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Evaluation of Radioactive Scrap Metal Recycling

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Evaluation of Radioactive Scrap Metal Recycling 's^*\ 0 I U ^^~ ANUEAD/TM-50 y7 Evaluation of Radioactive Scrap Metal Recycling Environmental Assessment Division Argonne National Laboratory A, Operated by The University of Chicago, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38, for the United States Department of Energy OSTRfSUnOM OF THtS DOCUMENT IS UNUMPTED Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory, with facilities in the states of Illinois and Idaho, is owned by the United States Government, and operated by the University of Chicago under the provisions of a contract withthe Department of Energy. This technical memo is a producfof Argonne's Environmental Assessment Division (EAD). For information onthe division's scientific and engineering activities, .contact: * . Director, Environmental Assessment Division ' " \ Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois 60439-4815 : Telephone (708) 252-3107 - - Presented in this technical memo, are preliminary results of ongoing work or work that is more limited in scope and depth than that described in formal reports issued by the EAD, Publishing support services were provided by Argorme's Information and Publishing Division (for more information, see IPD's home page; http://www.ipd.anl.gov/)." , Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States,Government nor any agency thereof, noj any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,_ • product; or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein tq any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, • recommendation, or favoring byjthe United States Government or any • agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not- _ necessarily state or. reflect th'ose of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ' Reproduced directly from the best available copy. ' Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technicailnformation, P.O. Box 62, Oak-Ridge, TN 37831; prices available from . , (423) 576-8401. Available to the public, front the National Technical' Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. ANL/EAD/TM-50 Evaluation of Radioactive Scrap Metal Recycling by L.A. Nieves,* S.Y. Chen, E.J. Kohout,* B. Nabelssi, R.W. Tilbrook,* and S.E. Wilson* Environmental Assessment Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439 December 1995 Work sponsored by United States Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration * Nieves, Kohout, and Wilson are affiliated with Argonne's Decision and Information Sciences Division and Tilbrook with its Reactor Engineering Division. R/i it ^l^a^iB% BKIHBUniON QF.TH1S DOCUM.EMTJS UNLIM.TBB \A A) This report is printed on recycled paper. a CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv NOTATION xvi ABSTRACT 1-1 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Scope of the Study 1-1 1.2 Overview of Contents 1-2 2 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2-1 2.1 Analytical Approach 2-1 2.2 Health Risks 2-2 2.2.1 Radiological Health Risks 2-2 2.2.2 Nonradiological Health Risks 2-5 2.2.3 Relative Magnitude of Health Risks 2-7 2.3 Environmental Impacts 2-8 2.3.1 Impacts on Land Resources 2-8 2.3.2 Impacts on Water Quality 2-8 2.3.3 Impacts on Air Quality 2-10 2.3.4 Impacts on Energy Resources 2-10 2.3.5 Relative Magnitude of Environmental Impacts 2-10 2.4 Socioeconomic Issues and Impacts 2-11 2.4.1 Disposal Capacity 2-11 2.4.2 Public.Acceptability of Recycling 2-11 2.4.3 Metal Market Impacts 2-12 2.4.4 Impact Distribution 2-12 2.4.5 Regulatory Issues 2-13 2.4.6 Relative Magnitude of Socioeconomic Impacts 2-13 2.5 Conclusions 2-14 2.6 Remaining Issues 2-14 2.7 References for Section 2 2-16 3 RADIOACTIVE SCRAP METAL INVENTORY 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Degrees of Contamination 3-1 3.3 Basic Assumptions 3-4 3.3.1 End-of-Life for Power Plants 3-4 3.3.2 Radioactive Decay 3-5 3.3.3 Categorization of Metals 3-6 3.3.4 Miscellaneous Assumptions 3-6 3.4 Sources of Radioactive Scrap Metal 3-7 3.4.1 World Nuclear Power Plants 3-7 Hi CONTENTS (Cont.) 3.4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities 3-8 3.4.3 Military Facilities 3-12 3.4.4 Other Facilities 3-16 3.4.5 Operations and Maintenance 3-18 3.4.6 Extraction Equipment 3-18 3.5 Estimates of Total Scrap Metal Inventory 3-19 3.6 References for Section 3 3-20 4 INTERNATIONAL SCRAP METAL MARKET 4-1 4.1 Scrap Metal Terminology and Processes 4-1 4.1.1 Scrap Metal Terminology •. 4-1 4.1.2 Scrap Collection and Processing 4-3 4.1.3 Scrap Smelting and Refining Processes 4-6 4.2 International Scrap Metal Trade 4-16 4.2.1 Overview 4-18 4.2.2 Scrap Metal Supply and Demand 4-18 4.2.3 Metal Trade Profiles 4-21 4.2.4 Recent Trends in Scrap Prices 4-26 4.3 Current Industry Practice for Processing Contaminated Scrap 4-31 4.3.1 Sources of Radioactive Material in Scrap Metal 4-33 4.3.2 Radiation Detection Systems 4-35 4.3.3 Current Practice 4-37 4.4 Market Impact of Recycling Radioactive Scrap Metal 4-37 4.5 References for Section 4 4-41 5 IMPACTS OF RADIOACTIVE SCRAP METAL RECYCLING 5-1 5.1 Overview of the Recycle Process 5-1 5.2 Radiological Health Effects 5-4 5.2.1 Assessment Methodology 5-5 5.2.2 Dose Estimates 5-7 5.2.3 Derived Release Levels 5-17 5.2.4 Other Considerations 5-19 5.2.5 Summary of Radiological Health Impact Analysis 5-21 5.3 Nonradiological Health Effects 5-21 5.3.1 Methodology " 5-22 5.3.2 Workers 5-22 5.3.3 General Public .' 5-28 5.3.4 Summary of Nonradiological Health Impact Analysis 5-37 5.4 Environmental Impacts 5-37 5.4.1 Air Quality 5-38 5.4.2 Land Use/Disturbance 5-38 5.4.3 Water Quality/Resources 5-38 5.4.4 Energy Requirements 5-38 5.4.5 Industrial Technology Impacts 5-39 iv CONTENTS (Cont.) 5.5 References for Section 5 5-40 6 IMPACTS OF RADIOACTIVE SCRAP METAL DISPOSAL AND REPLACEMENT 6-1 6.1 Disposal of Radioactive Scrap Metal as Low-Level Waste 6-1 6.1.1 Disposal Process 6-1 6.1.2 Health Risks of Disposal 6-2 6.1.3 Land Use and Disposal Site Capacity 6-2 6.2 Replacement of Radioactive Scrap Metal 6-6 6.2.1 Metal Mining and Refining Processes 6-6 6.2.2 Health Risks of Metal Mining and Refining 6-9 6.2.3 Environmental Impacts of Metal Mining and Refining 6-12 6.2.4 Coal Mining and Coke Production Processes 6-22 6.2.5 Health Risks of Coal Mining and Coke Production 6-25 6.2.6 Environmental Impacts of Coal Mining and Coke Production 6-29 6.3 Summary . 6-35 6.4 References for Section 6 6-42 7 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF RADIOACTIVE SCRAP METAL RECYCLING 7-1 7.1 Regulatory Principles Related to Radioactivity in Consumer Products 7-1 7.1.1 Regulatory Framework Affecting the Exemption Process 7-2 7.1.2 Dose Limitation Principles Underlying the Exemption Process 7-3 7.1.3 Regulatory Requirements 7-4 7.2 Liability Issues 7-4 7.2.1 Strict Liability in Tort — U.S.A. Law .' 7-4 7.2.2 Products Liability in Other Countries '. 7-7 7.3 Assessment of Recycling Acceptability to the Public 7-9 7.3.1 Cultural Context of Risk Perception and Risk Acceptability 7-9 7.3.2 Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attitudes toward Radioactivity 7-11 7.3.3 Implications for Acceptability of RSM Recycling 7-14 7.4 Recycling Acceptability to Stakeholder Organizations 7-16 7.4.1 Identification of Stakeholder Orgamzations 7-16 7.4.2 Survey of Positions of Stakeholder Organizations 7-17 7.4.3 Major Concerns of Stakeholder Organizations 7-19 7.4.4 Evaluation of Trade-Offs by Stakeholder Organizations 7-20 7.5 Factors Affecting Social and Political Impacts of Radioactive Scrap Metal Recycling 7-21 7.5.1 Benefit and Risk Perceptions by Stakeholder Organizations and the Public : 7-21 v CONTENTS (Cont.) 7.5.2 Detectability of Radiation in Scrap Inputs and Finished Products 7-22 7.5.3 Public Confidence in Institutional Controls 7-22 7.5.4 Nonuniformity of Release Standards among Countries 7-23 7.6 References for Section 7 7-24 APPENDDI A: Methodology and Summary Tables for Power Reactor Reference Plant Data Sets A-l APPENDDI B: Annual Increments in Potential Scrap Metal Inventory from Nuclear Power Plants B-l APPENDDI C: Radiological Risk Assessment Methodology and Sensitivity Analysis - C-l APPENDDI D: Baseline Dose Estimates for Worker and Public Scenarios D-l APPENDDI E: Environmental Risk Context and Profiles of Toxic Substances and Associated Health Effects E-l APPENDDI F: Questionnaire on Recycling and List of Respondents F-l TABLES 2.1 Health Risk Estimates for Radioactive Scrap Metal Management Alternatives 2-3 2.2 Environmental Impacts of Activities Associated with Radioactive Scrap Metal Management Alternatives .
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