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Cientometria E Análise Geomorfométrica Das Espécies De Pescadas E Linguados Exploradas Comercialmente No Estado Do Rio De Janeiro

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Cientometria E Análise Geomorfométrica Das Espécies De Pescadas E Linguados Exploradas Comercialmente No Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências da Saúde Instituto de Biologia Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva Sérgio Ricardo Brito Santos Cientometria e análise geomorfométrica das espécies de pescadas e linguados exploradas comercialmente no estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 2016 ii Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências da Saúde Instituto de Biologia Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva Sérgio Ricardo Brito Santos Cientometria e análise geomorfométrica das espécies de pescadas e linguados exploradas comercialmente no estado do Rio de Janeiro Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva. Orientador: Marcelo Vianna 2016 iii AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus avós Dinancy e Deolinda, agradeço pelo incentivo a minha educação e pela rica biblioteca em casa que despertou minha curiosidade desde a infância. Ao professor Marcelo Vianna, agradeço pela amizade, apoio, críticas construtivas e pela orientação. Sou grato também pelo próprio tema proposto, que me obrigou a sair da zona de conforto e buscar alternativas para a elucidação do problema. Agradeço também pelo incentivo e oportunidades profissionais não apenas agora, mas desde minha graduação, no longínquo ano de 2005 (Putz!). Ao tecnologista Jorge “Precioso” Alves de Oliveira, que fez parte do corpo técnico da Divisão de Caça e Pesca (Ministério da Agricultura), Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Pesca (SUDEPE) e IBAMA. As informações passadas pelo profissional e amigo nos últimos dez anos foram essenciais para descrever a atuação (ou falta de) dessas instituições ao longo do tempo. Aos amigos que participaram intensamente da minha formação profissional e pessoal mas que infelizmente não puderam estar presentes até o final: Gustavo Nunan, Wagner Bandeira e Jorge Oliveira. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva (PPGBBE-UFRJ), pela oportunidade em cursar o doutorado e pela extensão no prazo de conclusão da tese. Ao CNPq, pela bolsa de doutorado. Aos membros da banca de qualificação Érica Caramaschi, Leila Pessôa e Pedro Carvalho, pelas críticas e sugestões ao artigo baseado no capítulo I, tendo auxiliado na preparação do segundo artigo, baseado no capítulo II. Ao motorista Lenzi da Silva Conceição (IB-UFRJ), pelo auxílio na coleta e bom humor em percorrer a costa fluminense atrás de pontos de desembarque. Ao Márcio Luis Chagas Macedo, pela amizade e pelas sugestões na apresentação dos resultados de cientometria e a confecção das figuras 1.4.1.2 e 2.4.1.3, que explicaram melhor o resultado do que qualquer texto. À Beatriz Corrêa e Luana Prestelo, pelo auxílio na coleta de dados sobre a pesca de Cabo Frio e Macaé e no acompanhamento do desembarque de pescadas e linguados. Ao Sindicato dos Armadores de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SAPERJ), na figura de Flávio Leme e Eduardo Miranda, pela facilitação de acesso às embarcações de pesca industrial. Aos pescadores artesanais de diversas comunidades que compartilharam seu conhecimento e cederam exemplares para a pesquisa. Ao Guilherme Souza, Wagner Bandeira e Márcio Senna (L’Armata Brancaleone), pela amizade iv e pelo auxílio nas coletas e no registro fotográfico dos exemplares coletados. A equipe do Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira pelo auxílio e bom humor não apenas nos trabalhos relacionados a esta tese, mas nos demais estudos em andamento: Camila, Felipe, Fernanda, Gabriel, Isabela, Larissa, Luana, Luiza, Márcio, Rafaela, Rebeca, Tainá, Thais. Aos amigos que liam o obituário esperando notíciais minhas, apresento a prova cabal do motivo da minha ausência e que justifica a queda no consumo de suco de cevada. Prometo em especial a Luiz Constantino, Márcio Macedo, Márcio Senna, Wellington Mattos, Guilherme Souza, Thiago Dibley, Leonardo Aranha e Leonardo Darbilly retornar às atividades etílicas assim que possível. v RESUMO A presença de pescadas e linguados, com suas variações, na estatística pesqueira brasileira tem representado um complexo problema que envolve a falta de identificação taxonômica, a grande variação regional e o acompanhamento falho por parte das agências públicas. A tese avaliou os impactos da ausência de um sistema de recolhimento específico de dados de desembarque para o conhecimento científico de duas categorias de pescado: pescadas/pescadinhas e linguados, levantar as espécies que atualmente são identificadas pelos nomes de referência e resgatar informações morfomerísticas capazes de serem tratadas como caracteres diagnósticos de fácil acesso. Para isto, uma análise cientométrica foi executada para doze espécies de Cynoscion e onze de Paralichthys, com ocorrência no Atlântico Ocidental pra explorar a evolução do conhecimento e tópicos abordados entre 1945 e 2015. Concomitantemente, foram visitados 14 pontos da costa fluminense com desembarque artesanal e quatro de desembarque industrial, entre 2013 e 2016, para registrar as espécies capturadas sob esses nomes vulgares. Um total de 500 artigos foram identificados para Cynoscion, com a espécie mais estudada sendo Cynoscion nebulosus (213 documentos), C. regalis (125), C. guatucupa (87) e C. arenarius (51). Foram identificados 414 artigos focados em Paralichthys com predominância de duas espécies, ambas com ocorrência do Canadá ao EUA, Paralichthys dentatus (46,1% dos estudos) e P. lethostigma (32,1%). A terceira espécie mais estudada foi P. orbignyanus (11,7%), restrita do Brasil a Argentina. O resultado mostrou que a maioria dos estudos publicados, não apenas para a área da ciência pesqueira, foram fundamentados em levantamentos biológicos, sendo que mais da metade fizeram uso de dados de coleta oficiais para estoques monoespecíficos. Enquanto a maior parte dos estudos corresponderam a pesquisas de curta duração, de até três anos, todos os estudos de longa duração, acima de seis anos, foram necessariamente baseados em dados de desembarque ao nível de espécie, como foi observado para C. guatucupa, no Atlântico Sul, C. nebulosus, C. regalis, P. dentatus e P. lethostigma no Atlântico Norte e Golfo do México. Dessa forma, a presença considerável da pesca artesanal ao longo da costa brasileira e dos demais países tropicais, com a dificuldade inerente de monitoramento dessa pescaria, bem como a ampla variedade de nomes vulgares presente nos dados de produção, sem a devida correspondência taxonômica, limitaram o uso e a confiabilidade dos dados de captura dessas áreas. Foram obtidos 395 exemplares de dez espécies de pescado sob a categoria pescada e variações e 176 exemplares de quatro espécies registrados sob a categoria linguado. Enquanto a análise variada canônica afastou consideravelmente I. parvipinnis e M. hubbsi das demais vi pescadas, baseados no comprimento das nadadeiras dorsal e anal, o restante foi agrupado em três grupos, caracterizados pelo formato da cauda, perfil dorsal da cabeça e posicionamento da nadadeira pélvica em relação a peitoral e a cabeça. A análise para linguados identificou que o formato da cauda e o posicionamento relativo do olho e maxilar foram de grande importância para a separação das espécies. ABSTRACT The presence of weakfishes and flatfishes, with their variations, in the Brazilian fishery statistics has represented a complex problem that involves the lack of taxonomic identification, the great regional variation and the flawed monitoring strategy by the public agencies. The thesis evaluated the impacts of the absence of a species-level landing data collection system for the scientific knowledge of the two categories, to record the species that are currently identified by the reference names weakfishes and flatfishes and to recover morphomeristic information capable of being treated as easily accessible diagnostic characters. For this, a scientometric analysis was performed for eleven species of Paralichthys and twelve species of Cynoscion, occurring in the Western Atlantic to explore the evolution of knowledge and topics covered between 1945 and 2015. Concomitantly, 14 points of the coast of Rio de Janeiro with artisanal landing and four with industrial landings were visited between 2013 and 2016 to record the species caught under these common names. A total of 414 papers focused on Paralichthys with predominance of two species, both with occurrence from Canada to the USA, Paralichthys dentatus (46.1% of the studies) and P. lethostigma (32.1%). The third species most studied was P. orbignyanus (11.7%), restricted from Brazil to Argentina. A total of 500 articles were identified for Cynoscion, with the most studied species being Cynoscion nebulosus (213 documents), C. regalis (125), C. guatucupa (87) and C. arenarius (51). The results showed that most of the studies published, not only in the field of fisheries science, were based on biological surveys, with more than half using official collection data for monospecific stocks. While most studies corresponded to short-term surveys of up to three years, all long-term studies over six years were necessarily based on species-level landing data, as observed for C. guatucupa, In the South Atlantic, C. nebulosus, C. regalis, P. dentatus and P. lethostigma in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Thus, the considerable presence of artisanal fishing along the Brazilian coast and other tropical countries, with the inherent difficulty of monitoring
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