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Université Pierre Et Marie Curie Université Pierre et Marie Curie Ecole doctorale n°158 - Cerveau Cognition Comportement - Institut du Fer à Moulin, équipe « Plasticité des réseaux corticaux et épilepsie » La signalisation du récepteur d’adénosine 2A comme mécanisme clé de la stabilisation des synapses GABAergiques nouvellement formées Adenosine 2A receptor signalling as a key mechanism of stabilization of newly formed GABAergic synapses Par Ferran Gomez Castro Thèse de doctorat de Neurosciences Dirigée par Dr Sabine Lévi Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 28 setembre 2017 Devant un jury composé de : Dr Pascal Legendre Président du jury Dr Corette Wierenga Rapporteur Dr David Blum Rapporteur Dr Cécile Charrier Examinateur Dr Eric Boué-Grabot Examinateur Dr Sabine Lévi Directeur de thèse ABSTRACT In the adult brain, adenosine signaling facilitates or inhibits neurotransmitter vesicular release mainly through activation of type 2A or 1 adenosine receptors (A2AR or A1R), respectively. However, its role in development remains to be elucidated. During my PhD, I addressed the role of A2AR-mediated signalling in GABAergic synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. We found (i) a larger activity-dependent release of ATP and adenosine during the period of synaptogenesis in the hippocampus, (ii) a peak of expression of the ecto-5’-nucleotidase, the rate- limiting enzyme for the formation of adenosine from extracellular ATP in synapses during this critical period, and (iii) a peak of peri/post-synaptic expression of A2AR concomitant with the period of synaptogenesis. This developmental expression of the key molecules of the adenosine A2AR signalling pathway correlated with a role of A2AR in the stabilization of nascent GABA synapses, a regulation restricted to the period of synaptogenesis. Furthermore, suppressing A2AR with a shRNA approach in isolated neurons led to a loss of synapses equivalent to that seen upon A2AR activity blockade, reporting that the A2AR-mediated synapse stabilization is a cell autonomous process that requires A2AR activation in the postsynaptic cell. ATP/adenosine can be secreted by both glia and neurons; however, we found that activity-dependent release of neuronal adenosine is sufficient to stabilize newly formed GABA synapses in vitro. Using live cell imaging, we showed adenosine signalling stabilizes active synapses. We then characterized the molecular mechanism downstream postsynaptic A2AR. We report the contribution of adenylyl cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signalling cascade and we identified a key target, the postsynaptic scaffolding molecule gephyrin. We further showed the A2AR-mediated stabilization of the presynaptic compartment most probably requires the trans-synaptic Slitrk3-PTPδ complex. Since GABA exerts a similar function during development and GABA and adenosine are co-released at some synapses, I further investigated the interplay between these two pathways. My results support the hypothesis that GABA signalling converge onto the adenosine signalling pathway by potentiating calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclases through the activation of calmodulin. Altogether these results let us propose that, during a key developmental period, postsynaptic A2ARs act as sensors of the activity of GABAergic presynaptic terminals to stabilize active nascent GABAergic synapses. In absence of activity and therefore secretion of adenosine/ATP, synapses will be eliminated. RESUMÉ Dans le cerveau adulte, la signalisation liée à l’adénosine facilite ou inhibe la libération vésiculaire de neurotransmetteurs suite à l’activation des récepteurs de l’adénosine de type 2A ou 1 (A2AR ou A1R), respectivement. Cependant, son rôle dans le développement est mal connu. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié le rôle de la signalisation adénosine dans la synaptogenèse GABAergiques de l’hippocampe. Nous avons mis en évidence (i) une sécrétion activité-dépendante accrue d’adénosine et d’ATP pendant la période de synaptogenèse, (ii) un pic d’expression de l’enzyme limitant la formation de l’adénosine à partir de l’ATP extracellulaire, l’ecto-5’-nucleotidase, aux synapses pendant cette période critique, et (iii) un pic d’expression péri/post- synaptique du A2AR concomitant de la période de synaptogenèse. Cette expression développementale des molécules clés de la signalisation adénosine dépendante du A2AR corrélait avec un rôle de ce récepteur dans la stabilisation des synapses GABAergiques naissantes, une régulation restreinte à la période de synaptogenèse. De plus, la suppression de A2AR par une approche shRNA dans des neurones isolés conduisait à une perte de synapses GABAergiques équivalente à celle observée après un blocage pharmacologique de l’activité du A2AR, signifiant que la stabilisation synaptique médiée par le A2AR est un processus « cellule autonome » indépendant de l’activité du réseau neuronal et qu’elle requiert l’activation du A2AR dans la cellule post-synaptique. L’ATP et l’adénosine sont secrétés par la glie et les neurones ; cependant, nous avons montré in vitro que la libération neuronale activité-dépendante suffit à stabiliser les synapses GABAergiques naissantes. En utilisant la vidéomicroscopie sur cellules vivantes, nous avons montré que la signalisation adénosine stabilise les synapses actives. Puis, nous avons caractérisé le mécanisme moléculaire sous-jacent. Nous rapportons la contribution de la cascade adénylate cyclase/adénosine monophosphate cyclique/protéine kinase A et nous avons identifié une ciblé clé, la géphrine, la molécule d’ancrage postsynaptique des récepteurs GABAA. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence que la stabilisation de l’élément présynaptique requiert probablement le complexe trans-synaptique Slitrk3- PTPδ. Puisque le GABA exerce une fonction similaire au cours du développement et que le GABA et l’adénosine sont co-libérés à certaines synapses, j’ai étudié l’interaction entre ces deux voies de signalisation. Mes résultats favorisent l’hypothèse que la signalisation GABA, en activant la calcium- calmoduline, converge vers la signalisation adénosine en potentiant les adenylates cyclases sensibles au calcium. Mon travail m’a permis de proposer que, au cours d’une période clé du développement, les A2ARs postsynaptiques agissent comme des senseurs de l’activité des terminaisons présynaptiques GABAergiques pour stabiliser les synapses actives. En absence d’activité et donc de libération d’adénosine/ATP, les synapses seraient éliminées. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first acknowledgments go to the jury who has accepted to review my PhD manuscript and discuss my results during the defence. I hence warmly thank Dr Pascal Legendre, Dr Corette Wierenga, Dr David Blum, Dr Cécile Charrier and Dr Eric Boué-Grabot. A special thanks thereby to Dr Cécile Charrier who accepted also to follow my PhD project during the annual PhD committes. Mes plus grands remerciements sont pour toi Sabine. Pour le support continu tout au long de ma thèse, pour ta patience et ta motivation. Dans les moments de découragement de ma thèse je me suis toujours senti soutenu et ta vision positive m’a beaucoup aidée. Merci pour ton investissement et toutes les heures passées ensemble : soit en réunion, soit les plus excitantes au microscope et d’autres moins au Metamorph ! J’espère avoir retourné l’effort et l’implication que j’ai toujours senti de ta part dans ce projet. Merci pour toutes les connaissances que tu m’as appris, des présentations orales à la rigueur scientifique en passant pour des expressions en français. Un grand merci aussi à Jean Christophe pour apporter sa vision de physiologiste sur mon travail. Merci encore pour chacune des leçons d’électrophysiologie dans les réunions d’équipe et pour toujours essayer de nous ouvrir vers vision plus globale de la science. À tous les membres de l’équipe Marie, Eric, Marion, Jessica, Sana, Clémence, Yo and Marianne. Merci à tous pour les pauses-détente mais aussi pour la passion que vous éprouvez tous dans vos projets tout comme dans la vie. J’espère vous avoir retourné un peu de cette passion et vous avoir appris un peu d’espagnol! Je ne peux pas oublier non plus le temps passé avec les gens qui sont passés par le 1er étage et qui ont aussi marqué ma thèse : Sereina, Manuel, Frank, Mágico Salvatore, Kristina et Anna. Merci aussi pour toutes les autres personnes au sein de l’institut qui ont contribué à la bonne atmosphère de l’IFM. Merci à tous qui ont passé même si c’était un peu de temps avec moi en analysant des images, surtout Richard et Emily. Muchas gracias también a Jimmy, Ana y María por tanto apoyo. A Mariano por las asistencias en la ciencia (¡y en el fútbol!). Merci encore à mes amis à Paris: Mariangela, Stefania, Pietro, Federica, Giulia, Rodrigo, Pedro, Ángel, Ana Ruiz, Dani (gracias muy fuerte). Et courage pour vos thèses aussi! A la gent de casa, per fer que quan torni tot segueixi igual malgrat la distància. A mi familia a quién se lo debo todo. A la Marta, pel teu amor incansable. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ......................................................................................................................... 1 Table of figures ............................................................................................................................ 4 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 8 1. The purinergic system
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