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Xix. Yüzyil Fransiz Seyyahlarina Göre Van

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Xix. Yüzyil Fransiz Seyyahlarina Göre Van T.C 0stanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi XIX. YÜZYIL FRANSIZ SEYYAHLARINA GÖRE VAN 0smail MANGALTEPE 9925020115 Tez Danı2manı: Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir DONUK 0stanbul 2005 TEZ ONAYI …………………………. Bilim Dalında ................... numaralı ...................................’0N hazırladı/ı “.....................................................” konulu YÜKSEK L0SANS / DOKTORA TEZ0 ile ilgili TEZ SAVUNMA SINAVI, Lisansüstü Ö/retim Yönetmeli/i’nin 10.Maddesi uyarınca .........., ............ günü saat .......’da yapılmı2, sorulan sorulara alınan cevaplar sonunda adayın tezinin ..............................’ne* OYB0RL0.0 /OYÇOKLU.UYLA karar verilmi2tir. JÜR0 ÜYES0 KANAAT0 0MZA ÖZ 0smail Mangaltepe, XIX. Yüzyıl Fransız Seyyahlarına Göre Van Çalı2mamızın amacı XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı 0mparatorlu/u dönemi Van ve çevresinin tarihine katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu dönemin kendine has özellikleri olması ve Batılıların bölgeye ilgilerinin artmasıyla pek çok seyyah gelmi2 ve bölgenin co/rafi, siyasi, etnik ve ekonomik durumu hakkında teferruatlı bilgiler vermi2lerdir. Bu sebeple bölge hakkında yazılan seyahatnameleri inceleyerek batılıların görü2 ve bilgilerinin bilinmesi amacıyla bu çalı2mayı gerçekle2tirdik. Eserlerin tamamını tercüme ettikten sonra konularına göre ayırarak de/erlendirmeye tabi tuttuk. Tezimiz giri2 ve dört bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Birinci bölüm Van ve çevresinin Co/rafi ve Fiziki yapısı, ikinci bölüm Van Sanca/ı ve Kazaları, üçüncü bölüm Etnik ve Dini yapı, dördüncü bölüm ise Mimari Eserlerden olu2maktadır. ABSTRACT The goal of our works is to contribute to the history of Van and its environments at the time of the empire ottoman in 19 centuries. As this region has individual characteristics, with the increase in interest of the European against this area, several European travelers explored the area and provided the information detailed on the geography, policy, ethnicity and economy of this region. Therefore by studying books of the voyages written about this area we have realized this work to make known ideas and information of Europeans. After having translated all the works, by classifying according to their subject we studied them. Our thesis contains the introduction and 4 chapters. The first chapter includes the Geographical and Physical form of Van and its Surroundings; second chapter the Sancak of the Van and its Kazas; third chapter Ethnicity and Religious chapter of form; fourth Architectural of work. iii ÖNSÖZ Türklerin Anadolu ve Balkanlara yerle2meleri üzerine geli2tirilen politikalar do/rultusunda, Batılı Devletlerden XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı topraklarına, yüzlerce seyyah, arkeolog, co/rafyacı, ekonomist ve misyoner gelmi2tir. Bu insanlar bölgelerin sosyal, siyasi, ekonomik, co/rafi, Askerî, dini ve etnik yapılarını ara2tırmı2lar ve elde ettikleri bilgileri raporlar halinde hükümetlerine sunmu2lardır. Fransız seyyahların büyük bir kısmının bu yüzyılda yapmı2 oldukları seyahatler daha çok siyasi amaçlı olup verdikleri bilgiler de bu do/rultudadır. Ancak tarafsız ve objektif kalabilen yazarlar da yok de/ildir. Do/u Anadolu bölgesi binlerce yıl geçmi2i olan büyük bir tarihin ve medeniyetin merkezi olmu2tur. IX. ve X. yüzyıldan itibaren Türk-0slam Devletlerinin hâkimiyetine giren bölge aynı zamanda, Türklere Anadolu’nun kapılarını açan yer olmasından dolayı ayrı bir de/ere sahiptir. Türkler, birinci anavatan Orta Asya’dan sonra ikinci anavatan olarak Anadolu’yu edinmi2lerdir. Bu öneme binaen bölgenin tarihine katkıda bulunmak üzere bu bölgenin bir kenti olan Van ile ilgili çalı2maya karar verdik. Çalı2ma alanımız olarak XIX. yüzyılı seçmemizin sebebi, Van’ın Türkiye’nin stratejik bir noktasında bulunması, Kafkasya, Orta Asya ve Uzak do/u’ya açılan bir konumda olması ve batılı devletlerin “1ark meselesi” adı altında Türkleri Anadolu’dan çıkarma politikalarını bu bölgelerde uygulamaya geçmi2 olmalarıdır. Tezimiz Giri2 ve dört bölümden olu2maktadır. 0lk bölüm Co/rafya ve bölgenin fiziki durumu, ikinci bölüm Van Sanca/ı ve Kazaları, üçüncü bölüm Van ve Çevresindeki etnik ve dini yapı, dördüncü bölüm ise Mimari eserler olarak 2ekillenmi2tir. Çalı2malarımda her zaman büyük deste/ini gördü/üm danı2man hocam Prof.Dr. Abdülkadir DONUK’a sonsuz te2ekkürlerimi sunarım. Yine tezimin hazırlık a2amasında dü2ünceleri, yönlendirmeleri ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen hocalarım Yrd.Doç.Dr Ali AHMETBEYO.LU ve Yrd.Doç.Dr. Mualla U.YÜCEL’e te2ekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca rahat çalı2abilmem amacıyla fedakârlıkta bulunan e2im Pelin ve çocuklarım K.Kübra, Hilal ve R.Selim’e te2ekkür ederim. 0smail MANGALTEPE iv 0Ç0NDEK0LER Öz-Abstract………………………………………………………………………….iii Önsöz………………………………………………………………………………...iv 0çindekiler…………………………………………………………………………….v Kısaltmalar……………………………………………………………………….....xvi G0R01 A- Konunun Takdimi ve Ara2tırmanın Metodu………………………………….1 B-Van 0sminin Men2ei……………………………………………………………...4 1-Co/rafî Durum……………………………………………………………………..5 2-Tarihçesi…………………………………………………………………………....7 C-Kaynakların Tanıtımı...…………………………………………………………27 I-BÖLÜM SEYAHATNAMELERDE CO.RAF0 YAPI A-Da/lar…………………………………………………………………………..36 B-Irmaklar………………………………………………...……………………..38 1-Murat Suyu………………………………………………………………………..38 2-Ören Çay…………………………………………………………………………..39 3-Haydarbey Suyu…………………………………………………………………..39 4-Bendimahi Çayı…………………………………………………………………...40 5-Mermit Suyu-Karasu……………………………………………………………...40 6-Anguil su-Ho2ap Suyu…………………………………………………………….41 7-1ahmiram Suyu……………………………………………………………………41 8-Büyük Zap Suyu…………………………………………………………………..42 C-Göller…………………………………………………………………………...42 1-Van Gölü…………………………………………………………………………..43 v a-Akdamar Adası…………………………………………………………………....45 b-Adır, Lim ve Ku2 Adaları…………………………………………………………45 c-Göl Ticareti………………………………………………………………………..46 d-Van Gölü’nde Tuzluluk Oranı…………………………………………………….49 e-Göl Çevresinde Böcekler Ve Ku2lar………………………………………………50 2-Erçek Gölü....……………………………………………………………………...51 3-Ke2i2 Gölü………………………………………………………………………...52 4-Akgöl……………………………………………………………………………...52 5-Dil ve A/rı Göl……………………………………………………………………52 Ç-Bahçeler….…………………………………………………………………….53 D-Madenler………………………………………………………………………54 1-Tuzlar……………………………………………………………………………...57 E-Ormanlar………………………………………………………………………57 F-Bölgede Deprem……………………………………………………………...58 G-Hayvan Toplulu/u…………………………………………………………..60 1-Yabani Hayvan Toplulu/u………………………………………………………...61 2-Evcil Hayvanlar…………………………………………………………………...63 3-Arıcılık…………………………………………………………………………….64 II-BÖLÜM SEYAHATNAMELERDE VAN V0LAYET0 VE KAZALARI A-Van Merkez Sanca/ı………………………………………………………..65 1-Konumu ve Sınırları………………………………………………………………67 2-Yüzölçümü………………………………………………………………………...68 3-0klim……………………………………………………………………………….68 4-0dârî, Askerî ve Sivil Yapı………………………………………………………...69 5-1ehrin Siyasi Durumu……………………………………………………………..72 6-0dârî Servisler……………………………………………………………………..73 a-Posta ve Telgraf…………………………………………………………………...74 vi 7-Nüfus……………………………………………………………………………...75 B-Van Merkez Kaza……………………………………………………………84 1-Konumu ve Sınırları………………………………………………………………84 2-Mahalleler ve Sokaklar……………………………………………………………84 3-Nüfus……………………………………………………………………………...86 4-Okullar…………………………………………………………………………….87 5-Edremit Köyü Ve Eserleri………………………………………………………...90 C-Adilcevaz Kazası…………………………………………………………….92 1-Konumu ve Sınırları………………………………………………………………92 2-0dârî Yapı………………………………………………………………………….92 3-Nüfus……………………………………………………………………………...92 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………...93 a-Nüfus………………………………………………………………………………93 b-1ehrin Yapısı……………………………………………………………………...93 D-Bargiri-Muradiye Kazası………………………………………………….94 1-Konumu ve Sınırları………………………………………………………………94 2-0dâri Yapı………………………………………………………………………….94 3-Nüfus……………………………………………………………………………...95 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………..95 a-Nüfus………………………………………………………………………………95 b-1ehrin Yapısı……………………………………………………………………...96 E-1itak-Çatak Kazası………………………………………………………….96 1-Konumu ve Sınırları……………………………………………………………....96 2-0dârî Yapı………………………………………………………………………….97 3-Nüfus……………………………………………………………………………...97 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………..98 a-Nüfus………………………………………………………………………………98 b-1ehrin Yapısı ve Eserleri………………………………………………………….98 F-Erci2 Kazası…………………………………………………………………...99 1-Konumu ve Sınırları………………………………………………………………99 2-0dârî Yapı………………………………………………………………………….99 vii 3-Nüfus……………………………………………………………………………...99 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………100 a-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….101 b-1ehrin Yapısı…………………………………………………………………….101 c-Erci2 Kitabeleri…………………………………………………………………..102 G-Geva2 Kazası………………………………………………………………..103 1-Konumu ve Sınırları……………………………………………………………..103 2-0dârî Yapı………………………………………………………………………...103 3-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….104 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………104 a-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….105 b-1ehrin Yapısı ve Eserler………………………………………………………....105 H-Kardigan Kazası…………………………………………………………...107 1-Konumu ve Sınırları……………………………………………………………..107 2-0dârî Yapı………………………………………………………………………...107 3-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….107 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………108 a-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….108 b-Eserler…………………………………………………………………………....109 0-Moks-Bahçesaray Kazası……………………………………………….....109 1-Konumu ve Sınırları……………………………………………………………..109 2-0dârî Yapı………………………………………………………………………...110 3-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….110 4-Kaza Merkezi……………………………………………………………………110 a-Nüfus…………………………………………………………………………….111 b-1ehrin Yapısı ve Eserleri………………………………………………………...111 c-Madenler…………………………………………………………………………112 d-Moks Kelimesi…………………………………………………………………...112 J-Van Vilayetinde
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