Appendix: List of Abbreviations

AADF Average annual daily flows CESMM Civil Engineering Standard Method of AASHTO American Association of State Measurement Highway Officials CFC Chlorofluorocarbon ACE Association of Consulting Engineers CHART Computerised highway assessment of ACN Aircraft classification number ratings and treatment AGNIS Advanced azimuth guidance nose-in CIE Commission Internationale de systems l'Eclairage AGR Advanced gas-cooled reactors CIPFA Chartered Institute of Public Finance ALA Association of Local Authorities and Accounting AMA Association of Metropolitan CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Authorities Information Association AME Association of Municipal Engineers CMS Central monitoring system AMS Austenitic manganese steel COD Chemical oxygen demand ASA Amateur Swimming Association CPRE Council for the Protection of Rural ASR Alkali silica reaction England ATP Automatic train protection csa Cross sectional area ATO Automatic train operation CTG Anglo-French Tunnel Group CV Calorific value BA British Airways CWR Continuously welded rail BAA British Airports Authority BEC Building Employers Confederation DLG Derelict Land Grant BNF British Nuclear Fuels DLO Direct labour organisation BOD Biological oxygen demand DLR Docklands light railway BP British DOE Department of the Environment BPF British Property Federation DPTSP Docklands Public Transport Strategic BR British Rail Plan BRE Building Research Establishment DTI Department of Trade and Industry BREEAM BRE environmental research method DTp Department of Transport BRF British Road Federation DTS Dynamic track stabiliser BSI British Standards Institution DWF Dry weather flow BW British Waterways DWT Dead weight tonnes BWL Bottom water level EC European Community CBA Cost benefit analysis EFTA European Free Trade Association CBD Central business district EIA Environmental impact assessment CBI Confederation of British Industry EJ European Journal CBR California bearing ratio ERDF European Regional Development CEN Comite Europeen de Normalisation Fund CENWAG Centralised Intersystem Wagon ETSU Energy Technology Support Unit Transit (Australia) (Department of Energy)

405 406 Appendix: List of Abbreviations

FCEC Federation of Civil Engineering LAMSAC Local Authority Management Contractors Services and Computer Committee FGD Fuel gas desulphurisation LCC London County Council FIOIC International Federation of Consulting led Litres per capita per day Engineers LDDC London Docklands Development FIFA Federation of International Football Corporation Associations LCG Load classification groups PM France Manche LCN Land classification numbers FTA Freight Transport Association LGORU Local Government Operational FTU Formazin turbidity unit Research Unit LRT Light rail transit or London Regional GCWW Greater Cairo Wastewater Transport GLC Council LSC Line supervisory control GRP Glass reinforced polyester LWRA London Waste Regulation Authority HAC High alumina cement hid Hours per day MARCH Maintenance assessment rating and HOB Housing and Development Board costing of highways (Singapore) MCE Maximum credible earthquake HOPE High density polyethylene MDC Development HGV Heavy goods vehicle Corporation HK Hong Kong MOPE Medium density polyethylene HMIP Her Majesty's Inspectorate of MHLG Ministry of Housing and Local Pollution Government HOS House ownership scheme (HK) MId Million litres per day HRM High speed road monitor MLSS Mixed liquor suspended solids HRS Hydraulic Research Station MRT Mass rapid transit (Singapore) HST High speed trains MRTC Mass Rapid Transport Corporation (Singapore) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency MSC Manpower Services Commission ICAO International Civil Aviation MSF Module support frame Organisation MTRC Mass Transit Railway Corporation ICE Institution of Civil Engineers (Hong Kong) IEAus Institute of Engineers of Australia IME Institution of Municipal Engineers NAWDC National Association of Waste IOH Institute of Housing Disposal Contractors IPD ICE Infrastructure Planning Group NCC National Conservation Council ISO International Organisation for NEDC National Economic Development Standardisation Council ISRS International safety rating system NERC National Environmental Research IStructE Council (ISE) Institution of Structural Engineers NLWA North London Waste Authority INTRANS Railways of Australia Intersystem NRA National Rivers Authority Transport Operating Plan NSW New South Wales JAL Japan Airline JNWC Jersey New Waterworks Company 00 Ordnance Datum JTU Jackson turbidity unit ODN Ordnance Datum Newlyn Appendix: List of Abbreviations 407

OECD Organisation for Economic SNCF French Railways Co-operation and Development SPZ Simplified planning zone OFWAT Office of Water Services SS Settleable solids or suspended solids OPC Ordinary Portland Cement SSCV Semi-submersible crane vessel OS Ordnance Survey STPB Singapore Tourist Promotion Board STPG Severn Group PAPA Parallel assisted parking aids STW Severn Trent Water PB Polybutylene PCBs PolychlOrinated biphenyls TBM Tunnel boring machine PCN Pavement classification number TCCB Test and County Cricket Board PO Public datum TCPA Town and Country Planning PE Polyethylene Association PFA Pulverised fuel ash TEU Transit equivalent unit PLA Port of London Authority TGV Train a Grande Vitesse PMF Probable maximum flood TML Transmanche-Link PMP Probable maximum precipitation TOO Total oxygen demand PMS Pavement management system TRADA Timber Research and Development PP Polypropylene Association PSA Property Services Agency TRRL Transport and Road Research PSPS Private sector participation scheme Laboratory (Hong Kong) TSR Temporary speed restriction PTE Passenger Transport Executive TWA Thames Water Authority PQC Pavement quality concrete TWL Top water level PV Permanganate value PVC Polyvinylchloride UAE United Arab Emirates PWD Public Works Department UB Universal beam PWR Pressurised water reactor UCL Unit control logic UDA Urban Development Area QA Quality assurance UEFA Union of European Football Associations RBC Rotating biological contactor UKCS United Kingdom Continental Shelf RC Reinforced concrete UNCRD United Nations Centre for Regional RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects Development RICS Royal Institution of Chartered UNDP United Nations Development Surveyors Programme ROV Remotely operated vehicles UP Urban Programme RPT Rendel Palmer & Tritton uPVC Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride URA Urban Redevelopment Authority SBR Sequencing batch reactor (Singapore) SOC Sentosa Development Corporation (Singapore) VAWT Vertical axis wind turbine SERPLAN London and South East Regional VDU Visual display unit Planning Conference SETEC Societe d'Etudes Techniques et WDF Waste derived fuel Economiques WHO World Health Organisation SHC Spring hoop clip WRc Water Research Centre SIA Singapore International Airline SIMBIDS Simplified bidirectional signalling YDG Yorkshire Development Group Index

Abbeystead accident 21 347-8 construction 132-8 Abbreviations 405-7 Appointment of engineer 18-19 Dolsan, South Korea 136--7 Aberdeen harbour Aqueduct 72-4 maintenance and defects development 349-50 Areas of outstanding natural 138-40 Activated sludge process 203--5 beauty 387 Nant Hir 135--6 Advanced treatment of Artificial canoe slalom course, railway bridges 49-51 sewage 206--7 Nottingham Water Sports railway overbridge Aeration (water) 259--60 Centre 376--8 reconstruction 44-5 Airports Audit Commission 11,152,217 River Torridge 132-4 Changi Airport, Singapore Australia suspension 131, 137-8 94-100 Canberra: national capital Sydney Harbour 138 contractual arrangements 85 332-3 Third 136 control tower 96--7, 98 Darling Harbour regeneration, Tsing North, Hong Kong costs 99-100 Sydney 322 134-5 design 85--6, 88 freeway interchanges 129-30 Tsuen Wan bypass bridge engineering services 87-8,99 new towns 333 115-16 forecasting needs 82-3 railways 48-9 types 131-2 Gatwick Airport, North Rocks conservation area, Brighton marina 372-3 Terminal 88-90 Sydney 316 British Waterways Heathrow Airport, Terminal sewer maintenance 197, 200 general responsibilities 67 4 84-8 Sydney football stadium major projects 70-7 jumbo hangars 91-2,99. 382-3,384 organisation of engineering 67 Mount Pleasant Airport, 138 public works activities 67-70 Falklands 100 Sydney Opera House 384-7 Broadholme sewage treatment noise barriers 87 Sydney Tower, works extension 209-10 O'Hare International Airport, Centrepoint 383--4 Building regulation control 290 Chicago 94 Bury sludge digestion plant 210 pavement design and Bangladesh flooding 340-1 Business parks construction 84, 88, 92, Bankok klongs 76 general aspects 306--7 94-5,97-8 Barking barrier 339-40 Stockley Park, West pavement maintenance 84 Batang Padang hydroelectric London 307-8,309 rapid transit system 93 scheme, Malaysia 395, 396 Watchmoor business park, site selection 83--4 Blackburn leisure pool 379-80 Camberley 308,310 Stansted Airport 90-3 Blackpool waste transfer terminal buildings 86--7,88-9, station 221-2 Cable stayed bridges 131-2, 90-1,95--6 Blacksness harbour, Scalloway, 136--7 transit link between Shetland Islands 351 Cairo wastewater scheme 173--5 terminals 89-90 Blisworth Tunnel 74-5 Canals treatment of deicing water Bombay water supply 266 Bankok klongs 76 92-3 Boreholes 257-8 Blisworth Tunnel 74-5 Akashi suspension bridge, Boston sewage treatment characteristics 65-7 Japan 137-8 works 208-9 docks 65 Albert Dock, Liverpool Breakwaters 345 engineering problems 70 development 312-13 BREEAM 291 freight transport 65 historical background 313 Bridges improvements 68 restoration work 313--14 Akashi, Japan 137-8 Limehouse tidal lock 70-1 Ameria sewage pumping station, cable stayed 131-2,136--7 Llangollen Canal restoration Cairo 191-3 cantilever 132--6 71-2 Anglia coastal defences study case studies of design and locks 65--6,70-1 409 410 Index

maintenance 67-8,69-70 railway electrification 45 271-2 major works 69 railway management 49 Queen's Valley, Jersey 269-72 Netherton Canal Tunnel sea outfalls 178 rockfill 256,270-2 repairs 75-6 sewer design 137 selection 255 plant types 69 sewer rehabilitation 196 Dano-biostabiliser 237-8 public works activities 67-70 solid waste collection Database management restoration 68-9 systems 217 systems 14,273,347-8 Sprotbrough lock 66-7 street works 151 Deflectograph 154 Canary Wharf development, Sydney Opera House 386 Developing countries London Docklands Thames Barrier 337 composting 238-9 background 319 traffic control 142 financing of civil engineering development 320-1 wastewater contracts 174 works 12 transportation 319-20 water supplies, dams and sanitary landfill 227 Canberra: Australia's national treatment 265, 266, 271 sanitation 160-2 capital 332-3 Coney Hill landfill site, waste collection 218-19 Cantilever bridges 132-6 Surrey 225-7 water supply 248-9 Car parking 144-6 Conservation whole life costing of civil Carmarthen Bay VAWT 401 Albert Dock, Liverpool 312-14 engineering works 15 Changi Airport, Singapore areas 311 Diffusers 179-80 access 94 redundant buildings 311-12 Disinfection (water) 262 control tower 96-7, 98 Rocks area, Sydney 316 Dispersed growth processes development costs 99-100 Singapore policy and (sewage) 203-5 engineering services 99 practice 315-16 Dolsan bridge, South Korea main facilities 94 Tanjong Pagar conservation 136-7 pavements 94-5,97-8 area,Singapore 315-16 Domestic waste consumption roads and car parks 98-9 Consulting engineers 6-7 215-16 SIA hangar 99 engagement 7 Drax 391-2 terminal buildings 95-6 Consumption of water 247-8 Dubai tower (United Arab Channel Tunnel Container berth, Tanjung Perak, Emirates) 280-1 background 76 Surabaya 353-5 construction 78-81 Container terminals Embankments 342-3 main features 78 container berth, Tanjung Perak, Energy generation rail link 46-7 Surabaya 353-5 hydroelectric schemes 394-9 terminals 81 design aspects 351,352,353 power stations 389-94 transport facilities 76-7 gantry crane 355 tidal barrage schemes 399-401 tunnel problems 81-2 general characteristics 355-6 wind energy systems 401 Chelmer Lakes 374-5 siting 355 Enterprise zones 317 Chertsey traffic model 126 Contract documents 16-17 Environmental issues Chimneys (power station) 391, Contractors 9 BREEAM 291 393 Contracts costing 26 Chlorofluorocarbons 291 documents 16-17 environmentally friendly Clarification (water) 260-1, 264 operation 17-18 buildings 290-1 Coagulation (water) 260,264 Cooling towers 391 river engineering 25-6 Coastal engineering Country parks 387 treatment of polluted and Cost protection 341 Cricket - Mound Stand derelict land 26 introduction 431-2 redevelopment, Lord's Environmentally friendly sea defences 111-12, 341-8 Cricket Ground, London 383 buildings 290-1 Coastal erosion database 347, 348 Eurocodes 4-5 Communication 18-20 Dambos 366 European Community Computer applications Dams background 3-5 artificial canoe slalom concrete and masonry 256-7 directives 4,175,180,200,246 course 377 design principles 254, 270 financial assistance 11-12, 320 bridge design 137 draw-off arrangements 254, Exchange shopping centre, Channel Tunnel 78 271-2 Ilford 303,304 general aspects 14 earth 255-6 hydroelectric schemes 394 Mudhiq Dam, Saudi Farm wastes 164 irrigation 366 Arabia 255, 257 Federation 'of Civil Engineering Magnus oilfield 362 overflow arrangements 254-5, Contractors 9 Index 411

Felixstowe design 120-2 Tai Mei Tuk B pumping port 350 drainage 130-1 station 281-3,285 sea defence works under express road network, Tai Po industrial estate 306 construction 344-5 Singapore 122-3 Tolo Channel pipeline 183 Filtration (water) 261-2,264-5 horizontal curvature 120-1 Tsing Yi North bridge 134-5 Fixed bed processes (sewage) intersections with grade Tsuen Wan bypass 114-16 202-3 separation 128-30 Housing Flexible pavements 109 landscaping 149 agencies, stock and dwelling Flocculation (water) 260 lighting 146--9 types 291-2 Flood barriers London road proposals 106--7 contracts and layouts 292-3 Barking 339-40 main road network, Hong Hong Kong experience 295-7 introduction 335 Kong 124 post war experience 293-5 River Foss Floodgate, maintenance 152-7 Singaporean experience York 340 meteorology 156--7 297-301 Thames 336--9 Milton Keynes network 30 system building 294-5 Tidal Surge, River Hull 340 motorway constraints 107-8 traffic segregation 294 Flood prediction database 347 motorways 33--6,107-8,121-4, Houston Astrodome 380 Flooding: Bangladesh 340-1 129-30 Hume (Melbourne-Sydney) Flue gas desulphurisation 391-2 Mughsayl to Furious, freeway: interchanges and Fluoridation (water) 263 Oman 116--17 grade separations 129-30 Foul sewers 162-3 network classification 117-18 Hydroelectric schemes parking 144--6 Batang Padang scheme, Gantry crane 355 planning 110-11 Malaysia 395, 396 Garden festivals 389 public utility services 150-1 introduction 394 Gatwick Airport, North Terminal road congestion 104-6 Kiambere project, Kenya 395, design 88 road junctions 127-9 397-9 main elements 88-9 31 Mrica project, Java 395,397 transit link between rock stabilisation 116--17 terminals 89-90 street furniture 149-50 Incineration of waste 227-31 Geological surveys 71,171,297 traffic pollution 105-6 Industrial effluents 163-4 Geophysical surveys 258,361 transition curves 121 Industrial estates 305-6 Gravel pits: reuse for recreational Tsuen Wan bypass 114-16 Institution of Civil Engineers 1 purposes 374-5,375-8 UK road programme 35-6, 106 Institution of Municipal Metrolink vertical curves 121 Engineers 1-2 62-5 whole life costing 15-16 In-town retail shopping Grit removal from sewage 202 widening 157 centres 302-4 Groundwater levels 335 Holme Pierrepont National Water Irrigation Groynes 345 Sports Centre, Nottingham Abu Dhabi (United Arab artificial canoe slalom Emirates) 367 Hastings waste derived fuel course 376-8 Dubai (United Arab plant 234-5 general arrangements 375-6 Emirates) 367-8 Hazardous wastes 240-3 Hong Kong Kuwait 367 Heathrow Airport, Terminal 4 Castle Peak A power Madeira 366 contractual arrangements 85 station 393-4 methods 364 design 85-6 Chai Wan waste composting over grassland (sewage engineering works 87-8 plant 237 treatment) 206 general background 84-5 Harbour Island pumping reuse of sewage effluent 367 structure 86--7 station 281-3,285-7 Southern and Central High speed road monitor 154 housing 295-7 Africa 366 Highways land reclamation 297,359--60 West Nubariya 366--7 alignment 120-2 main road network 124 Isle of Wight waste derived fuel bridge maintenance and mass transit railway 55-7 plant 235-6 defects 138-40 new towns 326, 328-9 Italian football: world cup bridges 115-16,131-8 Sha Tin new town 328-9, 330 developments 381-2 bypasses 108-9 Sha Tin sewage treatment capacity 118-20 works 212-13 case studies 11 0-17 Sha Tin water treatment Jersey water supply 268-72 construction 109-10,112-13 works 267 Jetties 393,394 412 Index

Jubail sewage treatment plant London Docklands Karkh water treatment works, (Saudi Araba) 210-212 Canary Wharf Iraq 267-8 development 319-21 MAM sewage treatment plant, Kallin harbour, Grimsay, light railway 55 Oman 212 Hebrides 351,352,353 Royal Docks sewage pumping Mudhi Dam, Saudi Karkh water treatment works, station 189-91 Arabia 255,257 Iraq 267-8 Mughsayl to Furious highway, Kiambere hydroelectric project, Macerators 181-2 Oman 116-17 Kenya 395,397-9 Madeira irrigation channels 366 reuse of sewage effluent for King's Cross underground station Magnus oil field irrigation: Abu Dhabi (UAE), fire 54 construction and Dubai (UAE), Kuwait, Kirkcaldy sea outfall installation 361-2 Quatar 367-8 headworks 180-2 control room 362-3 Umm al Qaiwain port general background 360-1 (UAE) 350-1 Lagoons (sewage treatment) 206 maintenance, inspection and Milton Keynes New Town LAMSAC 14 safety 363-4 economic development Land reclamation statistics 363 strategy 326 general background 356 Maintenance facts 327 Hong Kong 297, 359-60 airfield pavements 84 general features 323,325 main uses 359 bridges 138-40 housing 325 methods 356, 358-9 Magnus oil field 363-4 industrial development 325 projects 357-8 road lighting 149 parks 325-6 Singapore 356-9 roads 151-7 road layout 325 Landfill 224-7 sewers 170-2,193-200 services 326 Landscaping 149 Sydney Opera House 387 strategic plan 324 Leachate disposal 225-7,308,309 Malaysian rural water Modelling techniques Lentini water supply scheme, supply 268 dam design 253 Sicily 265-6 MAM sewage treatment plant, London water ring main 278 Llangollen Canal restoration 71-2 Oman 212 traffic engineering 125-7 Local authority Management Motorways 33-6,107-8,121-4, finance 11 coastal 346-8 129-30 marketing services 13 principles 12 M25 34-5, 107-8 quality assurance 22-3 quality assurance 21-3 M25-M40 129,130 London traffic 141-2 Mrica hydroelectric project, Canary Wharf development, Manholes 172-3 Java 395,397 London Docklands 319-21 Manila sea outfall 183 Mudhiq Dam, Saudi Arabia 255, Docklands light railway 55 Marinas 257 Edmonton solid waste Brighton 372-3 Mughsayl to Furious highway, incineration plant 228-31 design 368-70 Oman 116-17 Hendon solid waste rail transfer pontoons 369 Multi-storey car parks 145-6 station 223 Port Hamble 372 Municipal engineers 8-9 Mound Stand Solent 370-2 future 8-9 redevelopment, Lord's Meadowhall, Sheffield retail and Mythe water treatment works, Cricket Ground 383 leisure centre 305 Tewkesbury 263-5 Newham solid waste road Mersey tidal barrage transfer station 222 scheme 400,401 rising groundwater levels 335 Metering 274 Nant Hir bridge 135-6 road proposals 106-7 Methane gas disposal 226-7, 308 National parks 387 Royal Docks sewage pumping Microstrainers 206 National rowing course, National station 189-91 Middle East projects Water Sports Centre, StockIey business park 307-8, Ameria sewage pumping Nottingham 375-6 309 station, Cairo 191-3 Nature reserves 387 Underground 53-5 Cairo wastewater scheme Neighbourhood water ring main 275-9 173-5 centres 332 Western Riverside solid waste Dubai(UAE) tower 280-1 units 299,322,323 transfer station, Jubail sewage treatment Netherton Canal Tunnel Wandsworth 222-3 plant, Saudi Arabia 210-12 repairs 75-6 Index 413

New Towns Aberdeen harbour Crewe modernisation 42-4 Australian new towns 333 development 349-50 diversion 42-4,112 British policy and background 348-9 electrification 44-6 practice 322-6 Blacksness harbour, Scalloway, French high speed 47-8 early developments 322-3 Shetland Islands 351 general aspects 39-40 Milton Keynes 323-6, 327 container terminals 351-6 London underground 53-5 subsequent developments Felixstowe port 350 mass/light transit 53-65 323 Kallin harbour, Grimsay, stations 45,52-3,54,58-9, 62 Hong Kong new town Hebrides 351, 352, 353 track design 40-1 developments 326, 328-9 Umm al Qaiwain port (United track maintenance and environmental aspects 328 Arab Emirates) 350-1 renewal 41-2 programme 326,328 Port Hamble marina 372 trains 39,47,49, 62, 63, 64 Sha Tin new town 328-9, 330 Portland sewage pumping viaducts 59 Singapore new town station 187-9 Rechem Pontypool waste developments 329-32 Portsmouth sea outfall 183-4 treatment plant 242-3 evolution 329,331 Power stations Recreational facilities main components 331 Castle Peak A power station, areas of outstanding natural position in 1989 331 Hong Kong 393-4 beauty 387 Newham solid wastes road design and construction 390-1 country parks 387 transfer station, London 222 Drax 391-2 football grounds 380-3 Nirex 243-4 flue gas desulphurisation 391-2 garden festivals 389 Noise barriers 87,113 introduction 389-90 general introduction 368 North Sea offshore projects 360--4 nuclear stations 392 Holme Pierrepont National North Wales coast road (ASS) Shajiao B power station, Water Sports Centre, 110-14 China 392-3 Nottingham 375--8 Conwy river crossing 113 Professional liability 20-1 marinas 368-73 highway construction 112-13 Public works engineering Mound Stand redevelopment, Penmaenbach tunnel 113-14 contracts 16-18 Lord's Cricket Ground 383 planning 110-11 developing countries 15 national parks 387 railway diversion 112 financing 11-12 nature reserves 387 retaining walls 113 implementation 9-10 Sentosa Island, Singapore sea defences 111-12 management 12-13 388-9 stations 392 marketing 13 sports stadia and arenas 380 nature and scope 2-3 swimming pools 332, 378-80 Offshore works quality assurance 21-3 Sydney Opera House 384-7 general introduction 360-1 Pumping stations Sydney Tower Centrepoint Magnus oil field 360--4 Ameria, Cairo (sewage) 191-3 383-4 other North Sea projects 364 general characteristics 186-7 water based 374-5 Ula oil field 364, 365 Harbour Island, Hong Kong Renfrew motorway 123-4 Out-of-town shopping (water) 281-3,285--7 Reports to employer 19 centres 304-5 Portland (sewage) 187-9,190 Reservoirs 253-4, 268-72, 279-80 Park and ride schemes 30-1 Royal Docks (sewage) 189-91 Retail shopping Parking Tai Mei Tuk B, Hong Kong background 301-2 demand and policy 144 (water) 281-3,285 Exchange shopping centre, multi-storey car parks 145-6 Ilford 303,304 provision in urban areas 145 Qualityassurance 21-3 in-town shopping centres 302- Peak funicular railway, Hong Queen's Valley Reservoir, 4 Kong 59-60 Jersey 268-72 Meadowhall, Sheffield retail Percolating filters 202-3 and leisure centre 305 Peterhead sea outfall 184-5 Radioactive wastes Out-of-town shopping pH adjustment 262 disposal 243-4 centres 304-305 Pipe jacking 171-2 nature 243 Ridings shopping centre, Pipes 272-3 packaging and Wakefield 303-4 Planning control 289-90 transportation 244 Retail warehouses 305 Pollution of water 252-3 Railways Retaining walls 113 Pontoons 369 Australian 48-9 Revetments 343 Port and harbour works bridges 44-5,49,51 Ridings shopping centre, Channel Tunnel rail link 46-7 Wakefield 303-4 414 Index

Rigid pavements 109 groynes 345 mass rapid transit system Ripple control of street lights 148 history in the UK 342 57-61 River engineering revetments 343 ripple control of street crossing 113 sand dunes 342 lights 148 defences 346 sea walls 343-5 Sentosa Island flood defences, River Nene 346 sheet piling 345-6 development 388-9 introduction 341 techniques 342-6 water conservation 274-5 River Foss floodgate, York 340 work under construction, Site river intakes 258-9 Felixstowe 344-5 documents and records 19-20 River Torridge bridge 132-4 Sea levels 335 meetings 20 Road Sea outfalls Sludge treatment and disposal bridges 131-40 construction 182-4 aerobic digestion 207 congestion 28-9, 104-6 design 178-80 anaerobic digestion 207 drainage 130-1 diffusers 179-80 character and amount of furniture 149-50 failures 184-6 sludge 207 junctions 127-30 headworks 180-2 dewatering 207-8 landscaping 149 Manila outfall 183 disposal 208 lighting 149 Peterhead outfall 184-5 thickening 207 maintenance 152-7 Portsmouth outfall 183-4 Softening (water) 262-3 parking 144-6 preliminary procedures 176-7 Solent marinas 370-2 pricing 31 purpose and requirements Solid waste management public utility services 150-1 175-6 background 215 repairs 154-5 Tolo Channel pipeline, Hong composting 236-9 space rentals 151-2 Kong 183 disposal methods 223-7 widening 157 Sedimentation (sewage) 202, 205 domestic waste winter maintenance 155-7 Severn tidal barrage scheme consumption 215-16 Rock stabilisation 116-17 399-400 hazardous wastes 240-2 Rotating biological Severn Trent Water 247, 250-2, household waste reception 220 contactors 203 263-5 incineration 227-31 Rutland Water 374 Sewage pumping stations radioactive wastes 242-3 Ameria, Cairo 191-3 recycling 239-40 Safety aspects general characteristics 186-7 transfer and transportation demolition 24 Portland 187-9 220-3 earthworks 24 Royal Docks, London 189-91 waste collection 216-19 Magnus oil field 363-4 Sewerage systems 162 waste derived fuel plants 232- roads 142-4 Sewers 6 sewers 24-5 foul 162-4 Sports stadia and arenas site handling 24 in tunnel 170-2 football grounds in the UK 380- statutory requirements 23-4 inspection systems 196 1 tunnelling 24 loads on buried pipes 170 general introduction 380 Sand dunes 342 maintenance and Houston Astrodome 380 Sand filtration (sewage) 205-6 rehabilitation 193-200 Italian football, world cup Scarborough sea outfall materials 169-70 developments 381-2 headworks 180-2 plans and sections 168-9 Sydney football stadium 382- Science parks 308,311 renovation techniques and 3,384 St John's Innovation Centre, costs 197-200 Toronto's Sky Dome 382 Cambridge 311 sea outfalls 175-86 Sprotbrough lock 66-7 Screening of sewage 201 surface water 165-8 St John's Innovation Centre, Screening of water 259 Shajiao B power station, Cambridge 311 Sea defences 111-12,342-8 China 392-3 Staff development 12-13 A55,North Wales 111-12 Shanghai wastewater scheme 175 Stanley Ferry Aqueduct 72-4 Anglia coastal defences study Singapore Stanstead Airport 347-8 Changi Airport 94-100 jumbo hangar 91-2 breakwaters 345 compQsting plant 237-8 pavement design and coastal erosion database conservation areas 315-16 construction 92 347,348 express road network 122-3 rapid transit system 93 coastal management 346-8 housing 297-301 terminal building 90-1 flood prediction database 347 land reclamation 356-9 treatment of deicing waste 92-3 Index 415

Storm sewerage 164-5 modelling techniques 125-7 household waste reception 220 Straddle carrier 355 pollution 105-6 methods 217-18 Surface water sewerage 165-8 safety 142-4 vehicles 219 Surveillance systems 142 surveillance systems 142 Waste disposal methods Suspension bridges 131,137-8 Transition curves 121 composting 236--9 Swansea Maritime Quarter Transportation Coney Hill landfill site, background 321 airports 82-100 Surrey 225-7 development work 321-2 bus services 36--9 Edmonton solid waste regeneration strategy 321 canals 65-76 incineration plant 228-31 Swimming pools Channel Tunnel 76-82 Hastings waste derived fuel Blackburn leisure pool 379-80 characteristics 28-33 plant 234-5 design 379 co-ordination 32-3 hazardous wastes 240-3 general background 378-9 light/mass transit systems incineration 227-31 main structural defects 379 53--65 Isle of Wight waste derived fuel Singapore 332 motorways 33--6, 107-8, plant 235-6 Sydney 121-4, 129-30 landfill 224-7 Centrepoint Tower 38~ park and ride schemes 30-1 operating costs 240 Darling Harbour planning 29 other incineration plants 231 regeneration 322 private sector 31-2 radioactive wastes 243-4 football stadium 382-3, 384 railways 39-53 Rechem Pontypool plant 242-3 Harbour Bridge 138 statistics 28 recycling 239-40 Opera House 384-7 UK road programme 35-6 waste derived fuel plants Rocks conservation area 316 Tunnels 232-7 Sydney Opera House Blisworth canal Waste transfer and transportation accommodation and uses 386--7 reconstruction 74-6 Blackpool waste transfer construction 386 Channel 46, 76--82 station 221-2 general background 384-5 Penmaenbach A55 road 113-14 general~rrangements 220-1 maintenance 387 sewers in 170-2 Hendon rail transfer System built housing 294-5 Singapore MRT 60-1 station 223 Metro 61-2 Newham road transfer station, Tanjong Pagar conservation area, Wandsworth 222 Singapore 315-16 Ula oil field 364, 365 Western riverside transfer Taylor report on football Umm al Qaiwain port (UAE) station, Wandsworth 222-3 grounds 380 350-1 Wastewater engineering Tertiary treatment of sewage Upward flow clarifiers Boston treatment works 208-9 205-7 (sewage) 206 Broadholme treatment works Thames Barrier Urban development agencies extension 209-10 background 336 317-18 Bury sludge digestion barrier complex 336--7 Urban development plant 210 construction 337-8 corporations 317 case studies of treatment costs and other aspects 338-9 Urban renewal works 208-13 Third Dartford Crossing 136 background 316--17 characteristics 200-1 Tidal barrage schemes Canary Wharf development, Greater Cairo scheme 173-5 Mersey barrage 399-400 London Docklands 319-21 historical background 160 400, 401 Darling Harbour, Sydney 322 Jubail treatment plant, Saudi Tidal surge barrier, River organisational aspects 317-18 Arabia 210-12 Hull 340 projects 318-19 loads on buried pipes 170 Toll roads 32 Swansea Maritime Quarter MAM treatment works, Toronto's Sky Dome 382 321-2 Oman 212 Town parks 300,325-6,328,331-2 manholes 172-3 Toxic algae 252-3 Valves 273 pumping stations 186--93 Traffic Vertical curves 121 sea outfalls 175-86 appraisal 124-5 Viaducts 59,117 sewer design 162-9 Chertsey model 126 sewer maintenance and congestion 28-9, 104-6 Wallingford procedure 168 rehabilitation 193-200 control 141-2 Waste collection sewer materials 169-70 forecasting flows 29-30 background 216--17 sewer plans and sections 168-9 management 141-2 developing countries 218-19 sewers in tunnel 170-2 416 Index

Sha Tin treatment works, Hong leakage control 273-4 wells 258 Kong 212-13 Lentini supply scheme, Water stabilisation ponds Shanghai scheme 175 Sicily 265-6 (sewage) 205 third world 160-2 London ring main 275-9 Water-based recreation treatment processes 201-8 Malaysian rural supply 268 background 374 Wallingford procedure 168 metering 274 Chelmer Lakes 374-5 Watchmoor business park, My the treatment works, Holme Pierrepont National Water Camberley 308,310 Tewkesbury 263-5 Sports Centre, Nottingham Water pollution 252-3 375-8 Bombay supply 266 privatisation 247 Rutland Water 374 boreholes 257-8 pumping stations 281-7 Wells 258 case studies of supply and reservoirs 253-4,269-71 Whole life casting treatment schemes 263-72 river intakes 258-9,264 airports 86 conservation 274-5 service resevoirs 279-80 civil engineering works in consumption 247-8 services and fittings 272-3 developing countries 15 dams 254-7 Severn Trent Water 247,250-2, concept 15 developing countries 248-9 263-5 roads 15 Hong Kong supply 266-7, statutory controls 246 Wind energy schemes 401 281-7 supply management 246-53 Windrows 238 Jersey supply 268-72 supply sources 249-52 Winter maintenance of Karkh treatment works, Iraq towers 280-1 roads 155-7 267-8 treatment processes 259-63