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The Feminist Reader Essays in Gender and the Politics of Literary Criticism

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The Feminist Reader Essays in Gender and the Politics of Literary Criticism The Feminist Reader Essays in Gender and the Politics of Literary Criticism EDITED BY CATHERINE BELSEY and JANE MOORE SdCClion, ftliloriaJ malin and Intrudoction TO OUR PARENTS Cl Cuhm... BeIKy andJa"" Moon: 1989 All "shit rnl'n"ftl. No "'pmdunion, ropy 0< 'n.nsrniuion o(lhis publiollion may be..-l~ wi'houl ..-rill.... pnmiui..... Fin! published 1989 PubliJhtd in 'M USA by Buil Bbclt""'U. N~ V.... l I'rin.... in Hons K.... l.ibnl')" 0(00nJ<Uf C>ow..r;"I in P..bliation [h,u. "Tho- reminis' rnck<. Biblqnphy: p, Indlldft indn. I.•'aninislli,cnry cri'icilm. 1. r eminism and Ii"....'..,..,. I. 1ldMy, C>olhmnt. II. Moon.Janc. 1962- 1"N98,""~t'f6 198!l 80!1 IIB--77Sli ISBS 1-,U7lfl6...4f~9 ISBS 1-,U7ll6-Gt6-7 (pbl.) 116 Tht Ftminisl Rtader scrambling spatial order, disorienting it, mo,:ing furniture, things, and values around, breaking in, emptymg structures, turning the selfsame, the proper upside down. What woman has nOI slolen? Who has nOI dreamed, savoured, or done the thing that jams sociality? Who has not 8 Feminist, Female, dropped a few rro herrings, mocked her. way aTou~d the separating bar, inscribed what makes a difference wl~h. her Feminine body, punched holes in the system of couples a~d poslll~ns. and with a transgression screwed up whatever IS succeSSIVe, Toril Moi chain-linked the fence ofcircumfusion? A reminin~ text cannot not he more than subversive: if it writes itself it is in volcanic heaving of the old 'real' property crust. In ceaseless displacement. She must write herself because, when the time comes for her liberation, it is the What is the meaning ofthe word 'feminist' in 'feminist literary invention of a new, insurgent writing that will allow her .to put criticism'? Over the past decade, feminists have used the terms the breaks and indispensable changes into elTect in ~er history. 'feminist', 'female' and 'feminine' in a multitude of.dilTerent At first, individually, on two inseparable levels: - woman, ways. One of the main points of this essay, however, IS to urge writing herself, will go back to this body that has been worse that only a .clear understanding of the dilTerences between than confiscated, a body replaced with a disturbing stranger, them can show what the crucial political and theoretical issues sick or dead, who so often is a bad influence, the cause and of contemporary feminist criticism really arc. Initially, I will place ofinhibitions. By censuring the body, breath and speech suggesl that we distinguish belween 'feminism' as a political are censored at the same time. position, 'femaleness' as a matter of biology and 'femininity' To write - the act that will 'realise' the un-censored as a set ofculturally defined characterislics. relationship of woman to her sexuality, to her woman-being giving her back access to her own forces; Ihat will return her goods, her pleasures, her organs, her vast bodily territories kepi under seal; that will lear her oul ofthe superegocd, over­ Feminist Mosesed structure where the same position of guilt is always reserved for her (guilty of everything, every time; of having The words 'feminist' or 'feminism' arc politicallabcls indica­ desires, of not having any; of being frigid, of being '100' hOI; ting support for the aims ofthe new women's movement which of not being both at once; of being too much ~f a mother a~ld emerged in the late 1960s. 'Feminist criticism', then, is a not enough; of nurturing and of not nurturtng ...). Write specific kind of political discourse: a cri~ical and.theoretical,.l yourself: your body must make itself heard. Then the huge practice committed to the struggle aga.lIls~ pamarchy and resources of the unconscious will burst out. Finally the sexism, not simply a concern for gender III llteratu~e, at le.ast inexhaustible feminine imaginary is going to be deployed. not ifthe lauer is presented as no more than another lIlterestlllg Without gold or black dollars, our naphtha will spread values critical approach on a par wilh a concern for sea-imagery or over the world, un-quoted values that will change the rules of metaphors of war in medieval poetry. It is. ~y view t.h~t, the old game. provided they arc compatible with her politics,. a fe~l1Il1St critic can usc whichever methods or theoTles she likes. fhcre are, of course, differcllI political vicws ~i(hin the .feminist camp. My point here is not to try to ullify or totahsc these 118 The Feminist Reader Feminist, Femaler E4I1linine 119 di~~r~nces, but simply to insist that recognisable feminist man or a woman, but whether its effects can be characterised CTlIlCISm and theory must in some way be relevant to the as sexist or feminist in a given situation. study of the social, institutional and personal power relations In this specific COnlcxt, then, the fact that there arc no between the scx~~: what K~te Millett in her epochal study purely female intellectual traditions available to us is not as called s~xua/ polzllcs. For Millett, the 'essence of politics is depressing as it might have been. \"hat is imponant is whether power', and the task of feminist critics and theorists is to we can produce a recognisable feminist impact through expos.e the way i~l which male dominance over females (which our specific usc (appropriation) of available material. This conSI~tutes her SImple and versatile definition of 'patriarchy') emphasis on the productive transformation of other thinkers' constllutcs 'perhaps the most pervasive ideology ofour culture material in a way simply restates whal creative thinkers and and providcs its most fundamental concept of power'. I writers have always done: nobody thinks well in a vacuum, . In ke~p~ng w~t~ Millett's approach, feminists havc politi­ nor docs anybody ever live in onc. Feminists nevertheless clsed cXlstl~g cTltlcal methods (in much the same sort of way often accuse male illlclicctuais of 'stealing' women's ideas, as that Marxists have), and it is on this basis that feminist for instance the title of one of Dale Spender's many books, criti~is.m has grown to become a new branch ofliterary studies. Womtll oj Ideas alld What Men Have DO/It to Them, makes c1car.1 ~en~llllSts thcrefore find thcmselves in a position roughly But can we accuse men of 'stealing' womcn's ideas if we at slmll~r t~ that ~f.other radical cr!tics: speaking :Cram Iheir the samc timc argue vociferously for the feminist appropriation margmaltsed positions on the outskIrts ofthe academic estab­ of evtT)'hody's ideas? Spender's book examines cases of clear lishment, they strive to make explicit Ihe politics of the so­ intcllectual dishonesty: men presellling women's ideas as their called 'neutral' or 'objective' works oftheir colleagues, as well ow~ without an)' kind ofacknowledgemcnt oftheir borrowing, as to act as cullura! en'tics in the widest sense of the word. which must be said to constitutc an obvious example of the Like s?c~ali.sts, fe~inist~ can in a sense arrord to be tolcrantly widespread patriarchal cOOT( to silence women. Feminists pluralistic In thClr cholcc of literary melllOds and theories appropriating traditional thought explicitly discuss the precisely becausc any approach that can be successfuU; assumptions and strategies of the material they want to use appropriated 10 their political ends must be welcome. or transform: there can be no question ofrecommending si/tII1 A key word here is appropdalion in the sense of crcativc appropriation ofother theories. (Many feminists object to the transformation. Given the feminist insistence on thc dominant idea that thoughts should be considered anybody's personal and. a~l-pervasive nature ofpatriarchal power so f.lr in history, property. Although I agree \\lith this view, it remains important fenlllllSts have to be pluralists: (lhere is no pure feminist or to criticise the presentation of impulses received from others fem~l~ space from which we can speak. All ideas, indudinK as olle's OWII: this practice can only reinforce the ideology of ~emll1lSt ones, ar~ in this scnse 'contaminated' by patriarchal intellectual property.) As politically motivated critics, femin- Idcolog)'. Thcre IS t~us 1.10 reason to hide the fact that Mary ists. will try to ~a.ke the ~Iitic~l context and implicalions of Wollstonecraft was IIlsplrcd by the male-dominated ideas of dlelr work expliCit, precisely III order to countcr the lacit ~he Frcnch Revolution, or that Simone de Bcauvoir was decply lacceptance of patriarchal power politics which is so often mnuenced by SaTlrc's phallocentric categories when she wrote preselHed as intcllectual'neutrality' or 'objectivity'. Tile SUQ"1 fex. Nor is it necessary to refuse 10 recoKlliseJohn The problem \."ith_~pende ' .approach-is thatit casts women Stuart Mdl s errorts to analyse the oppression ofwomen simply -as-erem',rrvittiinS'Olma e ploys. While it is true that many bcc~usc he was a malc li~eraJ. The point is not the origins of women have been victimised intellectually, emotionally-and an Idea (no provcnancc IS purc), but thc use to which it is physically-by men';"1ris a so true thai somc havc- lnunuKed put and the errccts it can produce. What mattcrs is thereforc dflcicnd.y-lO counrer male power. Stressing our right, aggress­ not so much whcther a particular theory was formulated by a ively if necessary, to appropriale other pcople's ideas for our 120 Th~ Feminist Reader hminisi, Ftmale, Feminine 121 own political purposes, we may avoid a defeatist analysis of hand this is obviously true: since patriarchy has always the situation ofintelleclUally and culturally active women.
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