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PEACE and CONFLICT in This Section You Will Need to Make Sure Section 3: PEACE AND CONFLICT In this section you will need to make sure you know about each of the following. Tick each section off once you have learnt the information. Topic Check The United Nations and world peace How religious organisations try to promote world peace Why wars occur The nature and importance of the theory of a Just War Differences among Christians in their attitude to war The attitude to war in Judaism Christian and Jewish attitudes to bullying Religious conflicts w ithin families Christian teachings on forgiveness and reconciliation Jewish teachings on forgiveness and reconciliation Part (a) of the question on Peace and Conflict will be a key word question worth 2marks. Make sure you learn ALL the key words in this section. Peace and Conflict Key Words Part (a) in the exam will be a definition question. Make sure you know the meanings of these words. Key word Definition Conflict Bringing a fight or struggle to a peaceful resolution conclusion. The United An international body set up to promote world Nations (UN) peace and co-operation. World peace The ending of war throughout the whole world (the basic aim of the United Nations) Aggression Attacking without being provoked. Exploitat ion Taking advantage of a weaker group. Just War A war that is fought for the right reasons and in the right way. Pacifism The belief that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means. Weapons of Weapons which can destroy larg e areas and mass numbers of people. destruction Bullying Intimidating/frightening people weaker than yourself. Respect Treating a person or their feelings with consideration. Forgiveness Stopping blaming someone and/or pardoning them for what they have done wrong. Reconciliation Bringing together people who were opposed to each other. The United Nations and World Peace Summary: The United Nations was formed at the end of the Second World War to preserve peace. It is important because it brings all the countries of the world together and can send peacekeeping forces to stop conflict. The UN sent a peace keeping force to Kosovo to protect ethnic Albanians from the Serb army, and after keeping the peace for nine years has helped establish a democratic Kosovar state. What is the UN? The United Nations (UN) was formed in 1945 after the end of the Second World War. The aim was to preserve world peace and to remove the causes of conflict by encouraging economic, social, educational and cultural progress throughout the world. All the countries in the world can apply to be members of the UN and have a vote in the general assembly which meets once a year to debate issues and to supervise the UN’s work. Why is the United Nations important for World Peace? The UN can recommend action to stop threats to world peace by: • Imposing sanctions (e.g. banning trade, banning cultural links) on countries threatening world peace. • Authorising the use of force by member states to stop an aggressor. • Sending a UN peace keeping force to prevent the outbreak of conflict or the spill over of conflict across the boarders. One example of the UN’s work for peace – Kosovo The UN sent a peace keeping force to Kosovo to protect ethnic Albanians from the Serb army, and after keeping the peace for nine years has helped establish a democratic Kosovar state. UN pe acekeepers in Kosovo. How religious organisations try to promote world peace Summary: There are organisations working towards world peace in all the world’s religions. They try to promote world peace by: • Going to war zones and supporting efforts to stop the war. • Organising demonstrations against wars • Educating people about the need for world peace. All religions believe in world peace, but still religious people fight in wars. However, there are groups in all religions which are anti-war and work for world peace. Some examples include Christian Peacemaker teams, the Muslim Peace Fellowship and the Jewish Peace Fellowship. Religious organisations work towards world peace by: • Organising public debates on the horrors of wars and conflicts, trying to encourage people to follow their anti-war policies. • Organising anti-war protests. This could bring about peace because public opinion could be changed and governments take notice of public opinion. • Organising multi-faith conferences to help all religions work together towards world peace. Many conflicts are caused by religious differences and if religions work together for peace, it is more likely to happen. Why wars occur Summary: Wars can occur for a number of reasons including: Religion, Nationalism and ethnicity, economics and political reasons. Although the last world war ended over 60 years ago, wars are still occurring all over the world. The most generally accepted reasons for wars occurring are: Religion Nationalism and ethnicity • One country might feel that • One form of nationalism is the belief another country is treating that each separate ethnic group followers of their religion badly. should have its own country. • There are differences within a • Tensions can arise when countries religion and one group might attack have been artificially created as a the other for having different result of colonialism. beliefs (e.g. The Taleban view of Islam and the Afghan view of Islam). Economics Ideological and political differences • Some people think Iraq was invaded • When two political groups are because the West wanted to make fighting each other over power. sure it would have access to its enormous oil reserves. • Economic problems in one country can lead to conflict in another country. E.g. the economic crisis in Zimbabwe led to mass migration of refugees looking for food and work in South Africa. Aggression: Being attacked without provoke. Exploitation: Taking advantage of a weaker group. The nature and importance of the theory of just war Summary: The just war theory is the idea that it is right to go to war if the reasons are just. For example, it has been agreed to by the UN, or it is being fought in self- defence. Although it is generally agreed that wars are bad because of their effects, it is also generally agreed that, in certain circumstances, wars are unavoidable and so can be justified. Today it is generally agreed that a war is just if: V The cause for war is just (for example, it is fought in self-defence when another country attacks, or it is trying to remove a great injustice such as genocide). V It is being fought with the authority of the United Nations. V It is being fought with the intention of restoring peace. V It is a last resort: that it all non-violent methods of trying to end the conflict have been tried and failed. V There is reasonable chance of success. It is wrong to waste lives in a war you know you won’t win. V The methods used avoid killing civilians. Just War: A war that is fought for the right reasons in a right way. Differences among Christians in their attitude to war Summary: Some Christians believe they should fight for peace by refusing to fight in wars. They believe Christians should be pacifists because Jesus taught Christians to love your enemies. Some Christians believe the way to bring peace is to be prepared to fight in just wars. They will fight to defend the weak and to bring peace to the world because this has always been the Church’s teaching. Although all Christians believe in world peace and working to bring about world peace, there are two very different Christian attitudes to war. Christian Pacifism Pacifism means refusing to fight in wars. Many Christians are pacifists; they believe that a war can NEVER be justified. There are many Christian pacifist groups such as The Quakers. Christian pacifists refuse to become involved in any kind of violence even if they were attacked. Many Christians are pacifists because: o Jesus taught in his Sermon on the Mount that if Christians are hit on the right cheek they should offer the left. (Not fight back). o Jesus taught Christians to love their enemies. o Jesus stopped Peter from using violence when they came to arrest him. o The fifth commandment says ‘Do not kill’. However, some Christians believe it is ok to fight in JUST WARS because: o It is in the teachings of the main Churches (Catholic, Anglican and Methodist), that Christians have the right to fight in wars if they fulfill the criteria for just wars. o Jesus met many soldiers and he never told them that it was wrong to be a soldier. This seems to mean that Jesus accepts the right of Christians to be soldiers. o Everyone agrees a police force is needed to protect innocent people from criminals in the same way an army ready to fight just wars is needed to protect innocent countries from criminal ones. The attitude to war in Judaism Summary: Jews believe in peace but Judaism teaches that Jews must defend themselves if they are attacked, as stated in the Torah and Talmud. However, some Jews are pacifists because they think modern weapons are too destructive ever to be used. Judaism teaches that people should fight in JUST WARS because: o The Talmud says that wars MUST be fought if God commands it. o The Tenakh is full of accounts of wars of which God has been involved. If God ordered people like Joshua and David to fight in wars, then modern day Jewish people must be able to fight in wars. o The Tenakh accounts show how Israel was able to keep her independence by defending herself when attacked, therefore modern day Israel should be able to do the same.
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