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Lobster Aquaculture a Commercial Reality: a Review

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Lobster Aquaculture a Commercial Reality: a Review Lobster aquacultureJ. Mar. a Biol. commercial Ass. India, reality 52 (2) : 327 - 335, July - December 2010 327 Lobster aquaculture a commercial reality: A review *Peter P. Rogers, Roger Barnard and Matthew Johnston Lobster Harvest Ltd, 50 Mews Road, Fremantle 6160, Australia. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lobster Harvest Ltd, an Australian company, was formed in May 2007 to progress the commercial development of lobster aquaculture technologies. The species of major commercial interest include both slipper lobster (Thenus spp.) and tropical rock lobster (Panulirus ornatus). This followed earlier research and development carried out by the MG Kailis Group. Lobster Harvest Ltd at December 2009 is now ready to initiate commercial aquaculture of slipper lobster and expects to be in a similar position to commence commercial hatchery production and grow-out of tropical rock lobster within ~3 years. This paper outlines the reasons for selecting these two species as candidates for lobster aquaculture and also reviews the company’s achievements at a broad strategy level against the business model key input assumptions for slipper lobster, along with insights as to why tropical rock lobster aquaculture will be successful in the future. Keywords: Aquaculture, lobster, lobster harvest, Panulirus ornatus, Thenus spp. Introduction ornatus from egg to juvenile in June 2006. This success followed the experience of rearing Thenus Lobster aquaculture is often seen as the “jewel australiensis from egg to juvenile in 2004. Since in the crown” for companies involved in the farming these achievements, Lobster Harvest has continued of sea foods. This status has been recognised due to progress research and development (R & D) into to spiny lobsters (Palinuridae), and to a lesser extent propagation of these species to this time, and has slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) as valuable seafood now reached “commercial ready status” for the throughout the world with high market appeal in production of Thenus spp. and anticipates being in Asia, Europe and America (Williams, 2007). Most the same position for P. ornatus within ~3 years. wild lobster fisheries are either over-exploited and in decline and hence this concern and increased The work completed by the Lobster Harvest consumer demand has prompted intensified research research team has gone beyond successfully producing into commercial hatchery production (Phillips, 2000, juvenile lobsters from egg producing females at a 2005; Cox and Johnston, 2003). The settlement of research scale toward achieving commercial scale juveniles in the wild is variable and generally production. Since its formation in 2007, the company declining, providing impetus for the development has paid particular attention to developing commercial of an aquaculture industry based on hatchery lobster aquaculture technologies and validating the production seed-stock (Kittaka and Booth, 2000; assumptions of business modeling through focused R Booth, 2006; Smith et al., 2009). & D. The bio-economic model provides a tool for To enable the expansion of commercial lobster the research team to plan and prioritise research aquaculture, seed-stock independent from wild program projects and objectives and further enhances sources must be established. In what is believed to understanding of the value chain at all stages of a be a world-first, Roger Barnard (Aquaculture commercial lobster aquaculture business including Manager) and his technical team first reared Panulirus scenario analysis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India (2010) 328 P. P. Rogers et al. Aspects of these research outcomes and species known throughout south-east (SE) Asia with its selections for commercialization are reviewed, and areas mixture of green, blue, orange, black, white, purple where future research is needed, are identified with and yellow decorations is recognised in the market views on the future of commercial lobster aquaculture. place from Dubai (Arab Emirates) in the middle east, across the tropics with significant lobster Species selection and their favorable attributes for markets in China, Taiwan and Japan. Wild-stock aquaculture fisheries exist within eastern Australia (Queensland) In developing a commercial aquaculture species and throughout many countries including Malaysia, there are a number of characteristics which are Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, India and Oman. Total considered desirable. These include the shortest world supply of TRL from wild fisheries, including possible larval duration, high fecundity, fast growth those sourced for fattening and grow-out of wild- rates, high market value and a lack of cannibalism, all caught juveniles between 2003 and 2007 have ranged of which will impact directly on bottom line profits in between 5100 and 6600 tonnes annually (FAO Global a commercial aquaculture enterprise. Fisheries Statistics). Prices exceeding A$100 per Slipper lobster (Thenus spp): Thenus spp. in kg have been achieved especially during certain particular are acknowledged for their high fecundity seasons for large live lobster (1kg + animals). The amongst the Scyllaridae (20,000 – 30 000 eggs per live tropical rock lobster market is well established, spawning) and a short planktonic larval phase (27 – large scale and at the premium end of the market 45 days) consisting of 4 larval stages before with Queensland wild caught export annual average metamorphosing to the brief, free-swimming, post- prices in the order of A$ 55/kg and higher across larval phase called the “nisto” (equivalent to the all market grades (live, frozen, chilled). palinurid “puerulus”) (Mikami and Kuballa, 2007; Similar to slipper lobster, the tropical rock lobster Sekiguchi et al., 2007). The fast post-larval growth is highly fecund, capable of producing 5,00,000 - rates, attaining an average cohort weight exceeding 7,00,000 eggs (MacDiarmid et al., 2006) and, 200g within 12 months from juvenile stage V, makes average 2-3 spawnings/female/year. However, this species an ideal aquaculture candidate (Table 1). 1,400,000 larvae from one spawning has been Unlike many lobster and crab species there is no recorded by Lobster Harvest Ltd at their R&D facility significant cannibalism occurring in Thenus spp., except in Exmouth, with spawnings of in excess of one for in late larval stages during molting. Management million are regularly achieved. The species also has practices in relation to nutrition and husbandry remove a short larval phase of 4–8 months (Acosta et al., this risk. 1997; Cruz et al., 2001; Dennis et al., 2001; Williams, 2007) relative to other spiny lobster species (Phillips Food conversion ratios (on intake) of 1.9-3.9:1 on et al., 2006). Viable pueruli have been produced a wet basis with fresh feeds have been achieved and within 120–150 days from egg hatching. Similar 4.1:1 on a dry matter basis for formulated grow-out to other species of spiny lobster, P. ornatus is feeds. Further development for better performing observed to have 11 phyllosoma life stages and economic FCR is continuing. Market values for this proceeds through 21–23 moults before species range between US $18 and 32 /kg depending on metamorphosis to a puerulus under hatchery frozen, chilled or live markets. World supply (principally conditions. The other inherent advantage of as by-catch from trawl and trap fisheries) is estimated P. ornatus compared to temperate and other tropical between 10 000 – 15 000 tonnes annually. Market spiny lobster species is a fast post-larval growth potential and price uplift as a new category seafood item rate, reaching in excess of 1 kg within 18 months from aquaculture supply is thought to be considerable after settlement (Phillips et al., 1992; Dennis et al., with improvements in consistency of quality, grading 1997; Skewes et al., 1997; Hambrey et al., 2001; and appropriate branding (Wild Oceans, 2009). Jones et al., 2001). Tropical spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus): Experience to date has shown higher feed Tropical spiny, or seven-colour, lobster as commonly conversion ratios for tropical rock lobster relative Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India (2010) Lobster aquaculture a commercial reality 329 Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India (2010) 330 P. P. Rogers et al. to slipper lobster when using fresh feeds. successful hatchery propagation across a range of Considerable diet development is progressing within 8 spiny lobster species (Phillips et al., 2006) builds Lobster Harvest to remove dependence on fresh confidence for commercial success of lobster feed for slipper lobster. This research has generated aquaculture in the near future. formulations and technologies for adaptation to Certainly, the independent success of closing the tropical rock lobster formulated diets. Cannibalism life cycle of P. ornatus and consistent supply of is not an issue in the larval and adult stages of the post-larvae by Lobster Harvest, the Australian life-cycle. Cannibalism within juvenile populations Institute of Marine Science and the Queensland in the nursery is mitigated by husbandry techniques Department of Primary Industry builds even greater developed since 2006 by Lobster Harvest and confidence in the development of successful Queensland Department of Primary Industry commercial hatchery technologies. (Northern Fisheries Research Institute) (Jones et al., 2001). Furthermore P.ornatus is a hardy species Discussion that is readily transported out of water and ‘tanks’ Background and research performance
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