GARARU (Aquilaria malaccensisLamk.)

Author: Sidkan bin Ali Maliau Basin July 6th2001 CONTENTS

Page

Contents i

Figures 11

Maps 111 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Aquilaria malaccensisLarnk. 1

2.0 AnnotatedForest Key to Aquilaria 2

3.0 Character 3

3.1 Spot Characterin the Field 4

4.0 Distribution 6

4.1 Indonesia 6

4.2 PeninsularMalaysia 6

4.3 Sarawak 6

4.4 Sabah 7

4.5 Maliau Basin ConservationArea 7

5.0 Habitat/Ecology 10

6.0 Discussion 10

6.1 GaharuCollectors 10

6.2 GaharuCollectors' Campsin Maliau Basin ConservationArea 17

6.3 EntryPoints 19

6.4 Statusof Gaharu 1Q

7.0 Recommendations 23

8.0 Conclusion 25 Acknowledgements 26 Useful Literature 27

Appendix: RelevantLegislation 28

FIGURES

Page

Figure 1: Gaharu tree (Aquilaria malaccensis) 2

Figure 2: Gaharutree at BambanganCamp (inside Botanicalplot P4B -tree number59) Maliau Basin ConservationArea 4

Figure 3: Aquilaria malaccensisLarnk. 5

Figure4: Black gaharu(grade I), seizedfrom Gaharucollectors near the proposed Maliau Basin StudyCentre site 12

Figure 5: White (gradeII) and black gaharuand somethe gaharutools 12

Figure 6: Confiscated Gaharu, kept at the Project Maliau Office, Luasong Forestry Centre 13

Figure 7: White and black gaharu;gaharu tools and equipment,kept at the Project Maliau Office, LuasongForestry Centre 13

Figure 8: A group of gaharucollectors (13 persons) at Mile 53.5 Sapu1utRoad, with one of the Botany Sub-unitstaff 14

Figure 9: Car (with TawauDistrict numberplate -ST 8535C),used by gaharucollectors 14

Figure 10: Gaharutools and equipmentseized from Gaharu people at JalanGaharu (Agathis Camp) 15 III

Figure 11: Mr. Henrik Juul checkingone of gaharu Collectorsrattan bag, seizednear

Agathis Camp 16

Figure 12: Bird trap made from bamboo (stick coveredwith glue) 16

Figure 13: Gaharucamp along the trail from

Rafflesia Campto BambanganCamp 7

Figure 14: Gaharucamp near Agathis Camp 18

Figure 15: Gaharucamp near SapulutRoad 18

Figure 16: Gaharucamp near Tibow ForestCentre 18

Figure 17: Gaharutree felled nearthe Belian Camp's repeatertower 22

Figure 18: Gaharutree that has beenfelled and notched 22

Figure 19: A notch on a Gaharutree 22

MAPS Page

Map GaharuDistribution in Maliau Basin ConservationArea 9

Map 2: Entry Pointsto Maliau Basin ConservationArea by GaharuCollectors 21 1.0 Introduction

Gaharu is included in the family Thyrnelaeaceae.This family is importantbecause it containsthe curious EaglewoodTree (Aquilaria) with its lumps of fragrantdiseased wood, which find employ in a mannercomparable with the pathological ambergrisof spermwhales. In detail, the fragrant wood is found only in the dying treesand it appearsto be causedby a disease,which gains entry through the old decaying limbs. Normally the wood is soft, pale and odourless, but in stag-headedtrees there are found hard dark fragrant piecesembedded in the healthywood and theselumps, when chipped out and cleaned, are the Eaglewood or Aloe wood of commerce. The bark of the Malayan membersof the family is remarkably tough and stringy, and strips readily from the wood in long sheets.

1.1 Aquilaria malaccensisLamk. (Figure 1)

The scientific name for Gaharu is Aquilaria malaccensis.The word Aquilaria comes from the Latin aquila which meanseagle, while malaccensis is of Malacca (one of the statesin Malaysia) and most probably this species has been first time found here. This specieshas varied local names from one place to another. It is commonestin Sabahand well known as Gaharu,while in Sarawak (Than Language) it is called Kayu Angkaras. In Peninsular Malaysia, it has five different names; Karas, Kempas (Malacca), Kekaras, Tengkaras,and Kayu Gaharu.The timber is not of commercialimportance but the fragrant wood left in some rotten branchesis used for carving and it is known as Aloe wood (incensewood). Also an interestingcharacteristic for this speciesis that in some trees the heartwood develops black fungal nodules, which smell sweetand can be used in the manufactureof perfume. Also this speciescan be usedas medicines. 2

Figure 1: Gaharutree (Aquilaria malaccensis)

2.0 Annotated Forest Key to Aquilaria a Leaves softly velvety beneath, particularly on the midrib, sometimes becoming almost glabrous with age; usually drying pale grey-green, sometimeswith a blue-greytinge on upper surface A. hirta Ridley. RIDLEY locoCit. 148; HOU lococrt. 12. Small tree to 15 m tall, 50 cm girth. Mainly east coast; Trengganu,Pahang, Johore, Singapore,E. Sumatra,Riau & Lingga. Flat land, hillsides and ridges, usually in primary forest.

All leavesglabrous or nearly so, b

b Secondarynerves stronglyraised above, prominent; blade large, 7 x 3 -27 x9cm A. beccariana van Tiegh. HOU lococrt. 13. Medium tree to 20 m tall, 110 cm girth. S.E. Johore, Sumatra & Borneo. Swampy forest near streams. 3

Secondarynerves not prominent and raised above; blade smaller, 4 x 3 - 12 x 5 Cffi. c

c Fruits taperingto a long apical beak. Very rare A. rostrata Ridley loco cit. 148. HOU loco cit. 13. Pahang,G. Tahan, Wray's Camp (Ridley 16264).A doubtful speciesidentical withA. malaccensisexcept in fruit shapeand in its sessile,basal stamens (remainsof 2 seenby Hou). The former charactercould be a result of atypical growth, the latter needsconfirmation.

Fruit blunt, d

d Fruits pear shapedto 4 x 2.5 em. Common,widespread A. malaccensisLamk. Encycl. I (1783) 49, t. 356; RIDLEY loco cit. 147 -8. CORNER Wayside Trees (1940) 632 -3. HOU loco cit. 9. KOCHUMMEN & WYATT-SMITH Malay. For. 17 (1964)202. Fruits small, heart-shaped,to 12 mm broad x 10 mm long. Rare, Singapore A. microcarpa Baill. HOU loco cit. 9. big tree to 36 m tall. Sumatra, Billiton, Banka & Borneo.

3.0 Character

Aquilaria malaccensisis a medium to large sized tree, reaching up to 45 m tall and 180 cm girth. Bole usually straight, sometimesfluted; Bark is dark to pale grey, smooth, entire, becoming finely and irregularly fissured; inner bark cream-white,soft, stripping in long pieces;glabrous; buttresses to 2 m (Figure 2). Possiblya fairly fast growing and old decayingtree. Leaves usually elliptic-oblong, rarely narrower, 6 x 3 -8 x 3.5 cm; suddenly narrowing to a long, pronouncedtip; base broadly wedge-shaped; usually drying grey-green;margin slightly undulate, slightly recurved; thinly leathery; glabrous, rather shiny on both surfaces;secondary nerves 12 -16 4

pairs. The stamens have filaments and are longer than the petal and like appendages. Flowers in mainly axillary, stalked heads of about 10; stalk to 2 cm; pedicel slender 5 mm; fragrant; tube bell-shaped, 5 mm, green, yellow or white, with 10 ribs, lobes reflexed; petals 1 mm. Fruits very blunt, pear-shaped,long-narrowed to base,to 4 x 2.5 cm, seatedon persistenttube. Seedone, denselycovered with red hairs (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Gaharutrre at BambanganCamp (inside botanical plot P4B -trre number 59), Maliau Basin ConservationArea

3.1 SpotCharacter in the Field A rather large sized tree with more or less fluted base or steep buttresses,grey smoothbark, which strips easily, strongly fibrous, can be stripped off in long patches. It has very light wood and white

sapwood. Leavesmore or lesselliptic with ratherdense lateral nerves and from the small fallen leaves which have such very fine parallel veinlets, more or .lessforked, when tom apart showing white silky fibres.

6

4.0 Distribution

Besides Sabah,Aquilaria malaccensisis also distributed in Sarawak, PeninsularMalaysia, India, Bunna, Myanmar, PapuaNew Guinea,Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos PDR, Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesia), Singaporeand Philippines.

Below are listed of Aquilaria malaccensisdistribution in Indonesia, PeninsularMalaysia, Sarawak, Sabahand Maliau Basin ConservationArea, MBCA (Based on herbarium specimens from Forest Research Centre, SandakanHerbarium -SAN): -

4.1 Indonesia i) Sumatra ii) Sangai,S. MentayaKab. KotawaringinTimur, Kalimantan iii) Sepakuarea, PT. ITCI KenanganBalikpapan, East Kalimantan

4.2 Peninsular Malaysia i) Air Kroh ForestReserve, Malacca ii) Sg. Yong Kuala Yong, TamanNegara Pahang iii) Sg. Buloh ForestReserve, Selangor iv) Lenggong,Bintang Hijau ForestReserve, Grik Perak v) Lubuk SembilangForest Reserve, Langkawi Island Kedah

4.3 Sarawak i) Bukit Sengkajang, Lanjak-Entimau P.F. Lubok Antu (21b Division) ii) Bukit Mentagai,Bok-Tisam Marudi (4thDivision) iii) Miles 12 Penrissen Road, Arboretum Semengoh Forest Reserve,Kuching 7

4.4 Sabah i) Maliau Basin ConservationArea (MBCA) ii) Vlu Sg. Kiwolotikan, Tongod iii) KTS SegaliudLokan, Sandakan iv) LabuanBotanic Garden,Labuan v) Near Sg. SuanLamba Lanut, Sandakan vi) Kebun Cina, Sandakan Pangieand BeaufortHill miles 56, SelagonForest Beufort Telupid-Ranauroad tracemiles 92, Sandakan ix) Lungmanis,miles 9, main rail, Sandakan x) Sg. LagsikanKiri SandakanBay, Sandakan

xi) Sandakan-LahadDatu road, Sandakan

xii) GayaIsland (east),Kota Kinabalu

xiii) Miles 8, TanegangKechil, Kinabatangan xiv) Miles 12, Labuk Road Sandakan xv) TangkulapRoad, Telupid Rainforest InterpretationCentre Trail, Forest ResearchCenter, Sepilok Sandakan xvii) Sepilok ForestReserve, Sandakan xviii) Sg. Meliau, Beluran xix) Miles 27, SapulutRoad, Bahagian Pedalaman xx) Waiti RangeForest Reserve, Tiulon Nabawan xxi) Nature Trail, Danum Valley Field CentreLahad Datu

4.5 MBCA (also basedon MB Botanical Survey)-Map I i) Strike Ridge of GunongLotung ii) Near Belian Camp's Repeater Tower (four trees but felled alreadyby gaharucollectors) iii) Trail RepeaterTower-Belian Camp(one tree -felled by gaharu collectors) iv) Belian Camp(one tree-felled by gaharucollectors) v) Trail GinsengCamp-Pick Up Point 8 vi) BambanganCamp in botanical plot, P4B (one big tree with a big hole on the bole -probably made by gaharucollectors) vii) Rafflesia Camp Trail RafflesiaCamp-Bambangan Camp along the ridge top ix) Trail JalanBabi-Ginseng Camp x) Trail BambanganCamp-Ginseng Camp xi) Westernpart of MBCA Westof Rafflesia Camp Trail from Strike Ridge Campto Rafflesia Camp (i-vi: confirmed and vii-xiii: unconfirmed -based on meeting gaharucollectors or their camps) 9

Legend~ = G aharu Tree

Map 1: Known and suspectedGaharu distribution in :MBCA 10

5 Habitat/Ecology In general, Aquilaria malaccensisis a scatteredtree in primary and secondaryforests, found mainly on the plains, also on hillsides and ridges up to 750 m. Besidesthat, this speciescan be found in a variety of habitats and sub- habitat as listed below (basedon field survey and herbarium data sheets-Forest ResearchCentre, Sandakan): - i) Lowland ii) Riverbank iii) Slope, flat and valley area iv) Lower dipterocarpforest v) Primary hill forest vi) Undulating land vii) Logged over area,undulating viii) Island ix) Road side x) Mossy forest xi) Top of bill xii) Mountain side below ridge Near stream Low undulating country in dense primary forest over limestone, altitude from 400 -720 m

xv) Lowland mixed dipterocarpforest Virgin JungleForest (VJR)

6 Discussion

6.1 GaharuCollectors

Early this year (up to April 2001), therehave beenno caseof gaharucollectors in MBCA. But last year (2000) MB staff have discoveredseveral cases of gaharu collectors who entered MBCA. From these cases,there are approximately 52 persons,most of which are Indonesians(Kalimantan). According to thesepeople, they entered MBCA with assistancefrom locals, especially their transportation. Also most of these locals playa role as middleman to buy the Gaharu from the 11 collectors and sell it to the gaharuagents. But it is likely that the actual numberof gaharu collectors entering MBCA is much higher. The cases about gaharu collectorswho enteredMBCA last yearare asbelow: - (1) The first casewas in April 2000, during our secondbotanical survey to MBCA. The botany team met 7 gaharucollectors at the trail from Raffiesia Campto BambanganCamp (along the Maliau River). During that time, two of the collectors sharpenedtheir parang,while the otherstook a rest under a tree. One of botanical staff, Mr. Henry Baindang,asked the collectors a few questions.They stated that they came from Kampung Pagalunganat the Sabah-Kalimantanborder (Indonesia side) and arrived at MBCA a few days ago looking for Gaharu.Also they mentioned that the Gaharuprice at the market (during that time) was high dependingon its quality. The price of Gaharuwith high quality or grade I, which is black in colour (Figure 4), is aroundRM5000.00 for 1 kilogram, and the Gaharu with low quality or grade II, which is white in colour (Figure 5 and 7), is around RM3000.00 for 1 kilogram. Also Henry told them about MBCA status and he advisedthem to get out from MBCA. He also reminded them not to enter MBCA agam. For the comparison,the wildlife trade monitoring programmedof World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and International Union for Conservationof Nature and Natural Resource(IUCN) or TRAFFIC (August 2000) wrote that the price of oil distilled from Gaharu is generally between five and thousand US dollars per kilogram, but can be significantly more for Gaharu oil of exceptionally high quality. (2) The second case happened in July 2000, when a group of gaharu collectors were encounterednear GinsengCamp but they managedto escape.All of MB camping equipment and tools at Ginseng Camp were found missing, probablyhaving beentaken by this group. (3) On September16,2000, MB staff caughttwo gaharucollectors beside the proposed MB Study Centersite. The staff asked them a few questionsabout themselvesand home village. One of them said that they came from Kampung Pagalungan,Pensiangan and came to MBCA for Gaharu.The collector also said that somebody(also from Kampung Pagalungan),probably the gaharuagent, was employing them to find the Gaharu. After that, they were releasedbut the staff SIOOJtUeqR3 ~q:J~os pUt! tUeqR3 )(::n!lqpUt! (II ~PWD) ~JfqM :s 3.10S!.iI

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