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United States National Museum Bulletin 276 ,*f»W*»"*^W»i;|. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM O F NATURAL HISTORY UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 276 A Revision of the Genus Malacosoma Hlibner in North America (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): Systematics, Biology, Immatures, and Parasites FREDERICK W. STEHR and EDWIN F. COOK SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1968 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two series. Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin. In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the field of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume. In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902, papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. This work forms number 276 of the Bulletin series. Frank A. Taylor Director, United States National Museum U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1968 Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 2 History of the Classification of Malacosoma in North America .... 4 Summary of results 6 Economic importance of genus Malacosoma 8 Life cycle 13 Methods 14 Equipment 15 Field collecting 16 Disease 18 Parasites 20 Egg masses 20 Tents 25 Cocoons 33 Adults 34 Male terminalia 37 Female terminalia 39 Larvae 39 Chaetotaxy 39 Color pattern 41 Variability in larvae of M. californicum 44 Sexing larvae 46 Experimental crosses 47 Introduction 47 Methods 47 Results 49 The pluviale-lutescens relationship 60 F2 Egg Masses 63 Summary of experimental crosses 64 Genus Malacosoma Hiibner 66 Key to adult male North American Malacosoma 69 Key to adult female North American Malacosoma 73 Key to mature larvae of North American Malacosoma 77 Key to the egg masses of North American Malacosoma 83 Malacosoma disstria Hiibner 84 Malacosoma constrictum constrictum (Henry Edwards) 93 Afalacosoma constrictum austritium Stehr 99 Malacosoma tigris (Dyar) 102 V VI CONTENTS Page Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius) Ill The western tentbuilders—a comparison of Malacosoma californicum and Malacosoma incurmm in the southwestern United States 118 Malacosoma californicum (Packard) 123 The Mendocino-Trinity population 129 The Aspen populations 130 Possible relationships between the Aspen populations of M. califor- nicum and populatloiis of M. incurvum 134 Malacosoma californicum californicum (Packard) 138 Malacosoma californicum ambisimile (Dyar) 142 Malacosoma californicum recenseo Dyar 148 Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar) 1 52 The bog populations of A/. fo/i/bmcMm /)/uz;2a/^ 156 Malacosoma californicum lutescens (Neumoegen and Dyar) 1 60 Malacosoma californicum fragile (Stretch) 164 Malacosoma incurvum (Henry Edwards) 169 Malacosoma incurvum incurvum (Henry Edwards) 173 Malacosoma incurvum discoloralum (Neumoegen) 177 Malacosoma incurvum aztecum (Neumoegen) 183 The Palearctic species and a brief comparison with the North American species 187 The relationships between the North American species 190 Literature cited 193 Illustrations 201 Appendix I—Collection Data 253 Appendix H—Explanatory notes on North American Malacosoma types 283 Appendix IH—Common names of Malacosoma species 289 Appendix IV—Parasites 291 Index 303 Host Plant Index 316 Parasite Index 320 A Revision of the Genus Malacosoma Hiibner in North America (Lepidoptera: Lasiocamp- idae): Systematics, Biology, Immatures, and Parasites By Frederick W. Stehr and Edwin F. Cook ^ Introduction The genus Malacosoma Hiibner, the tent caterpillars, is a group of lasiocampid moths restricted to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The adults often are ignored, possibly because they are quite abundant (collectors tend to save rare or unusual specimens), are moderate in size, comparatively drab in color, and have a lifespan of only a few days at the most. The larvae, however, are well known for the conspicuous tents (i.e., webs, nests) which some species construct in early spring soon after the first leaves appear. The hordes of cater- pillars (sometimes incorrectly called "armyworms") are perhaps the best-known life stage to the layman. This present study of the genus Malacosoma Hiibner in North America is modified from a Ph.D. thesis by Frederick W. Stehr which was sub- mitted to the University of Minnesota in 1964. The literature was ' Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823. 2 Department of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101. Paper No. 6172, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101. Published with the approval of the Director of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Article Number 4110. 1 2 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 2 76 reviewed through May 1964. The manuscript was submitted to the United States National Museum for publication in September 1964. Research described herein, particularly the field work carried out in 1960, 1961, and 1962, was supported in large part by grant number Ct-7468 from the National Science Fovmdation. It should be understood that all changes in nomenclature presented in this publication are the sole responsibility of Stehr (not Stehr and Cook). Acknowledgments Our sincerest appreciation is due the following individuals, and the organizations they represent, for the use of their facilities while the field work described in this report was being carried on: Dr. Carl B. Huffaker and Dr. Kenneth S. Hagen, Department of Biological Control, University of California (Albany facilities) ; Dr. Charles B. Eaton and Dr. Ralph C. Hall, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station (Hat Creek Field Station); Dr. Clifford E. Brown, Forest Biology Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta (Seebe Field Station) ; Dr. L. A. Carruth, Dr. Floyd G. Werner and Dr. George D. Butler, Jr., Depart- ment of Entomology, University of Arizona (University of Arizona Experimental Farm) ; Dr. B. Austin Haws, Department of Entomology, Utah State University, Mr. Gordon Van Epps, Snow College, Ephraim Utah, and Mr. Larry Stewart, Snow Field Station, Ephraim, Utah (Snow Field Station); Dr. Donald K. Scharff, Department of Ento- mology, Montana State College, and Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Axtell, Bozeman, Montana (private property). It would have been difficult to accomplish much of the field work if these facilities had not so kindly been made available. We wish to acknowledge and thank the following individuals for their cooperation in collecting specimens, lending specimens, and for assistance given in numerous other ways: F. H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural History; C. D. MacNeill, California Academy of Sciences; R. L. Langston, E. A. Steinhaus, P. D. Hurd, Jr., and J .A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley; G. T. Okumura and A. G. Forbes, California State Department of Agriculture; E. G. Munroe and M. R. MacKay, Canadian National Museum; R. H. Fox and G. W. Wallace, Carnegie Museum; H. S. Dybas and R. L. Wenzel, Chicago Museum of Natural History; F. Pacheco, Colegio de Post- Graduados, Chapingo, Mexico; L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University; D. L. Arrieta M., Director General de Defensa Agricola, Departamento de Entomologia, Mexico, D. F.; R. Coronado P., Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Chapingo, Mexico; W. L. Sippell, Forest Insect Labora- REVISION MALACOSOMA HUBNER IN NORTH AMERICA 3 tory, Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario; R. M. Prentice, H. R, Wong, and K. R. Elliott, Forest Insect Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba; R. R. Lejenne, G. T. Silver, and D. Evans, Forest Insect Laboratory, Victoria, B. C; D. A. Ross, Forest Insect Laboratory, Vernon, B. C; W. F. Barr and E. C. Clark, University of Idaho; R. B. Selander and H. B. Cun- ningham, Illinois Natural History Survey; A. Ortega C, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas, Mexico, D. F. ; D. Y. Cho, Institute of Agriculture, Suvvon, Korea; R. Rodriguez L., Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Mexico, D. F.; M. G. Nau- mann. University of Kansas; L. M. Martin, Los Angeles County Museum; M. E. Smith, University of Massachusetts; R. L. Fischer, Michigan State University; A. C. Hodson, A. G. Richards, J. R. Beer, E. De las Casas, D. P. Olson, and R. C. Nelson, University of Minne- sota; R. L. Eng and R. W. Trueblood, Montana Fish and Game Department; G. R. Roemhild, Montana State College; H. J. Brodrick, Big Bend National Park; J, L. Wade and W. E. Dyer, Mesa Verde National Park; D. de L. Condon, and T. W. Stevens, Yellowstone National Park; F. R. Brueck, Zion National Park; L. W. Quate, University of Nebraska; R. C. Bechtel, Nevada Department of Agricul- ture; J. N. KnuU, Ohio State University; F. F. Hasbrouck,
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