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Going to Buffalo: Indian Hunting Migrations Across the Rocky Mountains: Part 1, Making Meat and Taking Robes Author(S): William E

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Going to Buffalo: Indian Hunting Migrations Across the Rocky Mountains: Part 1, Making Meat and Taking Robes Author(S): William E Going to Buffalo: Indian Hunting Migrations across the Rocky Mountains: Part 1, Making Meat and Taking Robes Author(s): William E. Farr Source: Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Winter, 2003), pp. 2-21 Published by: Montana Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4520559 Accessed: 22/03/2010 01:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mhs. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Montana Historical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Montana: The Magazine of Western History. http://www.jstor.org Going to1 Indian Hunting Migrations across the Rocky Mountains Part 1, Making Meat and Taking Robes . .- Forcenturies, Indian people fromwest of the: RockyMountains crossed the Continental.c Divide to hunt buffaloon the short-grass _ plainsnear the Missouri,Yellowstone, and > MusselshellRivers of present-dayMontana. This mid-nineteenth-centurywatercolor, paintedby an unknownartist and collected c byJesuit FatherPierre-Jean De Smet, depicts a buffalosurround into which bison arebeing driven.When trappedin . the pound, or corral,at the end, many animalscould be killed at one time.The z bison design shownat top rightis adapted froma Crowshield circa1850. < Al . MONTANA THE MAGAZINE OF WESTERN HISTORY ong before Lewis and Clark broughtatten- how frequently they traveled to the plains remain open tion to the Cokahlarishkit,"the river of the roadto questions; there was an enormous sweep of mountainous buffaloe"(now known as the Big Blackfoot River), and broken terrain to be negotiated; there were multiple in July 1806, mounted cavalcades of Indian people from thoroughfares, interconnected trails, pathways, and pas- west of the Rocky Mountains made their way eastward to sages; and, finally, these migrations into buffalo country hunt buffalo for food and hides on the short-grass plains were intrusions into territories occupied by other tribes. near the Missouri, Yellowstone, and Musselshell Rivers. These territories,however, were so familiarto the western Traveling over great distances, caravans of men, women, peoples through long experience as to establish their own and children, amid crowds of dogs, herds of horses, and claims to the plains herds. As a consequence, the buffalo the clatter of travois, crossed the high, windswept passes country was fought over or reluctantly shared as an estab- punctuating the Continental Divide. As they went, they lished buffalo commons. Set off against a backdrop of tele- frequently rendezvoused with other tribes or picked up scoping and overwhelming change in the nineteenth additional numbers of equestrian hunters.' century,this contested but common ground would become Coming from the distant reaches of the a focal point for a complicated and on-going Columbia Plateau and the tangle of moun- At stake was not "bison diplomacy." tain rangesin what would become Idaho and Montana, these western Indians competed only access to THE ENTERPRISE of going to buffalo gener- of written and oral for access to the immense herds of migrating buffalo... but ated some eighty years buffalo with a welter of plains people, espe- testimony. Most of this intriguing record, cially those belonging to Blackfoot-speaking also bootyin the however,is preserved from the perspective of white observerswho noted the Indian tribes and their allies, the Gros Ventres and horses, migra- Sarcees. They also encountered Crows and form of tions only casually.The experiences, inten- then, later, the Plains Crees, Gros Ventres, guns, and tions, and voices of Indian people seldom and, of course, the expansive Sioux.2 This women. appear. As with their trails, Indian voices, ferce competition did not deter the bison- even when translated and recorded, are too hunting Indians from the Pacific Slope. f^ often indirect, misunderstood, incomplete, They possessed an absolute passion for what or muted. Nonetheless, Indian experiences was called, in nineteenth-century hunting in going to buffalo were recognized by parlance,"going to buffalo."Not to be deterred,they would contemporaries as sophisticated and necessary.And while continue these hunts until the early 188os, when increased causation or agency may be difficult to assign in specific hunting had nearly exterminatedthe American bison, even instances, the general outlines of these undertakings are in its last sanctuaries on the northern plains.3 clear enough. Functioning as extended families, acting in It is not easy to generalize about any aspect of this epic concert as tribal entities with distinct tribal alliances, the history of going to buffalo or about the migrations of the western buffalo hunters, whom Gabriel Franchere de- Pend d'Oreilles, Flatheads, Kootenais, Nez Perces, Sho- scribed in 1814 as "almost always on horseback and ... as shones, Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, and the "infinitude of nomadic as Tartars,"went to buffalo because of tangled northwestern fragments" who so obsessively hunted the braids of personal choice or sometimes out of simple animals. Large numbers participated, but how large and necessity.4 1. Numerous sources confirn the long-standing tradition of buffalo hunting by western Indians. As early as 1800 David Thompson has the 2. Together, three Blackfoot-speaking tribes, namely the Pikanis (Pie- Flatheads hunting buffalo and stealing horses across the Rocky Moun- gans) northern and southern, the Kainais (Bloods), and the Siksikas tains; Charles LeRaye corroborated Flathead buffalo hunting east of the (Blackfoot), made up the Blackfoot Nation, though the relationship was as well. Rocky Mountains in 1801. In his "Yellowstone Journal" fur trader sometimes extended to include the Gros Ventres and the Sarcees Francois-Antoine Larocque observed: The Flatheads "come every fall to The commonalities of the three tribes-who shared a common ancestry, them- the fort [forks] of the Missouri and thereabouts to kill Buffaloes of which language, heritage, and kinship-are captured by their references to there are none across that range of Mountains, dress Robes, dry meat with selves as Nisitapi, meaning "the real people" or "the original people." As which the[y] return as soon as the Winter sets in." David Thompson, for the English terms Blackfeet and Blackfoot, the first is used in the Travels in WesternNorth America, 1784-1812, ed. Victor G. Hopwood United States to designate the Southern Piegans and sometimes is erro- The (Toronto, 1971), 224; "TheJournal of Charles LeRaye," in South Dakota neously extended to include the Blackfoot-speakingtribes of Canada. Historical Collections, vol. 4 (Pierre, S. Dak., 1908), 175; "Yellowstone second term is used by Canadians to describe the Bloods, Northern Pie- Journal," Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains: Canadian Traders gans, and the Blackfoot. Blackfeet and Blackfoot have often been used among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738-1818, ed. W. Raymond interchangeably, especially in historical sources. Wood and Thomas D. Thiessen (Norman, 1985), 218-29. See also Barry 3. U.S. Department of War,Annual Report of the General of the Army Head- M. Gough, ed., The Journal ofAlexander Henry the Younger,1799-1814, 1869, Report Oct. 20, 1869 by Major-General W. S. Hancock, vol. 2 (Toronto, 1992), 523-26; and, of course, Gary E. Moulton, ed., The quarters Department of Dakota, 41st Cong., 2d sess., H. Doc. 1, pt. 2, Tales: Narratives Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition, 13 vols. (Lincoln, 1983-2001), serial 1412, 64. See also Elizabeth Vibert, Traders' of 8:85, especially the entry for Thursday,July 3, 1806, which tells of the Cultural Encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846 (Norman, Cokahlarishkit. 1997), 221 and chap. 7. 4 . WINTER 2003 V WILLIAM E. FARR ColumbiaPlateau picto- graphsbear witness to the long traditionof "goingto buffalo"among the tribes x f fromthe PacificSlope. The spearedman in the center hk 5~ tE:m~~~t maybe a victimof the inter- ^ tribalwarfare associated with bison-huntingforays onto the plains. *C The western buffalo a. hunters and their support- ing entourageswere subject O- to an amazing number of variables, some attracting 4. them to buffalo country, some pushing them out of their accustomed routines and home territories. Only portions of the tribal peoples built militaryforts within tribalterritories, and encouraged committed themselves to the distant and uncertain enter- and guided overland emigrant travel.Government author- prise-and for good reason. Tribal populations changed ities asked for or assigned arbitrarytribal boundaries where erraticallyfrom 18oo to 1885 due to the impact of disease, there had been none. Officials aspired to create a more warfare, fluctuating game populations, and even the dis- visible, coercive, and consolidated indigenous tribalpolit- covery of gold. Family,band, and tribal allegiances shifted ical leadership. These efforts, markedby the Fort Laramie and were reconfigured at home. On the other side of the Treaty of 1851,were the first federal attempts to organize Rocky Mountains,a differentset of affiliationsappeared as and structure what the U.S. government saw as western escalating numbers of plains peoples fought, negotiated, chaos.
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