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The Uncanny Doubling of Sovereign and Citizen: Anti-State Narrativity In

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The Uncanny Doubling of Sovereign and Citizen: Anti-State Narrativity In THE UNCANNY DOUBLING OF SOVEREIGN AND CITIZEN: ANTI-STATE NARRATIVITY IN ALBERTA Vanessa McCuaig McGill University, Montreal August 2019 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology © Vanessa McCuaig 2019 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Context and method ................................................................................................................................ 15 Horror and the Uncanny: A Groundwork for Shifting Positionality ....................................................... 20 Chapter I: Resonance ............................................................................................................................... 26 Resonant Definitions and Publicized Histories ....................................................................................... 31 The “Sovereign Citizen” Paradox ........................................................................................................... 46 How do Sovereign Citizens Identify Themselves? ................................................................................. 50 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter II: Speaking Refusal and the Uncanny Story .......................................................................... 54 Fact, Fantasy, and the Uncanny .............................................................................................................. 58 Refusal .................................................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 71 Chapter III: Pseudolaw and Performance in the Court Room ............................................................. 75 Setting the Stage: The Courtroom as Space-Time .................................................................................. 81 Language in the Court ............................................................................................................................. 90 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 99 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 102 Works Cited: ........................................................................................................................................... 113 1 Abstract English: Over the last decade, Alberta, Canada has been the site of several highly publicized events focused on individuals labelled as “sovereign citizens”. From the occupation of homes and traplines claimed as sovereign territories (CBC 2013a, 2013b) to larger than life court cases with wide public audiences (Meads v. Meads 2012 ABQB 571), sovereign citizens capture the Albertan imagination with their unusual beliefs and practices. Asserting discourses of freedom, liberty, and self-governance, these individuals surface at the junctures of everyday life, challenging state authority through obscure and obtuse interpretations of law. Whether they appear through hegemonic state classificatory schemes used by the media, in stories narrated by Albertans trying to understand the movement, or in legal courts, sovereign citizens are entangled with the worlds they seek to reject. A doubling—the sovereign and the citizen—thus emerges and remerges as individuals challenge the state and its assumed duties, laws, and expectations, all the while they move, transgress, or realign themselves in relationship to the state. Drawing on four months of ethnographic fieldwork between May to September 2018, this thesis thus explores the relationship between sovereign citizens as an elusive and slippery category and Albertans, asking: how do sovereign citizens and Albertan citizens narrate their own (and others’) challenges to the Albertan state? French: Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'Alberta, situé au Canada, a été le théâtre de plusieurs événements très médiatisés axés sur des individus qualifiés de «citoyens souverains». De l'occupation de maisons et de terrains de piégeage revendiqués comme territoires souverains (CBC 2013a, 2013b) à des procès plus vastes que jamais, impliquant un large public (Meads v. Meads 2012 ABQB 571), les citoyens souverains captivent l'imagination des Albertains avec leurs croyances et leurs pratiques inhabituelles. Affirmant des discours sur la liberté et l'autonomie gouvernementale, ces individus font surface au tournant de la vie quotidienne, défiant l'autorité de l'État par le biais d'interprétations obscures et obtuses du droit. Qu'ils apparaissent à travers des schémas de classification étatiques hégémoniques utilisés par les médias, dans des récits racontés par des Albertains cherchant à comprendre le mouvement, ou devant des tribunaux, les citoyens souverains sont empêtrés dans les mondes qu'ils cherchent à rejeter. Un dédoublement - le souverain et le citoyen - émerge et resurgit alors que les individus défient l’État et ses devoirs, lois et attentes assumés, tout en se déplaçant, en transgressant ou en se réalignant par rapport à l’État. S'appuyant sur quatre mois de travail ethnographique sur le terrain entre mai et septembre 2018, cette thèse explore donc la relation entre les citoyens souverains en tant que catégorie insaisissable et glissante et les Albertains, demandant: comment les citoyens souverains et les citoyens albertains racontent-ils leurs propres défis (et ceux des autres) à l'état albertain? 2 Acknowledgements This thesis glimmers and shines with all those who have shared so much with me along the way. Know that I am eternally grateful to you. Your love, encouragement, and support makes these words sing, even now. To my interlocutors, now friends who shared with me part and parcel of your lives, past, present, and future: it was a pleasure to be with you, whether online or in person. I cannot thank you enough—I hope these words do you justice (no pun intended). A tremendous thank you is required to Diana Allan, my supervisor and mentor, who has forever altered how I think and write. Despite frantic emails in the early morning or terrible first passes at a chapter, your generosity and attentiveness motivates me at every turn. It makes me a better academic, thinker, and writer. I really cannot thank you enough. Additional gratitude must also fall upon my committee members, Katherine Lemons and Samuele Collu, who challenged me at every turn. It was great to think alongside you and I am humbled in everything you have taught me. I would also like to thank Sabrina Perić and Charles Mather, my supervisors away from home. Your kindness (and verbal poking and prodding) remind me what a master’s thesis is: it is just that. Your guidance and wit keeps me grounded. The support staff, Olga Harmazy and Connie Giuseppe, also deserve a round of thanks. Both of you manage to keep me calm when bureaucracy makes it feel impossible to do otherwise. I might not be writing this acknowledgement if it wasn’t for your final hour assistances throughout my degree. Donald Netolitzky: whose eager and willing openness to share this space with me indelibly altered the course of this project. Much of this research could not have happened without your assistance. I am forever indebted. Steve Kent and Gordon Drever: thank you for your support and allowing me access into your archives. You have both been wonderfully accommodating, even when the archive is less than able. Richard Warman: your immense personal archive has opened the door to more questions than I can possibly answer in this thesis. Together, we paint a vibrant future for research in Alberta. To my ardent readers, co-thinkers, and motivators alike… in no order, Leila Vaziri, Cristina Yepez, Carmen Umaña-Kinitzki, Mathieu Lamontagne-Cumiford, Elya Myers, Heather Anderson, Zachary Scalzo, Amy Donovan, Nicolas Rasulius, Melanie Wittes, and Zachary Raymond. Thank you for breathing together with me. I am in awe of your attentiveness and interest, from hounding me to share my work to showing up to my presentations. Your support makes this thesis breathe. I am also indebted to the writing group comprising of John Galaty, Kariuki Kirigia, Klerkson Lugasa, Qiuyu Jiang, Graham Fox, Justin Raycraft, Lisa Rail, and Laura Rosenoff. Receiving feedback from you has made this thesis more than I could have ever hoped. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my brother, Ross, Fe, and Josh. You have put up with me and my elusiveness longer than anyone else. 3 Introduction There are traces of a someone who escapes me in the world I pass through, once more again once familiar, now obtuse and odd a black heron in an empty field crooning its neck to drink the oil it bobs back up
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