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A Scoping Study On: Research Into Changes in Sediment Dynamics Linked to Marine Renewable Energy Installations

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A Scoping Study On: Research Into Changes in Sediment Dynamics Linked to Marine Renewable Energy Installations A Scoping Study on: Research into Changes in Sediment Dynamics Linked to Marine Renewable Energy Installations Laurent Amoudry3, Paul S. Bell3, Kevin S. Black2, Robert W. Gatliff1 Rachel Helsby2, Alejandro J. Souza3, Peter D. Thorne3, Judith Wolf3 April 2009 1British Geological Survey Murchison House West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA [email protected] www.bgs.ac.uk 2Partrac Ltd 141 St James Rd Glasgow G4 0LT [email protected] www.partrac.com 3Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Joseph Proudman Building 6 Brownlow Street Liverpool L3 5DA, www.pol.ac.uk 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study scopes research into the impacts and benefits of large-scale coastal and offshore marine renewable energy projects in order to allow NERC to develop detailed plans for research activities in the 2009 Theme Action Plans. Specifically this study focuses on understanding changes in sediment dynamics due to renewable energy structures. Three overarching science ideas have emerged where NERC could provide a significant contribution to the knowledge base. Research into these key areas has the potential to help the UK with planning, regulation and monitoring of marine renewable installations in a sustainable way for both stakeholders and the environment. A wide ranging consultation with stakeholders was carried out encompassing regulators, developers, researchers and other marine users with a relevance to marine renewable energy and/or sediment dynamics. Based on this consultation a review of the present state of knowledge has been produced, and a relevant selection of recent and current research projects underway within the UK identified to which future NERC funded research could add value. A great deal of research has already been done by other organisations in relation to the wind sector although significant gaps remain, particularly in long term and far-field effects. Research into the effects of wave and tidal schemes is still relatively sparse and presents an opportunity for NERC. Taking into consideration all the viewpoints feeding into this study together with the known strengths within NERC and existing UK projects, the following key themes capture the essence of the future research. 1. Determine the far field effect of renewable energy installations that could alter the regional tides and wave climate in the UK and neighbouring countries and consequently impact on sediment transport and coastal morphodynamics. 2. Validate efficient methods of monitoring renewable energy installation impacts that can be accepted and adopted by stakeholders. 3. Increase predictive ability of models in the context of marine renewables by developing methodologies for connecting the different scales from small scale physical processes to device scale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and to regional numerical modelling. Theme 1 should be the overarching scientific aim of NERC funded research. It focuses on far-field effects with the understanding that near-field effects would be more important in the two-way interaction between the renewable energy devices and the surrounding hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics and as such may be a better fit to funding or co-funding from engineering sources (e.g., EPSRC). Naturally, this overarching scientific topic should be addressed using both observational and modelling programmes, which respectively correspond to Theme 2 and Theme 3. Such prominence of monitoring and modelling results from the extent to which almost all possible future studies on the far-field impact of renewable energy installations ought to rely on a combination of both approaches. A major issue that has been consistent across the academic, industry and regulator consultation is the need for long-term baseline datasets together with continued 3 monitoring through installation lifetimes. This would help separate natural variability of sites from anthropogenic impacts and validate model predictions. Significant added value could be gained through buy-in (largely but not exclusively of manpower) to a number of existing research projects that represent an already substantial investment, rather than by developing entirely new research programmes with all the overheads that entails. These linkages have been summarised in Section 5.2 and span projects involving a significant number of the UK’s key coastal and sediments research groups. Other potential partners could include SMEs, device developers and regulators. Most key stakeholders consulted expressed a willingness to be involved in future research projects, including developers and the Crown Estate. Some may also be willing to co-support projects that they feel are particularly applicable to their remit – notably the Crown Estate via the Research Advisory Group, SEAs Programme, EPSRC and possibly the Environment Agency. These organisations should be consulted in the planning stages to explore this possibility. 4 5 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 Overview of UK Marine Renewable Energy Developments 8 1.2 The Scoping Study 10 1.3 Conceptual Description of Interactions between Offshore Renewable Energy Devices and Sediment Transport and Coastal Processes 11 1.4 Development of Impact Assessment Criteria 12 1.5 Impact Assessment through Project Timeframes 12 2. SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE BASE OF IMPACTS ON COASTAL SYSTEMS FROM THE REGULATORS & DEVELOPERS 13 2.1 Where Is the Evidence Base? 13 2.2 Categorisation 14 2.3 The SEA Evidence Base 15 2.4 The Evidence Base from Historic and Contemporary Site Developments (data sources: EIA, FEPA, CP studies; non-statutory monitoring) 18 2.5 Assessment of Environmental Impacts through Site Development 18 2.6 Summary of the Evidence Base from Regulators and Developers 23 3. THE ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE 26 3.1 Review of Academic Views 26 4. KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS 30 5. ADDRESSING THE KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS 33 5.1 Introduction 33 5.2 Partnerships and Collaborative Opportunities 34 5.3 Modelling 36 5.4 Monitoring 39 6. SUMMARY 41 7. APPENDICES 43 7.1 Appendix 1 – Overview of UK Marine Renewable Energy Developments 44 7.2 Appendix 2 - Data Sources 49 7.3 Appendix 3 - Criteria Used to Assess Impacts on Sediment Dynamics 58 7.4 Appendix 4 – Case Studies Illustrating the Industry Evidence Base 61 7.5 Appendix 5 - Recent/Current Relevant Research Projects 65 7.6 Appendix 6 – Detailed Review of Sediment Transport Modelling Practice 71 7.7 Appendix 7 - Recommended Future Case Study Sites 89 7.8 Appendix 8 - Summary of Consultation Responses - Partrac 96 6 7.9 Appendix 9 – Summary of Consultation Responses – POL/BGS 105 7.10 References/Bibliography 115 7 1. INTRODUCTION This study scopes the state of research into the impacts and benefits of large scale coastal and offshore marine renewable energy projects through changes in sediment dynamics linked to renewable energy structures. This will allow NERC to develop detailed plans for research activities in the 2009 Theme Action Plans (TAPs). The call for this study originates specifically from the existing TAP on Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. Other linkages to NERC themes include Natural Hazards and Climate System Research. There are three main types of marine renewable energy device currently installed or planned for UK waters – Wind turbines, wave energy converters and tidal energy converters. An overview of their current state of development and implementation in the marine environment is presented in section 1.1. Note that environmental impacts & benefits of tidal barrages are out of scope for this study and will be addressed by NERC in a future study. The way this scoping study was conducted is described in section 1.2 and can conveniently be divided into two sections: • A review of the knowledge base and views of marine renewable device developers and regulators • A review of the knowledge base and views of the research community These two communities have somewhat different interests and priorities and so are treated separately, although very similar themes in responses are apparent. The terminology used in the following sections is defined in Section 1.3 with reference to a conceptual model of coastal processes and the way in which the environmental impact severity of marine renewable energy devices is assessed is given in section 1.4. Impacts have differing severity depending on the stage of development of an installation, and these different stages are identified in section 1.5. 1.1 Overview of UK Marine Renewable Energy Developments Energy extraction from the marine environment is expected to contribute 20% of the total renewable energy production of the UK by 2020. This is approximately 3% of the overall UK electricity demand (Carbon Trust, 2005). The UK has a huge potential in terms of marine energy and is a world leader in terms of energy production from offshore wind and development of marine renewable devices (wave and tide). The following section gives an overview of the potential for each source as well as current developments within the UK, and a map of current wind farms and potential areas for future development is shown in Figure 1, together with the sites of Wavehub, EMEC and the Scrobie Sands Wind Farm case study. 1.1.1 Wind Offshore wind farms are a comparatively established technology within the renewable energy industry. They are essentially the same as the land based versions but mounted on marine monopiles, which are relatively straightforward static structures. Five offshore wind farms are in operation as of March 2009 and licence applications from the Crown Estate have reached the third round with 10 exclusivity agreements announced in February 2009 (see Appendix 1). The potential for wind-generated electricity in winter is over 1500 W/m2 (mean) over most of the UK, although this falls by approximately two thirds during the summer - a trend that supports the winter peak of electricity demand in the UK. ABPmer (2002) determined that the major components of an offshore wind farm that could affect coastal processes are the turbine foundations, array spacing and seabed cable laying. All five operational wind farms (Burbo Banks, Barrow, Kentish Flats, Scroby Sands 8 and North Hoyle) have monopile foundations, which are suited to shallow water with stable, sub-bottom sediments.
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