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Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae 11. Chromosome Number and Karyotype Analysis of Thespesia, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus, Pavonia and Malachra

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Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae 11. Chromosome Number and Karyotype Analysis of Thespesia, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus, Pavonia and Malachra Cytologia 46: 149-160, 1981 Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae 11. Chromosome number and karyotype analysis of Thespesia, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus, Pavonia and Malachra. Aparna Dasgupta and R. P. Bhatt1 Departmentof Pharmacy,S. V. Govt. Polytechnic, Bhopal(M. P.), India ReceivedMay 22, 1979 The family Malvaceae comprises 88 genera and 2300 species, distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions of the world (Hutchinson 1967). The mem bers of the family have been studied by a number of taxonomists, but the views expressed by them concerning delimitation of various taxa are different. The cytological work in the family has been attempted by a number of workers. Most of the earlier works were confined to reports of chromosome numbers of various taxa, though the cultivated or ornamental taxa were worked out in detail. There is no consensus in the conclusions drawn regarding the basic number or numbers and the envisaged phylogenetic relationships in these works. In the present work an attempt is made to understand the phylogenetic re lationships of the allied taxa and to evaluate their systematic positions as understood at present. The genus Hibiscus, Thespesia and Abelmoschus selected for the present in vestigation belong to the tribe Hibisceae while Pavonia and Malachra belong to the tribe Ureneae. Detailed analysis of the karyotype of one species of Thespesia i.e. T. populnea has been carried out. Five species of the genus Hibiscus were studied viz H. mutabilis, H. trionum, H. hirtus, H. ovalifolius and H. caesius. In the avail able literature chromosome number is reported for H. ovalifolius, but karyomor phological study has been done for the first time here. A new report of chromo some number is made for H. caesius and its karyomorphology is studied. Two species of Abelmoschus i.e. A. manihot and A. angulosus are taken. The somatic chromosome number and karyotype analysis of A. angulosus has been done for the first time. Two species of Pavonia are studied. It is apparent from the available literature that the species P. zeylanica has remained unexplored cytologically, which has been done in the present study. Detailed karyomorphology has been done for the first time in P. patens. One species of Malchra i.e. M. capitata is included in the present work. Materials and methods Source of the material Taxa Source 1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, M. S. University, Baroda, India. 150 Aparna Dasgupta and R. P. Bhatt Cytologia 46 Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. Dehra Dun Hibiscus trionum Linn. Kolar Hibiscus hirtus Linn. Baroda Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl Harani Hibiscus caesius Garcke Chhotaudepur and Vasad Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medik. Rajpipla Abelmoschus angulosus (Steud.) Wt. and Arn. Dehra Dun Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Soland. Baroda and Pavagadh Malachra capitata Linn. Khedbrahma and Baroda Pavonia zeylanica Cav. Baroda, Vasad Pavonia patens (Andr.) Chiov. Kutch The seeds collected from different localities were given separate voucher num bers and voucher specimens were deposited in departmental Herbaria. All collec tions were grown in Botanical Garden, the M. S. University of Baroda, for cytolo gical investigations. Excised root tips were pretreated with saturated solution of para-dichlorobenzene (Meyer 1945) and fixed in acetic-alcohol mixture. Tjio and Levan's (1950) aceto-orcein squash technique was adopted for mitotic preparation. Drawings were made at table level on a steindroff research microscope using E. Leitz Wetzler cameralucida apparatus at 30•~120 (apochromat) magnification, chromosomes with satellites and secondary constriction are represented by out lines. Observations For better comparison of karyotypes uniform categorization based on size difference and the ratio of short arm/long arm (R1) and long arm/short arm (R2) (Adhikary 1974) was made. The chromosomes of all the investigated species can be classified into the following types. Type A and B Long chromosomes (more than 5ƒÊ) with nearly median (nm) and nearly sub median (nsm) centromeres respectively. Types C, D and E Medium chromosomes (3ƒÊ to less than 5ƒÊ) with median (M), nearly median (nm) and nearly sub-median (nsm) centromeres respectively. Types F, G and I Short chromosomes (1ƒÊ to less than 3ƒÊ) with median (M), nearly median (nm) and nearly sub-median (nsm) centromeres respectively. Types J, K and L Very short chromosomes (less than 1ƒÊ) with median (M), nearly median (nm) and nearly submedian (nsm) centromeres respectively. In the different types of chromosomes values of R1 and R2 are the following: Median (M) =R1 and R2=1.0 Nearly median (nm) =R1=0.99-0.61 and R2=1.01-1.63 Nearly Submedian (nsm)=R1=0.60-0.34 and 0.32-0.23 1981 Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae II. 151 and R2=1.64-2.99 and 3.01-4.26 Super script: S Denotes satellites (SATs) S•L Denotes Secondary constriction on long arm (Sec. Cons.) Table 1. Chromosome numbers in investigated taxa Tribe: Hibisceae Genus; Hibiscus Linn. 1. H. mutabilis Linn. 2n=120=F6+G62+Gs4+Gs•L2+I38+Is2+Is4•L+L2 The present report of 2n=120 is not in agreement with the earlier reports Table 1. The karyotype analysis reveals the presence of 3 pairs (F-type) of chromosomes with median, 34 pairs (G-type) with nearly median and 23 pairs (I and L-types) with nearly submedian centromeres (Figs. 9 and 6a). Chromosomes are short to very short sized, ranging in length from 2.55ƒÊ to 0.94ƒÊ with a mean length of 1.51ƒÊ. 152 Aparna Dasgupta and R. P. Bhatt Cytologia 46 Figs. 1-8. Somatic metaphase plates of T. populnea, H. ovalifolius, H. caesius, P. patens, H. trio num, P. zeylanica, M. capitata, and H. hirtus, respectively. 1981 Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae II 153 Figs. 1a-8a. Idiograms of T. populnea, H. ovalifolius, H. caesius, H. trionum, H. hirtus, H. muta bilis, A. angulosus, and A. manihot, respectively. 154 Aparna Dasgupta and R. P. Bhatt Cytologia 46 In the work of Sharma and Sharma (1962) satellited and secondarily constrict ed chromosomes are represented by 6 and 7 pairs in the complements of 84 and 110 chromosomes respectively. However, 6 pairs of chromosomes with satellites and secondary constrictions are observed in the complement of 120 chromosomes in the taxon analysed at present (Figs. 9 and 6a). 2. H. trionum Linn. 2n=56=D2+G32+Gs4+Gs2•L+I16 Earlier reports of other workers except that of Medvedeva (1936), Nakajima (1936); Rao (1941) and Kachecheba (1972) i.e. 2n=28 are confirmed in the present study (Table 1). The complement is seen to consist of 20 pairs (D and G-types) with nearly median and 8 pairs (I-type) of chromosomes with nearly sub-median centromeres (Figs. 5 and 4a). Chromosomes are medium to short sized, ranging in length from 3.32ƒÊ to 1.53ƒÊ with a mean length of 2.22ƒÊ. Figs. 9-11. Somatic metaphase plates of H. mutabilis, A. angulosus and A. manihot respectively. Rao (1941) reported 3 pairs of chromosomes with satellites (Trabants) in the taxon analysed by him. In the present study, 2 pairs of SAT-chromosomes (G" type) and 1 pair (Gs•L-type) of secondarily constricted chromosomes in the somatic complement are observed (Figs. 5 and 4a). 3. H. hirtus Linn. 2n=64=G36+Gs•L2+I24+Is2 The present report of n=32 and 2n=64 is different from that of Sharma and Sharma's (1962) report i.e. 2n=70 (Table 1). The somatic complement consists of 19 pairs (G-type) of chromosomes with nearly median centromeres and 13 pairs (I-type) with nearly sub-median centromeres (Figs 8 and 5a). Chromosomes are short sized, length ranges from 2.38ƒÊ to 1.02ƒÊ with a mean length of 1.55ƒÊ. Karyomorphological studies of Sharma and Sharma (1962) reveals the pre sence of 3 pairs of secondarily constricted and 2 pairs of satellited chromosomes in the taxon they have analysed. In contrast to this, only 1 pair of satellited and 1 pair of secondarily constricted chromosomes were noticed in the present study (Figs. 8 and 5a). 4. H. ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl 2n=32=E2+G24+I6 In contrast to the earlier reports, the present study show n=16 and 2n=32 chromosomes in the taxon analysed (Table 1). This is the first report of detailed karyomorphological study for the species. The somatic complement has 12 pairs 1981 Cytotaxonomy of Malvaceae II 155 (G-type) of chromosomes with nearly median centromeres and 4 pairs (E and I types) with nearly submedian centromeres. No chromosomes with secondary constrictions or satellites were observed (Figs. 2 and 2a). Chromosomes are medium to short sized, range in length from 3.06ƒÊ to 1.45ƒÊ with a mean length of 2.17ƒÊ. 5. H. caesius Garcke 2n=36=D2+G18+Gs•L2+I12+Is2 No earlier record of the cytological work for the species is mentioned in the available literature. The chromosome number 2n=36 and n=18 are therefore, the first reports for the species. The complement contains 11 pairs (D and G - types) of chromosome with nearly median and 7 pairs (I-type) with nearly sub median centromeres. One pair (Gs•L-type) has secondary constriction on long arm and another pair (Is-type) of chromosome has satellites (Figs. 3 and 3a). Chromo- Figs. 9a-1 la. Idiograms of P. patens, P. zeylanica and M. capitata respectively. somes are medium to short sized, ranging in length from 3.15ƒÊ to 1.87ƒÊ with a mean length of 2.41ƒÊ. Genus-Abelmoschus Medik. 6. A. manihot (Linn.) Medik. 2n=130=F8+G74+Gs•L4+I10+Is•L2+J8+K14+L10 Only chromosome record 2n=66 by Skovsted (1935 Syn. H. manihot) for the species could be traced in the available literature (Table 1). The detailed cytologi cal study revealed the chromosome number to be 130 in somatic nucleus and 65 in the generative nucleus.
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