. Antenna . Wave length ( ) 5% . 0.66 (velocity factor) RG-58 300 000 Km/s . = C , = F : = 120 Impedance ) . ( . ( ) 50 . , ( ) . 50 ( ) . 50 VSWR and Reflected Power SWR VSWR VSWR . ( ) 2:1 ( Voltage Standing Wave Ratio ) VSWR ) 1.5:1 1.5:1 VSWR 100 Watt ( 1:1 4 Watt 96 Watt . 4.2 Band Width . SWR , , , . 121 . : 150 MHz . 825 MHz 450 MHz : Band Width ( 150 – 156MHz ) ( ) . 3.9% BW = 100 X Fh – Fl Fc BW = 100 X 156 150 = 3.9 % 153 Decibel ( ) . 122 A . B . ( gain ) B A ( loss ) B A ( Isotropic ) dBi -1 . dBd -2 . 2.14 dBi = 0 dBd dBq -3 . , dBc -4 . ( side band peak power) dBm -5 . 50 v dB v -6 0dB v 50 1 v . dB(old) -7 0 dB 500 6mv 600 mv1 VU . 123 dBm dBw -8 - 30dBw = 0 0dBw = +30dBm . 1 . 0.775 V VRMS dBu -9 1 V dBv -10 , Milivolt dBmv -11 0dBmv 1mv 75 1mv . ( snow ) (Sound Pressure Level) dB(spl) -12 20 micropascals . 1 µPa . ( ) (Sound Intensity level) dB(sil) -13 ) / 10^ -12 . ( (Sound Power Level) dBswl -14 . 10^ -12 dB(C) / dB(B) / dB(A) -15 . 20 µPa dB(spl) dB(C). / 1 = 1 dBj -16 . 0dBj =0dBw/Hz ( Noise Density ) 1 µv / m dBµ -17 . ( / 1 ) . 1 femtowatt dBf -18 124 . 1Kilowatt dBk -19 0dBfs , dBfs -20 . Digital system 1 ( overload ) dBo -21 . analog system dBfs 1 bandwidth dB-Hz -22 . 20dB-Hz = 100Hz , Link budget calculation ( isometric circular ) dBic -23 . ( reference noise ) dBrn -24 Directivity and Gain . , 100 , 100 . , G = x D G = = D = 125 Gain measurement ( ) . ( ) VHF { 2.15 dBi = 0dBd } ) ( 2 1 5 ( ) . SHF UHF . Standard ( Horn ) , ( ) . 5W 10 dB 144 MHz ( 37 dBm ) – 95 dB 4 dBi 5dBi , 8dB . – 67 dBm cable losses http://www.ocarc.ca/coax.htm calculation free space losses http://www.terabeam.com/support/calculations/free-space-loss.php#calc . 126 10 Km 4 dBi 5 dBi antenna antenna 10 dB 8 dB losses losses Free space losses 37 dBm - 95 dB - 67 dBm TX cable cable RX transmiter receiver Tx power = 37 dBm = 5 watt Tx Cable losses = 10 dB Tx antenna Gain = 4 dBi Free space losses = 20 * Log10 (frequency in MHz) + 20 * Log10 (Distance in Miles) + 36.6 = -95 dB Rx antenna Gain = 5 dBi Rx cable losses = 8 dB Rx power = - 67 dBm according to the equation below :- 37 dBm 10 dB + 4 dBi 95 dB + 5 dBi 8 dB = - 67 dBm This equation is used to calculate the losses power From transmitter to receiver through cable & antenna ( 6-1 ) ( System Gain ) receiver ) ( ) (sensitivity , ( output power ) . System Gain = output power + receiver sensitivity 127 -113 dBm @ BER 10-6 -: 37 + 113 = 150 dB 37 dB Fade margin , 20 dB . Fade Margin = received power - receiver sensitivity – 67 dBm -: - 67 – ( - 113 ) = 46 dBm : -113dBm : (Vertical omni direction) -1 ( dipole ) -2 . ( yagi ) - 3 ( UHF VHF ) . 0.95 / 300000 %5 ( ) . / 285000 . VE3SQB . (ELEMENT ) 128 Vertical omni direction : ( ) . Vertical antenna with ground plane - 1 5/8 - 2 Multi bands antenna - 3 j pole - 4 Supper j pole - 5 Slim Jim antenna 1 1\4 - 6 Collener - 7 Discone - 8 Marconi vertical antenna - 9 Bazooka antenna -10 dipole ) isotropic . ( Dipole antenna / 2 - 1 Multy dipole antenna - 2 Inverted V dipole antenna -3 Trap dipole antenna - 4 Circular dipole antenna - 6 Folded dipole antenna - 7 Loop Skye wire antenna - 8 Egg Beater antenna - 9 Liquid metal antenna -10 129 SHF HF yagi antenna - 1 Cubical quad antenna - 2 Log periodic antenna - 3 Helical antenna - 4 horn antenna - 5 Dish antenna - 6 Sectoral antenna -7 Moxon antenna - 8 Curtain Quad antenna -9 Vertical antenna : - 1 ( element ) ( Ground plane ) 50 45° / 4 = 2.14 dBi 0 dBd 145MHz http://www.iraqi-ars.org . VHF & UHF ( project ) n o i t a 49 300,000,000 X 0.95 i d a cm = = 196 cm R 145,000,000 4 c 9 m d l r 45 o e coxil = 49 cm ° H 4 Groun y d / 4 Antenna plane 4 Ground plane ( 6-2 ) 130 5/8 - 2 ( Matching coil ) ground ) ( plane 5/8 y . VHF , UHF 122cm 145MHz 5/8 ( 6 3 ) 50ohm coxil 122 12 10 . 3.5 3/4 5/8 y . SWR Vertical antenna 8/5 ( 6-3 ) 2 9 ' 3 .8 M H z T ra p - 3 6 3 ' ( Trap ) 28MHz 28MHz . 1 4 M H z T ra p 57' 2 3 ' 2 1 M H z 28MHz 21MHz T ra p 1 8 ' . 57' 18' 2 8 M H z T ra p 5 7 ' . 5 B a n d v e rtic a l a n te n n a ( 6-4 ) 131 J pole - 4 ) 1' ( 38' 3/4' ¾’ L T ) 5' Ground ( plane 3' 19' SWR 3' 144MHz 50 ohm Coxil J pole antenna J Pole ( 6-5 ) n o Supper j pole - 5 i t c h e c s n i g 38 inch 8 n 3 i n J pole u 3 inch gup T 38' U 60 inch 144MHz 19inch . 3' 50 ohm Coxil Supper j pole ( 6- 6 ) Supper J pole antenna 132 Slim jim 1 1/4 - 6 cup Ground plane e r i 9 20 w 38 m 3 m 5 . 5/6 . 0 58' . 4.5 dBi 1 3/4 1 1 0.5 3.5 SWR 19' . 3.5' ¾’ 1' pipe pipe 1.25 1 Teflon . , PL259 145MHz ( VHF / ) Slim jim antenna http://www.iraqi-ars.org Slim jim ( 6- 7 ) collener - 7 2.4GHz RG-213 8 . 2.4 GHz ( Velocity factor ) 0.66 133 ( ) 9 dBi %80 400 . 50 / ) http://www.iraqi-ars.org ( 2.4GHz collener ( 6- 8 ) 3 Discone - 8 . 0.7 ( feed point) . ) 50 . ( . 40 25 0.7 x y /4 screw Disck Insulator y /4 25 to 40 e l b a c l a i x a o C Conical PL259/N type Discone Antenna ( 6- 9 ) 134 Marconi antenna 9 Ground \4 . plane ( 2MHz ) 75m 2MHz 2MHz 75m , \4 . ( 6- 10 ) 135 Bazooka antenna 10 Velocity RG-8 RG-213 . ( 0.66 ) factor 145MHz 25 mm PVC tube 49cm ) 34cm e r o ) 49cm feed point C 7105 3 ( 1 = 49 CM 2 145 - 30cm G R 1 PVC ( 25mm ) d l e i h s 4930 3 = 34 CM 1 2 145 - G R 3 1 2 - G R 7105 = 49 CM 145 t s a M 30 CM PL259 connector 145MHz Bazoka Antenna ( 6- 11 ) 136 / 2 - 1 ( ) . ( 6 1 ) . , . Insulator / 4 / 4 Copper wire Copper wire / 4 cable 71.5 4 = Meter f MHz / 2 ( 6- 12 ) 137 - 2 ( ) , SWR ( ) 21 MHz 14 MHz . 28 MHz 50 ohm RG213 or RG8 RG58 . ( 6- 13 ) inverted V 3 90 . %4 138 Insulator 45º 45º /4 /4 /4 Insulator Insulator Earth ( 6- 14 ) Trap antenna - 4 , 58-RG ( ) . 28 MHz & 21 MHz & 14 MHz 21 MHz 28 MHz 139 28 MHz /4 L1 21 MHz 28 MHz 14 MHz L1 + L2 L1 + L2 + L3 . ( 5.03 m ) ( 6- 15 ) 5 HF Matching . 140 ( 16- 16 ) circular dipole antenna 6 VHF & UHF 144 MHz 12.2 cm 10 cm (matching ) 15 pf . 5 40 Variable Copper pipe Capacitor 10 mm 15 PF 122 mm 5 mm Matching 40 mm PL 219 or N type ( 6-17 ) 141 Folded dipole 7 VHF & UHF ) ( 300 4:1 6:1 ( balun ) . 75 50 6:1 . 50 50 ) ( ) . ( ( 300 ) ( ) 300 75 coaxial cable 75 . 4:1 ( RG- 59 ) (6- 18 ) 142 Loop Skye wire antenna - 8 /4 DX HF Omni direction . MFJ 28 MHz 21 MHz 14MHz . ( 7MHz ) Antenna tuner 10m 300 ( 5m ) Balun 300 RG59 10m 6:1 4:1 75 . ( 50 ) . ( ) 2.5mm Insulator /4 /4 /4 /4 Must 300 /4 cable ( 6- 19 ) 143 Egg Beater antenna - 9 . ( pattern ) Vertical , . Vertical . %10 VHF ) 4% + , ( ground plane ) ( UHF ( ) . F5VIF ON6WG http://pagesperso-orange.fr/on6wg/Doc/Antenne%20Eggbeater-Engl-Part1-Full.pdf : . ( Nawa ) 137.6 MHz -1 300 / 137.6 = 218 cm + 8 = 226cm ( ) -2 10 mm 72 cm = 3 ( 54.5 cm) = 1/4 = ground plane)) -4 27.25 cm = 1/8 = -5 90 = -6 ¼ x 0.66 = 36 cm -7 ( Velocity factor 0.66 ) RG58 150 cm 40 mm PVC - 8 100 rink RG58 50 1/8 4 1/4 . 144 (6- 20 ) 145 Liquid metal antenna -10 , Mike Lake KD8CIK LM Antenna . ( ) SWR . ( ) Galinstan Galnnistan L Ground plane Compress air Coaxial cable . Liquid metal antenna ( 6-21 ) 146 Directional antenna ( Yagi ) (boom) . ( radiation element) . HF ( Trap ) . ( Trap ) . 300 ( Folded Dipole ) . ( 75 50) 4:1 6:1 ( Balun ) . 50 ( ) (boom) . ( ) ( HF ) . ( ) . ...... 147 1 145 MHz . ( 1.5 ) SWR . DL6WU & VK5DJ http://vk5dj.mountgambier.org/Yagi/Yagi.html 145 MHz = 10dBi = 208.8 cm = 64 deg = 3 dB beam width 25 mm = 10 mm = 1446 mm = . 30 mm 1015 mm = 444 mm 974 mm = . 444 mm 993 mm = . 155 mm 915 mm = 1 . 599 mm 372 mm 1 906 mm = 2 . 971 mm 445 mm 2 897 mm = 3 1415 mm 1446mm 30 mm . 148 : 2019 mm = ( ) 1009 mm = 25 mm = 50 mm = ( ) 459 mm = GF = HI 498 mm = GE = HA 538 mm = HB = GD 1009 mm = HC = GC m m 0 5 1015mm 993mm 915mm 906mm 897mm 444mm 155mm 372mm 445mm m m m m 0 0 3 3 1446 mm 1 2 3 reflector radiator directors 5 Element 10dB! Folded Dipool Yagi ( 6-22 ) 149 Cubical quad antenna - 2 gamma tuner 2m VHF & UHF SWR . 70 cm http://www.csgnetwork.com/antennae5q2calc.html ( 6- 23 ) 150 Log periodic antenna - 3 , 180 ( ) , . HF & VHF & UHF ( broad band ) insulator Coaxial cable Log periodic antenna log periodic ( 6-24 ) 151 Helical antenna - 4 VHF & UHF & Micro wave , .