 Hosier, Adml. Francis 25 Gottlieb, Evan 5, 75 House of Lords 231 Gray, John 144 Howarth, R. G. 203 Gray, Thomas 130 Hudson, Thomas 86, 87 Great Chain of Being 14 Hume, David 7, 47, 76, 86, 102, 105, Greece 31, 132 116, 153, 179 Guise, Sir William 102 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 106 Hagstum, Jean 12 History of England, The 103, 104, Hague, The 185 207, 211 Hakluyt, Richard 28 Treatise of Human Nature 77, 85, Hamilton, Gavin 124, 170–1, 104, 106–15 174–6 Hurd, Douglas 122 Hamilton, James 231 Hutchison, Terence 64 Hamilton, Katherine 90 Hysing, Hans 86 284 Index

Iceland 226 Johnson, Samuel 11, 12, 106, 156, illnesses 39–41 163, 166–7, 169, 170, 179, 185, Imperiali (Francesco Fernandi) 86 191, 220–1 Inchview Island 215 History of Rasselas, Prince of India 138 Abissinia 164–5 Ingamells, John 87 Journey to the Western Isles of Inglis, Sir John 91 Scotland 165–6, 168 Iona 226/228 Johnston of Grange, John 170 Ireland 124, 127, 133, 140, 141 Jones, Inigo 149 dominant relationship of Celtic Scotland to 141, 142 Kames, Henry Home, Lord 137 social, political and ethnic status Kant, Immanuel 230, 231 of 146 Katrine, Loch 222, 223, 225 Irvine, Robert 60 Kauffmann, Angelica 143 Isham, Ralph Hayward 157 Keith, George, 10th Earl Italian Baroque 86 Marischal 170 Italy 30, 87–8, 144, 166 Kidd, Colin 140 Kincardineshire 157 Jacobitism 2, 20, 48, 51, 54, 63, 81, Kirch-Denkern, battle of (1761) 138 104 Knapp, L. M. 48 absorption and use of iconography Kneller, Godfrey 86 and symbol 124 Knowles, Adml. Sir Charles 63 appeal to forswear the attractions Kyd, Thomas 50 of 33 attachment to the cause of 169 Lacan, Jacques 157–8, 159 depiction of British monarchy Lacy, James 48–9 with 220 Laing, Malcolm 221 disapproval of costuming 217–218 Lang, Andrew 60 emblem of 90, 102 Langside, battle of (1568) 171 Hanoverian forces commanded by Lauder, Harry 221 Campbell against (1715) 19 Le Bossu, René 135 literary culture as bearer of national legal systems 113, 183 alterity 4 Lely, Peter 86 opponents of 70 Lesage, Alain-René 55, 58, 61 rebellion (1746) 52, 103 Lewis, J. 48 sympathisers of 53, 70, 103, 160, Leyden, John 194 168, 170 Liberty (Thomson) 13, 15, 16, 29, James I, king of Scots 48, 49 31–2, 41, 75–6 James IV, king of Scots 207, 213, geographical and cultural origins 216, 222 of 28 James II, king of England, Scotland Milton’s Christian prehistory and Ireland 170 complemented in 34 Jameson, Fredric 47 progressive and cyclical formulation Jed, River 18 of 28, 30 Jedburgh (Spread Eagle Hotel) 10 republicanism of 12 Jedburgh Gazette 10 Lindsay, Patrick 19 Jeffrey, Francis 198, 199, 207–8, Lindsay, Patrick, 6th Lord of the 208–9, 213, 225 Byres 174 Jesuits 78 Lindsay of Evelick see Ramsay, Margaret Index 285 literature 1, 3, 188–9 Macaulay, Thomas Babington 156, domestic national facets of works 157 of 8 Macbeth (Shakespeare) 50 Jacobite culture 4 MacDiarmid, Hugh 3, 4 opposing claims of art and 2 Macdonald, Alexander 130 see also under various names, Macdonald, Donald 135 e.g. Boswell; Carlyle; Hume; Macdonald, Flora 72, 168 Macpherson; Scott; Smollett; depictions of 90, 93, 102 also under ‘poetry’ MacIntyre, Alasdair 113–14 Lochleven castle 171 Macklin, Charles 48–9 Locke, John 14 Macmillan, Duncan 104, 105, 106, Lockhart, J. G. 196–7, 201 109, 148, 171 London 1, 11, 45, 52, 54, 55, 70, 76, Macpherson, James see Ossian 92, 100 Maid of Morven, The (paddle back streets 33 steamer) 226 Boswell and 159, 160, 161, 177, Mair, John 169, 213 185, 187, 188, 190 Malahide Castle 157 characterised by Scotophobia 56 Mallet, David 15 leading publisher of Scottish Malone, Edmund 166 writing in 126 Manila 138 legal standards in 180 Manning, Susan 5, 187 rioting bigots on streets 119 Mansfield, Lord 179 Scottish entries into society 90, Mantegna, Andrea 219 102, 103, 104 Martin, Martin 163, 165, 168 sites: Adelphi 146; Beefsteak Martinique 139 Club 161; Chelsea 87; Mary Queen of Scots 167, 169, 170, Covent Garden 86, 101; 171, 174–6 Drury Lane 48–9; Foundling Boswell’s patriotism Hospital 94–5; Great George expressed through sympathies Street 161; Queen Anne for 176 Street 228; Royal Academy 9, McCrindle, Joseph 82 88, 150, 174, 176, 228, 230; McGann, Jerome 136 Shoreditch 56; St Martin’s McKillop, Alan 12, 36 Lane Academy 86; Tower of Mead, Richard 87, 94–8 London 90, 161; Whitehall, Medici Venus 27 Treasury building 69 Mediterranean 138 London Chronicle 172, 183–4 Melrose 204, 205, 216 London Journal 1762–1763 157, 160, Melrose Abbey 198, 199, 200 184, 188 memory and imagination 108 Lorenz, Konrad 57–8 mercenaries 200–1 Loutherbourg, Philip James de meteorological optics 218 219 Michelangelo 144 Lowth, Robert 130, 133 Middlesex 161 Lucan 22 Middleton, Thomas 50 Lucretius 32, 36, 37 Midlothian 144 Lukács, Georg 7–8, 46, 47, 62, 81, Midlothian Yeomanry Cavalry 215 195, 196 Millar, Andrew 104, 126 Lumisden, Andrew 170–1, 174 Miller, J. Hillis 231 Lynch, Michael 213 Miller, Thomas 181, 183, 184 286 Index

Miller, William 183–4 Nicholson, Marjory Hope 12 Milne, Hugh 183 Nicholson, Robin 70 Milton, John 10, 17, 22, 27, 33, 34, Nietzsche, Friedrich 58 44, 126 North Briton (journal) 65–6, 68, 103, Il Penseroso, L’Allegro, and 160 Comus 18 North Sea 19 Paradise Lost 18, 21, 28, 128, 140 Northern Europeans 131 Mitchell, Charles 154 Northern Isles 225 Moffat 138 Northumberland 210–11 Monckton, Gen. Robert 139 see also Flodden Monitor (journal) 64–5, 68, 160 Nottingham 231 Monro, Alexander 104 Montgomerie, Margaret see Boswell, O’Conor, Charles 141 Margaret offshore imperialism 4 Monthly Review 130, 131, 132 O’Halloran, Clare 132 mood swings 159 O’Halloran, Sylvester 133, Moore, John 54 141 Morayshire 185 Oliver, Susan 196, 209, 222 Moser, Joseph 87 optical function 14 Mull 123, 225, 226 Ossian (Macpherson) 7, 8, 122, Murdoch, Patrick 11 136–7, 140, 168, 208, 221 Fingal 121, 124–5, 125–35, 139–40, Naples 86 141, 144, 145–6, 154, 208 Napoleon 208, 219 Fragments of Ancient Poetry 122, narcissism 158 125 Nasmith, Michael 181–2, 183, 190 Temora 123, 125, 128, 132, 138, nationalism 8, 105, 122, 172–3 139, 141–2, 145, 154 cultural 5, 124, 132 Otway, Thomas 50 dialectical 46–83 dogmatic 4 Paoli, Gen. Pasquale 172 emotive 169 Paris 70 formulating 178 passions 47, 75, 77, 107, 110–13, inclusive 65 115 integrative 162, 216 sympathetic 114 Jacobite 102 patriotism 16, 18, 20, 23–4, 26, 42, robust 160 59, 65, 158, 200, 225 Native Americans 77, 153 arrested 28 naturalism 106, 114, 171 blunt 139 psychological 209 inclusive and reassuring 8 naturalisation 116 inflamed feelings of 161 Near East 196 salient questions about the Nelson, Horatio, Lord 208, 213, nature of 6 219 see also British patriotism; English Newark Castle/Tower 197, 199, 205 patriotism; Scottish patriotism Newcastle, 1st Duke of 62 Patten, S. C. 108 Newcastle, 3rd Duke of 156 Patterdale 223 Newfoundland 66, 69 Penicuik House 144–5 Newton, Sir Isaac 12, 13, 16, 17, 26, Pennant, Thomas 163, 168 30 Penny, Edward 152 Index 287

Penny Magazine of the Society for the Preston, Thomas 74 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, proportionality 163 The 10 Protestants Percy, Thomas 194 British state 4–5, 34 Perth(shire) 49, 130 development of the faith 34 Philippines 138 energetic asceticism 44 physiology 39 extended self-examination from Piggott, Jan 204 upper echelons 185 Pindaric ode 53 staunch 170 Pinkerton, John 11 psychoanalytical theory 158, 159, Pitt (the elder), William 16, 62, 63, 177 66, 208 see also Freud; Lacan Pittock, Murray 4, 53, 158, 169 Punic wars 219 Plato 188 Playfair, William 216 Quarterly Review, The 222, 223 Pluche, Noël-Antoine 22 Quebec 138, 152, 153 poetry 1, 2, 132 Quebec, battle of (1759) 125, 150 avant-garde 3 didactic 38 Raasay 168 epic 17, 28, 134 Radcliffe, Ann 208, 209 political 12, 16 Raeburn, Sir Henry 97 populist and mechanistic 11 John Clerk of Eldin, Lord Eldin see also under various names, e.g. 98–100 Burns; Dryden; Homer; Milton; Ralph, Keith 181 Ossian; Pope; Ramsay (the elder); Ramsay (the elder), Allan 1, 2, 7, 86, Scott (Walter); Spenser; Thomson 102–3, 120 ( James); Virgil Ramsay (the younger), Allan 1, 2, 3, Pompa, Leon 31 7, 9, 83–110, 114–21, 153 Pope, Alexander 33, 43, 126, 127, 129 portraits: Anne Bayne, Mrs Allan Porto Bello campaign (1727) 25 Ramsay 92–3, 94; Anne portraiture 70, 83, 152 Cockburn 91, 92; David categorical distinctiveness of 89 Hume 102, 105, 106, 109–10, commercial 1, 89 115; Dr Richard Mead 94, 95, cosmopolitan 9 96, 97–8; Flora Macdonald 90, family 1 91, 93–4, 102; Hew Dalrymple, metropolitan 87 Lord Drummore 96–7, 98; John, professional 88 Second Earl of Hopetoun 94, 95; rule-governed 101 Katherine Hamilton 90; Lady self 1, 109, 148 Helen Dalrymple 102; Lady’s see also British portraiture Forearm and Left Hand on a Stave, A Postlethwayt, Malachy 64, 76 85; Margaret Lindsay of Evelick, Pottle, Frederick 157 The Artist’s Wife 93, 94, 99; Poussin, Nicolas 171 Mrs Mary Adam 91, 92; Queen Presbyterians 15, 59, 103, 176, 177 Charlotte 96; Sir John Inglis 91; lowland Scots 217 Sir Peter Wedderburn Halkett proscriptions on performance 49 90–1; Sir William Guise 102; Present State of All Nations, The (survey Study of a Dead Child, 1768–69) 74 A 119–21 Pressly, William 148, 149 writings 86, 103, 115–19 288 Index

Ramsay, Allan (1st son of AR the Rowley, William 50 younger) 119–20 Rubel, Margaret 137 Ramsay, Anne Bayne (1st wife of AR Rubens, Peter Paul 220 the younger) 92–3 ‘Rule Britannia’ (Thomson) 6, Ramsay, Margaret Lindsay (2nd wife 12–13 of AR the younger) 93–4, 99, Runciman, Alexander 123, 144–5, 103 147, 148, 150, 154, 181 Rangers and Celtic 122 The Death of Oscar 142, 145, 147, Raphael (Santi) 219 154, 232 Ray, William 189 Ryley, Charles Reuben 143 Reasons for Improving the Fisheries .. of Scotland (Anon.) 19, 20 Sainte-Foy, battle of (1760) 138 Red Comyn 225 Sambrook, James 12 Register of Criminal Trials 179 Sartre, Jean-Paul 191 Reid, Daniel 181 Sato, Takero 224 Reid, John 179–83, 184, 189–91 Saxons 221, 222, 224 Rembrandt 109, 174 Scaddon, Robert 82 Renaissance city-states 30 Scarborough Miscellany, The 1, 2 Restoration 185 Schiller, Friedrich 208 retributive justice 183 Scotophobia 56, 133 Reynolds, Joshua 87, 88, 97, 106, Scots law 52 116, 152, 176 Scots Magazine 130 Mrs Abington as Miss Prue 100–1, Scott, J. W. (Mrs) 10 102 Scott, Mary Jane 12 Richardson, Jonathan 89–90, 116 Scott, Sir Walter 7, 46, 122, 143, Richardson, Samuel 189 195–229, 230, 231 Richardson, William 54 Lady of the Lake 220, 221–4, 225 Richmond 11, 23, 43 Lay of the Last Minstrel 197–205, Ritchie, Alexander 191 207, 208, 209, 224 Ritson, Joseph 194 Lord of the Isles 197, 220, 226/228 Rizza, Steve 135 Marmion 206–7, 209–15, 218, 220, Robert the Bruce, king of Scots 225 221, 225 Robertson, William 55, 76, 104, 137, Scott of Buccleuch, Sir William 200 169, 170 Scottish Bar 177, 178 Rochford, Lord 183, 184 Scottish Borders 9, 193–6 Rogers, Pat 163 division of territories 201 Rollin, Charles 29 see also Abbotsford; Hawick; Roman Britain 127 Jedburgh; Melrose; Selkirk; Romantic writing 4, 200 Southdean Rome 28, 32, 70, 86, 104, 134, 144, Scottish-British iconography 218 145, 170 Scottish Celts 127, 141, 150 prominent Jacobites in 103 otherness of 224 Sistine chapel 144 Scottish distinctiveness 2, 4, 5, 124, Romney, George 152 165 Rosa, Salvator 11 eroded 3, 158, 167, 178 Ross, Walter 144, 148 Scottish Enlightenment 5, 75, Rouquet, Jean André 87 217 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 102, 137, Scottish Estates (1350s) 169 172, 179, 188 Scottish fishing industry 19–20 Index 289

Scottish Highlands/Highlanders Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 62, 77, 52–3, 72, 79, 125, 128, 131, 133, 138 138, 161, 163, 196, 197, 217, 225 Seward, Anna 194, 208, 221 conjectural parallel to 172 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, differences between Lowlanders 3rd Earl of 13, 26, 30, 36, 171 and 220, 222 Sharp, Richard 70 economic pressures 166 Shebbeare, John 77 Scott’s observations of 221 Shenstone, William 44, 130 Scottish patriotism 10, 166, 169, Shields, Juliet 5, 75 171, 173, 176, 178 Sidney, Sir Philip 17 Scottish superiority 140 Simpson, Kenneth 3–4, 48, 158 Scottish Tory administration 218 Skinner, John 46 Scottishness 56, 103 Skye 168 bogus 217 Black Cuillin 226 chivalric, independent 203 Smailes, Helen 174 see also anti-Scottishness; Scottish Smailholm Tower 204 distinctiveness Smart, Alastair 88, 109–10, 119–20 sculpture 27, 31, 94 Smibert, John 2 see also Stoddart Smiles, Sam 149 Seasons, The (Thomson) 10, 11, 17, Smith, Adam 47, 75, 76–7, 104 18, 39 Smith, G. Gregory 3 Cheyne’s ideas on vegetarianism Smollett, Tobias 7–8, 45–7, 56–7, in 40 59–60, 64–6, 68–71, 76, 83, 130, common device for patriotic 131, 135, 153, 155, 163, 195 representation in 16 Complete History of England, A 62, imagery and national moral 63, 76 case 24 Continuation of the History of international geography in 20–1 England 62 memorable images of the Scottish Ferdinand, Count Fathom, The Borders 193 Adventures of 73 organisational modes 26–8 ‘History of Canada’ (magazine political and ideological serialisation) 77–8, 79, 153 commentary 26 Humphry Clinker, The Expedition rhetorical and thematic difficulties of 48, 58, 62, 67, 73–5, 77, of 30 79–82, 168, 169 Torrid Zone descriptions 13, 14, Launcelot Greaves, The Adventures 20–1, 23, 24, 26, 30, 223 of 63 transfixed national virtue 31 Peregrine Pickle, The Adventures self-consciousness 104 of 49, 58 selfhood Regicide, The 48–51, 61, 67 defining characteristic for private Roderick Random, The Adventures and social senses of 158 of 49, 55–67, 72, 81, 82, 213 dislocated 44 Tears of Scotland, The 48, 51–5, 61, effective means of depicting 2 67, 72 reflective 108 Socrates 17 social identity linked with 189 Solimena, Francesco 86 theories of the nature of 159 Solkin, David 152–3 Selkirk(shire) 197, 213 Sorensen, Janet 5 sensationalist material 79 South American rivers 24–5 290 Index

Southdean 10, 11–12, 15 Tatler 65 Southeast Asia 118 Tay, River 144 Southern Europeans 131 Taylor, Charles 131–2, 158, 159 Spain 62, 138 Taylor, Isaac 126, 139 Spanish West Indies 56 Telles, Balthazar 21 Spector, Robert 63 Thames, River 33, 43 Spender, Stephen 157 Thomas (The Rhymer) of Spenser, Edmund Erceldoune 194–5, 200 allegory 13, 201, 202 Thomson, Duncan 99, 174 distinctive archaisms 33 Thomson, James 6, 8, 153, 162, 222, imagery 39, 42 232 imitation 33, 43 Britannia 16 The Faerie Queene 33, 34–5, 39, Poem Sacred to the Memory of 43–4, 201–2, 211 Sir Isaac Newton 17 Spey, River 144 see also Castle of Indolence; Liberty; St James’s Chronicle 156, 192 Seasons Staël, (Germaine), Madame de 131 Thomson, James (B. V.) 11 Staffa 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, Thornbury, W. G. 204 232 Timoleon 17 Sterling Memorial library 157 tobacco addiction 178 Stirling Castle 222, 224 Todd, Henry J. 201 Stoddart, Alexander 123–4, 142 Treaty of Paris (1763) 62, 138 Stonehenge 142 Trevor-Roper, Hugh 217 Stone, Jerome 130 Trojan wars 219 Stowe House 16 Trossachs 222 Strange, Sir Robert 103 Turin 104, 161 Stratford-upon-Avon 173 Turnbull, Gordon 162, 168, 169 Stuart monarchy 161, 170, 171, Turner, J. M. W. 7, 8, 9, 24, 143, 217 197, 204–6, 213, 215–6, 218–20, Stuart, Charles Edward (Young 224–32 Pretender) 53, 54, 59, 66, 172 Staffa, Fingal’s Cave 228–30, Boswell’s patriotism expressed 231–2 through zeal for 176 Tweed, River 18, 144, 193, 199, talismanic images of 70 205–6 Stuart, John see Bute Tytler, William 170 Stuart, Lady Louisa 120 Stuart, Mary see Mary Queen of Scots Ulster 141 Stukeley, William 142–3, 149–50 subjective-national dynamic 48, 55 Van Dyck, Anthony 87 Sullivan, Charles 75, 76 vegetarianism 40 Sutherland, John 194 Verelst, Willem 83 Swayne, Corliss Gayda 108 Vernon, Adml. Edward 25 Sweet, Rosemary 143 Vertue, George 86–7, 87–8 Switzerland 166 Vico, Giambattista 29, 31 Vienna 104 Tacitus 133 Villinghausen, battle of (1761) 138 Talbot, Edward 28 Virgil 17, 22, 126 Tartan Boys of Bonnie Scotland, Georgics 14, 15 The 122 Vitruvian principles 163–4 Index 291

Vleughels, Nicolas 86 Whigs 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 116, 168, Volk 195 178 acrimonious press war between Wale, Samuel 126, 127, 144 Tories and 218 Wales, Augusta of Brunswick, Princess dissident 63 of 135, 162 Foxite 208 Wales, Frederick, Prince of 87, 103, key/standard virtues 23, 41 162 oxymoronic sublime 24 Wales (principality) 14 Scottish 15 Wallace, Sir William 13, 18 Wilkes, John 63, 64–6, 68, 133, Walpole, Sir Robert 25 161 Walsingham, Sir Francis 17 William III, king of England, Scotland Wandiwash, battle of (1760) 138 and Ireland 17 War of American Independence Williams, Abigail 21 (1775–83) 117 Willison, George 170 War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739–48) 25, 48 Willoughby, Sir Hugh 27–8 War of the Spanish Succession Wind, Edgar 105–6, 114, 152 (1701–13) 73 Wittig, Kurt 3 Warner, Ferdinando 133, 139 Wolfe, Gen. James 138 Warton, Joseph 11, 12, 222 West’s painting of the death of 8, Waterhouse, Ellis 116 125, 150–5, 219 Webb, Daniel 133 Woollett, William 151 Webster, John 50 Wordsworth, William 208, 223 Wedderburn Halkett, Sir Peter 90–1 working-class unrest 218 West, Benjamin The Death of General Wolfe 8, 125, Yale University 157 150–5, 219 Center for British Art 82 West, Shearer 88 West Indies 56, 60 Zuylen, Belle de 191