J Pole - 4 Supper J Pole - 5 Slim Jim Antenna 1 1\4 - 6 Collener - 7 Discone - 8 Marconi Vertical Antenna - 9 Bazooka Antenna -10

Home , DBFS, DBrn

Antenna

Wave length ( ) 5%

. 0.66 (velocity factor) RG-58 300 000 Km/s .

= C , = F : =

120

Impedance

) . (

. ( ) 50 . , ( ) . 50 ( ) . 50

VSWR and Reflected Power

SWR VSWR VSWR . ( ) 2:1 ( Voltage Standing Wave Ratio ) VSWR ) 1.5:1 1.5:1 VSWR 100 Watt ( 1:1 4 Watt 96 Watt . 4.2

Band Width

. SWR

, ,

, .

121

. : 150 MHz . 825 MHz 450 MHz

: Band Width

( 150 – 156MHz ) ( ) . 3.9%

BW = 100 X Fh – Fl Fc

BW = 100 X 156 150 = 3.9 % 153

Decibel ( ) . .

122

A . B .

( gain ) B A ( loss ) B A

( Isotropic ) dBi -1 .

dBd -2 . 2.14 dBi = 0 dBd

dBq -3 .

, dBc -4

. ( side band peak power)

dBm -5 . 50

v dB v -6 0dB v 50 1 v .

dB(old) -7 0 dB 500 6mv 600 mv1 VU .

123

dBm dBw -8 - 30dBw = 0 0dBw = +30dBm . 1 .

0.775 V VRMS dBu -9

1 V dBv -10

, Milivolt dBmv -11 0dBmv 1mv 75 1mv . ( snow )

(Sound Pressure Level) dB(spl) -12 20 micropascals . 1 µPa . ( )

(Sound Intensity level) dB(sil) -13 ) / 10^ -12 . (

(Sound Power Level) dBswl -14 . 10^ -12

dB(C) / dB(B) / dB(A) -15 . 20 µPa dB(spl) dB(C).

/ 1 = 1 dBj -16 . 0dBj =0dBw/Hz ( Noise Density )

1 µv / m dBµ -17 . . ( / 1 )

. 1 femtowatt dBf -18

124

. 1Kilowatt dBk -19

0dBfs , dBfs -20 . Digital system 1

( overload ) dBo -21 . analog system dBfs

1 bandwidth dB-Hz -22 . 20dB-Hz = 100Hz , Link budget calculation

( isometric circular ) dBic -23 . .

. ( reference noise ) dBrn -24

Directivity and Gain

. , 100 , 100 . . , G = x D

G = = D =

125

Gain measurement

( ) . ( ) VHF { 2.15 dBi = 0dBd } ) ( 2 1 5 ( ) . SHF UHF . Standard ( Horn )

( ) . .

5W 10 dB 144 MHz ( 37 dBm ) – 95 dB 4 dBi 5dBi , 8dB . – 67 dBm cable losses http://www.ocarc.ca/coax.htm calculation free space losses http://www.terabeam.com/support/calculations/free-space-loss.php#calc

126

10 Km

4 dBi 5 dBi antenna antenna

10 dB 8 dB losses losses Free space losses 37 dBm - 95 dB - 67 dBm TX cable cable RX

transmiter receiver

Tx power = 37 dBm = 5 watt Tx Cable losses = 10 dB Tx antenna Gain = 4 dBi Free space losses = 20 * Log10 (frequency in MHz) + 20 * Log10 (Distance in Miles) + 36.6 = -95 dB Rx antenna Gain = 5 dBi Rx cable losses = 8 dB Rx power = - 67 dBm according to the equation below :-

37 dBm 10 dB + 4 dBi 95 dB + 5 dBi 8 dB = - 67 dBm

This equation is used to calculate the losses power From transmitter to receiver through cable & antenna

( 6-1 )

( System Gain ) receiver ) ( ) (sensitivity , ( output power ) . .

System Gain = output power + receiver sensitivity

127

-113 dBm @ BER 10-6 -: 37 + 113 = 150 dB 37 dB

Fade margin

, 20 dB . Fade Margin = received power - receiver sensitivity

– 67 dBm -: - 67 – ( - 113 ) = 46 dBm : -113dBm

: (Vertical omni direction) -1 ( dipole ) -2 . ( yagi ) - 3

( UHF VHF ) . .

0.95 / 300000 %5 ( ) . / 285000

. VE3SQB

. (ELEMENT )

128

Vertical omni direction : ( ) . Vertical antenna with ground plane - 1 5/8 - 2 Multi bands antenna - 3 j pole - 4 Supper j pole - 5 Slim Jim antenna 1 1\4 - 6 Collener - 7 Discone - 8 Marconi vertical antenna - 9 Bazooka antenna -10

dipole

) isotropic . (

Dipole antenna / 2 - 1 Multy dipole antenna - 2 Inverted V dipole antenna -3 Trap dipole antenna - 4 Circular dipole antenna - 6 Folded dipole antenna - 7 Loop Skye wire antenna - 8 Egg Beater antenna - 9 Liquid metal antenna -10

129

SHF HF

yagi antenna - 1 Cubical quad antenna - 2 Log periodic antenna - 3 Helical antenna - 4 horn antenna - 5 Dish antenna - 6 Sectoral antenna -7 Moxon antenna - 8 Curtain Quad antenna -9

Vertical antenna :

- 1 ( element ) ( Ground plane ) 50 45° / 4 = 2.14 dBi 0 dBd 145MHz http://www.iraqi-ars.org . VHF & UHF ( project ) n o i t

a 49 300,000,000 X 0.95 i d

a cm

= = 196 cm R 145,000,000 4 c 9

m d l r

45 o e coxil = 49 cm ° H

4 Groun y d / 4 Antenna plane 4 Ground plane

( 6-2 )

130

5/8 - 2 ( Matching coil ) ground )

( plane 5/8 y . VHF , UHF 122cm 145MHz 5/8 ( 6 3 ) 50ohm coxil 122 12 10 . 3.5 3/4

5/8 y . SWR Vertical antenna 8/5 ( 6-3 )

2 9 '

3 .8 M H z T ra p - 3 6 3 ' ( Trap ) 28MHz 28MHz .

1 4 M H z T ra p 57' 2 3 ' 2 1 M H z 28MHz 21MHz T ra p 1 8 ' . 57' 18' 2 8 M H z T ra p

5 7 ' . 5 B a n d v e rtic a l a n te n n a ( 6-4 )

131

J pole - 4 ) 1' ( 38' 3/4' ¾’ L T ) 5' Ground ( plane 3' 19' SWR 3' 144MHz

50 ohm Coxil

J pole antenna J Pole ( 6-5 ) n

o Supper j pole - 5 i t c h e c s n i

g 38 inch 8 n 3 i

n J pole u 3 inch gup T 38' U

60 inch 144MHz

19inch . 3'

50 ohm Coxil Supper j pole ( 6- 6 )

Supper J pole antenna

132

Slim jim 1 1/4 - 6 cup Ground plane e r i 9 20 w

38 m 3 m

5 . 5/6 . 0 58' . 4.5 dBi 1 3/4 1 1 0.5 3.5 SWR 19' . . 3.5' ¾’ 1' pipe pipe 1.25 1 Teflon

. , PL259 145MHz ( VHF / ) Slim jim antenna http://www.iraqi-ars.org

Slim jim ( 6- 7 )

collener - 7

2.4GHz

RG-213 8 . 2.4 GHz ( Velocity factor ) 0.66

133

( )

9 dBi %80 400 . 50 / ) http://www.iraqi-ars.org ( 2.4GHz

collener ( 6- 8 )

3 Discone - 8 . 0.7 ( feed point) . ) 50 . ( .

. 40 25 0.7 x y /4 screw

Disck

Insulator y /4 25 to 40 e l b a c l a i x a o C

Conical PL259/N type

Discone Antenna ( 6- 9 )

134

Marconi antenna 9

Ground \4 . plane ( 2MHz )

75m 2MHz 2MHz

75m ,

\4 .

( 6- 10 )

135

Bazooka antenna 10

Velocity RG-8 RG-213 . ( 0.66 ) factor 145MHz 25 mm PVC tube 49cm

) 34cm e r o ) 49cm feed point C 7105 3 (

1 = 49 CM

2 145

- 30cm G

R 1 PVC ( 25mm ) d l e i h s 4930 3 = 34 CM 1

2 145 - G R 3 1 2 - G

R 7105 = 49 CM 145 t s a M

30 CM

PL259 connector

145MHz Bazoka Antenna ( 6- 11 )

136

/ 2 - 1

( )

. ( 6 1 )

, .

Insulator / 4 / 4

Copper wire Copper wire

/ 4 cable

71.5 4 = Meter f MHz

/ 2 ( 6- 12 )

137

- 2

( ) , SWR ( ) 21 MHz 14 MHz . 28 MHz 50 ohm RG213 or RG8 RG58 .

( 6- 13 )

inverted V 3

. . %4

138

Insulator

45º 45º /4 /4

Insulator Insulator

Earth

( 6- 14 )

Trap antenna - 4

58-RG ( ) . 28 MHz & 21 MHz & 14 MHz 21 MHz 28 MHz

139

28 MHz /4 L1 21 MHz 28 MHz 14 MHz L1 + L2 L1 + L2 + L3 . ( 5.03 m )

( 6- 15 )

HF Matching

140

( 16- 16 ) circular dipole antenna 6

VHF & UHF 144 MHz 12.2 cm 10 cm (matching ) 15 pf . 5 40

Variable Copper pipe Capacitor 10 mm 15 PF

122 mm

5 mm Matching

40 mm PL 219 or N type

( 6-17 )

141

Folded dipole 7 VHF & UHF ) (

300 4:1 6:1 ( balun ) . 75 50

6:1 . 50 50 ) ( ) . ( ( 300 )

( ) 300 75 coaxial cable 75 . 4:1 ( RG- 59 )

(6- 18 )

142

Loop Skye wire antenna - 8

DX HF Omni direction . MFJ 28 MHz 21 MHz 14MHz . ( 7MHz ) Antenna tuner 10m 300 ( 5m ) Balun 300 RG59 10m 6:1 4:1 75 . ( 50 ) . ( ) 2.5mm

Insulator /4 /4

/4 /4

Must 300 /4 cable

( 6- 19 )

143

Egg Beater antenna - 9

. ( pattern )

Vertical , . Vertical .

%10 VHF ) 4% + , ( ground plane ) ( UHF ( ) .

F5VIF ON6WG

http://pagesperso-orange.fr/on6wg/Doc/Antenne%20Eggbeater-Engl-Part1-Full.pdf

: . ( Nawa ) 137.6 MHz -1 300 / 137.6 = 218 cm + 8 = 226cm ( ) -2 10 mm 72 cm = 3 ( 54.5 cm) = 1/4 = ground plane)) -4 27.25 cm = 1/8 = -5 90 = -6 ¼ x 0.66 = 36 cm -7 ( Velocity factor 0.66 ) RG58 150 cm 40 mm PVC - 8

100 rink RG58 50 1/8 4 1/4 .

144

(6- 20 )

145

Liquid metal antenna -10

, Mike Lake KD8CIK LM Antenna .

( )

SWR . . ( )

Galinstan

Galnnistan

L Ground plane

Compress air

Coaxial cable . Liquid metal antenna

( 6-21 )

146

Directional antenna

( Yagi ) (boom) . ( radiation element) . HF ( Trap ) . ( Trap )

. 300 ( Folded Dipole ) . ( 75 50) 4:1 6:1 ( Balun ) . 50 ( ) (boom) .

( )

( HF )

. ( )

......

147

145 MHz

. ( 1.5 ) SWR .

. DL6WU & VK5DJ

http://vk5dj.mountgambier.org/Yagi/Yagi.html

145 MHz = 10dBi = 208.8 cm = 64 deg = 3 dB beam width 25 mm = 10 mm = 1446 mm = . 30 mm 1015 mm = 444 mm 974 mm = . 444 mm 993 mm = . 155 mm 915 mm = 1 . 599 mm 372 mm 1 906 mm = 2 . 971 mm 445 mm 2 897 mm = 3 1415 mm 1446mm 30 mm .

148

2019 mm = ( ) 1009 mm = 25 mm = 50 mm = ( ) 459 mm = GF = HI 498 mm = GE = HA 538 mm = HB = GD 1009 mm = HC = GC m m 0 5

1015mm 993mm 915mm 906mm 897mm

444mm 155mm 372mm 445mm m m m m 0 0 3 3 1446 mm 1 2 3 reflector radiator directors 5 Element 10dB! Folded Dipool Yagi

( 6-22 )

149

Cubical quad antenna - 2

gamma tuner 2m VHF & UHF SWR . 70 cm

http://www.csgnetwork.com/antennae5q2calc.html

( 6- 23 )

150

Log periodic antenna - 3

, 180 ( )

, . HF & VHF & UHF ( broad band )

insulator

Coaxial cable Log periodic antenna

log periodic ( 6-24 )

151

Helical antenna - 4

VHF & UHF & Micro wave ,

. ( Clock wise polarization ) ( Anti Clock wise polarization) ) . (

PVC 18dBi 2.4GHz 40mm 42mm 550mm 0.7mm 130mm 150mm 40mm PVC 12 1mm . U : ARRL

/http://www.wireless.org.au/~jhecker/helix

Helical ( 6-25 )

152

A horn antenna - 5

VHF& UHF microwave

18.5dBi 10GHz . ,

( 6-26 )

153

Dish antenna - 6

( ) Offset antenna LNB LNB . LNB LNB LNB . Parabolic . :

= F = D = d

FOCUS D² D F = 16 d d

( 6-27 )

154

Sect oral antenna -7

3 120 ( Mobil ) 360 15 8 90 . 2.4 GHz 600 x 62mm 2 mm PCB 10mm RG-213 PVC 41mm RG-58 N type 50 200 Balun 4:1 . m m 2 6

(6- 28 )

155

Moxon antenna 8

Les , HF Moxon, G6XN 360 Forward to back ratio emition 1.1 SWR .

. 5.5dBi KD6WD : http://www.moxonantennaproject.com/design.htm

145 MHz : PVC

156

5.5 dBi 145 MHz VHF ( 6-29 )

157

Curtain Quad antenna - 9

( foil) 1 . 17dBi . Ross Anderson W1HBQ .

17dBi 2.4GHz ( 6-30 )

158

(6-31)

159

VHF & UHF

. 1/4

. 1/2 5/8 . .

( 6-30 )

160