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Nutrition,Feedsandfeedingof Identifykeynutrientsin Lobstergrowth.The Carotenoid, Astaxanthin Enhances Coloration,But Doesnot Enhancegrowth

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Nutrition,Feedsandfeedingof Identifykeynutrientsin Lobstergrowth.The Carotenoid, Astaxanthin Enhances Coloration,But Doesnot Enhancegrowth Tropical,spiny lobster,Panulirus ornatus, is a speciesof muchcommercialinterest becauseof its shorterlarvalphase,faster post-larvalgrowth and an established overseasindustryand market.Research conductedin Australiahasshownthatthe speciesis an opportunisticcarnivore, preferring high protein, moderate carbohydratesandlowlipidlevelsandthat dietaryproteinrequirementmaybeashigh asormorethan60%.Proteindigestibilityof severalplantandanimalsourcesofproteins is estimatedto be morethan80%.Feed attractantsandfeedingstimulantsplayavital rolein thefeedintakeof lobsters.Among variousingredients,musselsare highly preferredby the lobsters. Feeding preferencewasstronglycorrelatedwiththe leachedsolubleproteinandthefreeamino Figure 1: Panulirus ornatus, the colorful, tropical spiny lobster acids,taurineandglycine,fromthefeeds. Prolongedfeedingwithmusselsresultsin growthdepression.Effortsareunderwayto Nutrition,FeedsandFeedingof identifykeynutrientsin lobstergrowth.The carotenoid, astaxanthin enhances coloration,but doesnot enhancegrowth. Currentinvestigationsareoncholesterolasa growthenhancingfactor. SimonJ. Irvin*& KevinC.Williams CSIRO Marine Research, PO Box 120, Cleveland, Queensland 4163, Australia *[email protected] Spiny lobsters (Palinuridae) are highly valued of the tropical lobster has developed via the collection and sought after in the Asian, European and American from the wild of recently settled seed lobsters, which are seafood markets. Production from declining capture then on-grown in coastal staked or floating net sea-cages fisheries exceeds the maximum sustainable yield for (Figure 2). Current lobster aquaculture in Vietnam is many of the spiny lobster fisheries, leaving aquaculture comprised of about 35,000 sea-cages and produces as the only realistic industry capable of meeting this ever around 2,000 tonnes oflobsters annually with a farmgate increasing demand (Phillips, 2005). Despite three (beach) value of over US$70 M (Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, decades of research, economically-viable hatchery Personal Communication). The lobsters are capable of production of spiny lobsters is stillthe major impediment reaching amarket size oflkg in 18months. However,the to the sustainable development of spiny lobster culture. staple diet consists solely of fresh fishery by-catch. Currently in Australia there is high interest in the culture Reliance on by-catch is becoming increasingly of both tropical (Panulirus ornatus) and temperate (Panulirus cygnus, Jasus spp) species of spiny lobsters. However, a shorter larvalphase, faster post-larval growth and an established overseas industry and market, make the tropical species, P. ornatus (Figure 1) the most ideal candidate for aquaculture (Dennis et aI., 2001). Over the last decade in SE Asia, aquaculture grow-out Figure 2: Floating cages for growing lobsters in Vietnam 11 7 Aqua Feeds: Formulation & Beyond, Volume 3 Issue I 2006 unsustainable due to declining inshore fishery catches, was paired against two other diets (1) green lipped competition pressures, poor food conversion ratios (20 to mussels (Perna canaliculus) pieces (fresh or 5hr water 30 kg of by-catch per 1 kg lobster weight gain) and immersed) or (2) a pelleted dry feed containing negative environmental impacts. The development of homogenated natural foods of either green lipped mussel high performing pelleted lobster feeds is critical for long- (P canaliculus); school prawn (Metapenaeus bennetta); term industry sustainability. In the last decade much the polychaete bloodworm (Marphysa sanguinea) or research has focused on the development of pelleted dry squid (Sepioteuthis spp).Each of these natural prey items feeds that are attractive to spiny lobsters andwhich result was incorporated at a DM inclusion rate of 5 %. Lobsters in acceptable growth and survival rates. This article exhibited a preference for the fresh green lipped mussel briefly reviews some of the post-2000 spiny lobster (P treatments above all other feed types, even when the ornatus) research related to nutrition, feeds andfeeding. mussel had been immersed in seawater for 5 hand Knowledge of a species feeding preference and compared against non-soaked pelleted dry feed. patterns is advantageous in the preliminary stages of diet Examination ofthe rate at which nitrogenous compounds development. Analysis of gut contents and digestive leached from the immersed feed showed the subsequent enzymes identify lobsters to be predominately feedingpreference of the lobsterswas stronglycorrelated opportunistic carnivores, preferring high protein, with the leached solubleprotein andthe free amino acids, moderate carbohydrates and low lipid levels (Dall et aI., taurine and glycine (Williams et aI.,2005). Results from 1991). They are equipped with a well developed this experiment suggestedthat increasingthe supply,and chemosensory system that is critical for food location and prolonging the release of small peptides and free amino social interaction. Therefore, it is important that dry feed acids from pelleted feeds would most likely extend the formulations meet the lobster's nutrient requirements and durationof feeding ofthe lobsters. stimulate prolonged feeding. In a subsequent experiment the dietary protein requirement of juvenile P ornatus lobsters was re- Protein and lipid requirements evaluated. The attractiveness of the formulation was A collaborative Australian study examined the enhancedwith incorporation of driedwhole krill andkrill dietary crude protein (CP) and total lipid requirements of hydrolysate into the diet as arich source of smallpeptides tropical and temperate species of juvenile « 4 g initial and free amino acids. The feeding frequency was also weight) spiny lobsters. Six dry pelleted feeds containing increased to four-times a day tomaintain a strong release thrJe incremental amounts of CP varying between 35 to of chemical feeding cues from the pelleted feed.In the re- 60% dry matter (DM) at two total lipid levels (6 and 10%) evaluation experiment, thawed green lipped mussel was were fed to P cygnus (Glencross et aI., 2001), J. used as the reference diet (Smith et aI., 2005). Lobster edwardsii (Crear et aI.,2001) andP ornatus (Smith et aI., growth increased linearly with increasing dietary protein 2003). These experiments also included a reference diet up to the maximum amount investigated (610 g kg-!,DM) consisting of either fresh mussel or kuruma (Penaeus such that it was not possible to determine an optimal japonicus) shrimp feed. Growth increased curvilinearly dietary protein specification (Figure 3). However, the with increasing CP, however the response varied with growth of the lobsters on the higher protein diets was lipid level and species oflobsters. For P ornatus, the best significantly better than those fed the diet solely of growth occurred at 53% CP and 10% lipid (Smith et aI., mussel. While the experiment did not clarify an optimal 2003). For P cygnus, best growth occurred at 55% CP dietary protein level, it was clear that P ornatus lobsters and 6% lipid (Glencross et aI., 2001), while a diet required high protein diets, at least 60% crude protein containing 42 - 47% CP and either 6 or 10% lipid was DM. best for J. edwardsii (Crear et aI., 2001). For larger J. edwardsii (> 70 g initial weight), a diet containing 50% CP and 9% lipid resulted in the best lobster growth performance (Ward et aI., 2003). These results suggest that spiny lobster have a high protein requirement, however the optimal level ofprotein and lipid varies with species and size ofthe lobsters. In all ofthe above studies, the referenc~ diet (mussels or kuruma pellets) clearly outperformed the formulated test diets. It was hypothesised that .the poor comparative growth of the lobsters on the test diets was due to a rapid decline in pellet attractiveness followingwater immersion. Improving diet attractiveness The observation that the pelleted feed quickly 10,stits attractiveness to lobsters prompted a study with P or-natusto see if the attractiveness of immersed pelleted diets could be extended (Williams et aI., 2005). In a Figure 3: Specificgrowth rate (SGR) and survival ofjuvenile P. ornatus leachate characterisation and feeding preference study,a lobsters fed either pel/eted diets providing incremental amounts of digestible crude protein (CP) or a diet solely of thawed green lipped commercially extruded kuruma P japonicus shrimp feed mussel (Smith et al., 2005) 8 11 Aqua Feeds: Formulation & Beyond, Volume3 Issue 1 2006 Apparent digestibility The tropical lobster P ornatus is commonly As P ornatus have a high protein requirement, known as the painted cray, due to its bright, variable and the cost effectiveness of any formulated diet will depend highly decorative carapace pigmentation. Carotenoid on the digestibility ofthe protein source. Thus, diets need (astaxanthin), is an expensive micro-nutrient known to to be formulated on a digestible rather than gross nutrient play a key function in the expression of these bright basis if nutritional requirements are truly to be met on a pigmentations. It is also believed to play an equally least cost basis. important role in maintaining the lobster's immunocompetence. A carotenoid requirement study was undertaken testing four pelleted diets with a carotenoid (astaxanthin) levels serially incrementing from 30 to 105 mg kg.l. The reference diets consisted of green lipped mussel (P canaliculus) or blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Barclay et aI., 2006). Addition of astaxanthin to the diet did not significantly improve growth or survival
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