Inve R Teb Rate Taxonom Y
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Publishing Inve r teb rate Taxonom y An international journal of biodiversity and systematics Volume 15, 2001 © CSIRO 2001 All enquiries and manuscripts should be directed to: Invertebrate Taxonomy CSIRO Publishing PO Box 1139 (150 Oxford St) Collingwood, Vic. 3066, Australia Telephone: +61 3 9662 7629 Fax: +61 3 9662 7611 Email: it@publish.csiro.au Published by CSIRO Publishing for CSIRO and the Australian Academy of Science www.publish.csiro.au/journals/it © CSIRO Australia 2001 10.1071/IT01001_AC 0818-0164 Invertebrate Taxonomy, 2001, 15(5), 589–665. Accessory Publication Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions Philip S. Ward Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Email: psward@ucdavis.edu Abstract A revision of the ant genus Tetraponera in the Oriental and Australian regions reveals 33 species (18 new), belonging to four informal species-groups: allaborans-group (T. allaborans (Walker), T. apiculata, sp. nov., T. avia, sp. nov., T. bita, sp. nov., T. brevis, sp. nov., T. conica, sp. nov., T. connectens, sp. nov., T. crassiuscula (Emery) stat. nov., T. extenuata, sp. nov., T. microcarpa Wu & Wang and T. modesta (F. Smith)); nigra-group (T. aitkenii (Forel), T. atra Donisthorpe, T. attenuata F. Smith, T. binghami (Forel), T. buops, sp. nov., T. difficilis (Emery), T. inversinodis, sp. nov., T. laeviceps (F. Smith), T. mimula, sp. nov., T. nigra (Jerdon), T. nitida (F. Smith), T. nixa, sp. nov., T. nodosa, sp. nov., T. notabilis, sp. nov., T. polita, sp. nov., T. punctulata F. Smith, T. rotula, sp. nov., T. tucurua, sp. nov., vivax, sp. nov. and T. volucris, sp. nov.); pilosa-group (T. pilosa (F. Smith)); and rufonigra-group (T. rufonigra (Jerdon)). Keys are provided for identification of workers, queens and males, although the sexual forms remain unknown in some species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the four species-groups represent independent lineages, each with its nearest extant relatives in the Afrotropical region. There have been multiple invasions of Asia from Africa, and at least four west-to-east transgressions of Wallace’s line into the Australian region. Plate tectonic events postulated to have been important in facilitating such dispersal include the collision of India with Asia in the Eocene and the approach of the Australian plate to Laurasia in the mid-Miocene. Introduction This accessory publication supplements the recent revision (Ward 2001) of the ant genus Tetraponera in the Oriental and Australian regions. In that paper the collection records for each species were abbreviated to locality and collector, with the collection depositories given at the end of each list of ‘Material examined’. Here the specimen data are presented in greater detail, in tabular format. For each collection record, up to twelve fields of information are employed: Species Group, Species, Identification (ID), Country, Admin1, Locality, Collector, Specimens, Notes, Coordinates, Source (SO), and Collection. page 2 Explanation of fields Species Group and Species. The names of the Tetraponera species-groups and species are those used in Ward (2001). Identification (ID). A question mark (‘?’) in the Identification (ID) column signifies uncertainity about species identification. Such records correspond to the cases in Ward (2001) where specimens were ‘provisionally’ identified as belonging to a particular species. Country. Country names are represented by a two-letter code. These correspond to the abbreviations used by the United States’ National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) on its GEOnet Names Server (http://164.214.2.59/gns/html/index.html). Admin1. This refers to the primary administrative divisions within each country. For Australia these have been abbreviated as follows: NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory; Qld, Queensland; SA, South Australia; and WA, Western Australia. Administrative divisions are omitted for Brunei, Bhutan, Singapore and the Seychelles. Locality. Locality names are taken from the specimen label. In the case of archaic, misspelled, or abbreviated names the entry is usually modified, with the accepted name cited first followed by the name appearing on the specimen label (e.g. Jakarta [as ‘Batavia’]). Collector. The collector name is given in the form <last name >, <initials >. If there are two collectors the names are separated by a semicolon. If there are three or more collectors, then only the first collector is cited, followed by ‘et al.’. The expression ‘c.u.’ signifies that the collector could not be determined. Specimens. In this field are listed the numbers and kinds of specimens, using the following notations: w, worker; aq, alate queen; dq, dealate queen; and m, male. This information is not available for all records. Notes. This field contains a miscellaneous assortment of information including date(s) of collection, habitat, and specimen measurements. This information was not uniformly recorded for all specimens. The abbreviations for measurements, indices and setal counts (HW, HL, CI, PLI, MSC, etc.) are explained in Ward (2001). Coordinates. The estimated coordinates of the collection site are given as latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes. This was determined using maps, gazetteers, and other sources (see Ward 2001). Source (SO). When the latitude and longitude were taken directly from the specimen label this is indicated by an ‘L’ in the SO column. A ‘C’ in the SO column indicates uncertainty in the estimate of latitude and longitude. Collection. This indicates the collection in which the specimens were examined or deposited. The four-letter abbreviations for depositories are those listed in Ward (2001). page 3 Reference Ward, P. S. (2001). Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15, 589–665. Tetraponera records (Ward 2001) Species Species ID Country Admin1 Locality Collector Specimens Notes Coordinates SO Colln Group allaborans allaborans AS Qld Archer R. Smithers, C. N. 1aq 7.vi.1960 13º26'S 142º56'E AMSA allaborans allaborans AS Qld Bamaga, Cape York Pen. Sedlacek, J. 1w 25.i.1984 10º53'S 142º23'E ANIC allaborans allaborans AS Qld East Claudie R., Iron Range Monteith, G.; 10w 6.xii.1985; pyrethrum knockdown, r.f. 12º50'S 143º22'E ANIC Cook, D. allaborans allaborans AS Qld East Claudie R., Iron Range Monteith, G.; 3w 6.xii.1985; pyrethrum knockdown, r.f.; 1 worker: PLI 0.55 12º50'S 143º22'E PSWC Cook, D. allaborans allaborans AS Qld Lockerbie Scrub, Cape York Monteith, G. B. 2w 19-22.iv.1973 10º48'S 142º27'E ANIC allaborans allaborans AS Qld Lockerbie Scrub, Cape York Monteith, G. B. 1w, 1dq 19-22.iv.1973; worker PLI 0.56 10º48'S 142º27'E PSWC allaborans allaborans AS Qld Lockerbie, Cape York Monteith, G. B. 1w 6-10.vi.1969 10º48'S 142º27'E ANIC allaborans allaborans AS Qld Lockerbie, Cape York Pen. Sedlacek, J. 1w 25.i.-12.ii.1984 10º48'S 142º27'E ANIC allaborans allaborans AS Qld Rocky R. Smithers, C. N. 2w 15.vi.1960; 18.vi.1960; labeled "Riverine Forest/Rocky R. Q." 13º48'S 143º27'E C AMSA allaborans allaborans BG Dhaka Dhaka [as "Decca"] Chilson, L. 1m 16.v.1978, light trap 23º43'N 090º25'E USNM allaborans allaborans BM Kachin Bhamò Fea 1w viii.1886. Syntype worker of subtilis Emery 24º16'N 097º14'E MCSN allaborans allaborans BM Kachin Bhamò Fea 2w vii.1886. Under "compressa " in main (not Emery) colln. 24º16'N 097º14'E MCSN allaborans allaborans BM Pegu Palon, Pegù Fea, L. 1dq viii-ix.1887. Under "compressa " in main (not Emery) colln. 17º26'N 095º54'E MCSN allaborans allaborans BM Shan Taunggyi, 5000ft. Bingham 1w .i.1899. Labeled "Upper Burma/Taunggyi/5000ft-1-99/Bingham" and 20º47'N 097º02'E BMNH "Col. Bingham./1902-120." Relatively slender petiole, PLI 0.472 allaborans allaborans BT Changra, 18km S Tongsa, 1900m NHMB - Bhutan 1w 27º24'N 090º28'E NHMB Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Khala, 200m NHMB - Bhutan 1dq 25.iv.1972. 26º50'N 089º24'EPSWC Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Phuntsholing NHMB - Bhutan 4w 26º51'N 089º23'E NHMB Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Phuntsholing, 200-400m NHMB - Bhutan 1w 25.iv.1972 26º51'N 089º23'E PSWC Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Samchi, 350-450m NHMB - Bhutan 1w 26º52'N 089º06'E NHMB Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Samchi, 350-450m NHMB - Bhutan 1w 7-11.v.1972; PLI 0.64 26º52'N 089º06'E PSWC Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Sampa-Kotoka, 1400-2600m NHMB - Bhutan 1w 27º31'N 089º58'E C NHMB Expedition 1972 allaborans allaborans BT Tan Chu, 23km E NHMB - Bhutan 2w 27º32'N 090º06'E NHMB Wangdiphodrang [as "Tan Chu, Expedition 1972 23km O Wangdi P."] allaborans allaborans CE Central Kandy Bingham 1w .iv.1901 07º18'N 080º38'E BMNH allaborans allaborans CE Central Kandy Bryant, G. E. 1w .vi.1908 07º18'N 080º38'E BMNH allaborans allaborans CE Central Kandy Simon 7w, 3dq Worker HW's ca. 0.73 07º18'N 080º38'E MCSN allaborans allaborans CE Central Kandy, 1800 ft. Davis; Rowe 3w 2w: 7-14.i.1970; 1w: 15-24.i.1970; PLI 0.47-0.48 07º18'N 080º38'E ANIC allaborans allaborans CE Central Kandy, 1800ft. Davis; Rowe 15w 7-14.i.1970. "Peak View Motel, Kandy, 1800ft.". 07º18'N 080º38'E USNM allaborans allaborans CE Central Kandy, Udawattakele [as Krombein, K. V.; 2w 10.i.1975, ii.1975 07º18'N 080º39'E USNM "Udawattakela"], 2100ft. et al. Page 1 Tetraponera records (Ward 2001) Species Species ID Country Admin1 Locality Collector Specimens Notes Coordinates SO Colln Group allaborans allaborans CE Central Montagnes de Nura-Ellia [as "Mt. c.u. 1aq Syntype (unique?) queen of femoralis (Motschoulsky); labeled 07º00'N 080º45'E C ZMUM N.E."] "Type", "Cerapachys/femoralis/Motsch/J. or. Ceyl. Mt. N.E.", and (in Cyrillic) "Moskva/Zoologicheskiya/Muzeya Mpu" allaborans allaborans CE Central Montagnes de Nura-Ellia [as "Mt.