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Review Article Organic Amendments of Soil As Useful Tools of Plant ©2013 Parasitological Institute of SAS, Košice DOI 10.2478/s11687-013-0101-y HELMINTHOLOGIA, 50, 1: 3 – 14, 2013 Review Article Organic amendments of soil as useful tools of plant parasitic nematodes control M. RENČO Institute of Parasitology, Department of Environmental and Plant Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic, E-mail: [email protected] Summary ... Use of organic soil amendments is a traditional agricultural and physical methods (green manures, crop rotations, soil practice for improving physical and chemical soil proper- amendments, the use of resistant cultivars and arbuscular ties, soil structure, temperature and humidity conditions as mycorrhyzal fungi, soil solarization and steam), the use of well as nutrients content which are needful for plants natural products from plants and biological control agents growth. Application of organic materials to soil can cause (Sasanelli, 1992; Vannacci & Gullino, 2000; Atungwu, a change in soil microflora and microfauna including soil 2005; Castillo et al., 2006; Riga et al., 2007; Sasanelli et nematodes. Nematodes, are the most ample and varied al., 2009; Riga, 2011). group of soil fauna. They are ever-present habitants of all Among these alternative control strategies the soil organic soil types with high population densities. The changes in amendments is particularly interesting because of their low soil nematodofauna can results in an increase in the num- cost and the more general positive agronomical effect on ber of beneficial nematodes such as bacterial or fungal plant growth and on physical, chemical and biological feeders and decrease and/or suppression in the occurrence properties of the soils (Davey, 1996). Moreover, it can of economically important plant parasitic nematodes. A suppose the management of large amounts of wastes gene- variety of organic amendments, such as animal and green rated by urban settlements and agro-industrial processes, manure, undecomposed (raw) or decomposed materials after their transformation by composting process, and in (compost) are used for this purpose. Generally, plant para- addition it can improve plant resistance and plant protec- sitic nematodes have been controlled mainly by chemical tion by stimulating root development by recycling plant soil fumigants and nematicides, agricultural practices or nutritive elements (De Bertoldi, 2008). Many organic ma- resistant cultivars. However, organic amendments can terial wastes represent an important resource of nitrogen, provide an environmentally friendly alternative to the use phosphorous, calcium and other elements as zinc, copper, of chemical nematicides, which are often expensive, of magnesium essential to plant growth (Tester, 1990). limited availability in many developing countries and There are sufficient data to indicate that organic materials above all environmentally hazardous. have positive effect on soil structure, improve plant growth and yields and reduce disease impact caused by a wide Introduction range of plant pests including bacteria, soil-borne pathogens and phytoparasitic nematodes species (Akhtar & The enhancement consideration to the environment pro- Mahmood, 1996; D’Addabbo & Sasanelli 1996a, 1997, tection and to human and animal health, according to the 1998; Abawi & Widmer, 2000; Renčo et al. 2007, 2009, recent European Legislations (Reg. CE 396/2005; 2010; Atungwu, 2012). In particular, the suppressive effect 1095/2007; 33 and 299/2008 and 1107/2009) which have of soil amendments, with a wide range of composted waste deeply delimited and revised the use of pesticides on agri- materials, on plant parasitic nematodes was largely and cultural crops, is stimulating investigation to find new frequently docu-mented, although an inconsistent alternative control strategies that are environmentally nematode control or variable effects were also described in sound and economically convenient at the same time. literature (Szczech et al., 1993; McSorley & Gallagher, Therefore, research on small environmental impact alter- 1995; Akhtar & Malik, 2000). natives to chemicals has received a strong impulse and Therefore the nematicidal effect of compost amendments is considered a wide range of options including agronomical sorely predictable because of depending on the using of 3 raw materials, the type of composting process, the maturity soil, including water retention, water infiltration, permea- of the final product incorporated into the soil, nematode bility and aeration as well as increase soil fertility and species present and season or rate of application provide a better environment for roots (Bulluck et al., (Rodríguez-Kábana et al., 1987; Rivera & Aballay, 2008; 2002b; Mandal et al., 2007). The common organic Renčo et al. 2007, 2010). Many mechanisms can be in- amendments are cow, chicken and horse manure, compost volved in this suppressive effect such as decomposition of or green manure (Riga & Collins, 2004). These increase the compost into the soil and ammonia production, stimu- the organic constituents of the soil thus providing lation of soil microbial biomass and release of biocidal favourable environment for bacteria and earth worms that substances which have nematicide activity (Oka & Yermi- enrich the soil. However, the content of nutrients in cow yahu, 2002). The nematicidal activity, therefore, should be manure are generally lower than in chicken and horse specifically assessed for different composts. manure. The inorganic amendments are man made and This paper discusses about the use of different organic they include chemicals that are used for making the soil amendment on soil quality, plant growth as well as on fertile. Though they are used for good output they will control the most important plant parasitic nematodes and reduce the natural nutrients of the soil in the long run. On factors caused its response. the other hand, organic manures often provide more than one of the many nutrients needed by plants but inorganic The organic amendments effect on soil quality and plant manures provide only one of the many nutrients needed by growth plants. It is necessary to mention that organic fertilizer has a great The soil amendments depend greatly on the soil require- impact on soil fertility which is essential for good plant ments, types of crops that grow in the soil, texture of the soil growth because of fertile soil providing nutrients necessary and its salinity but from requirements of growers for soil to grown plants. If absence of nutrients in the soil is obvi- improvement. Almost any kind of organic matter may be ous, we can add those to soil by the two types of soil used as manure, but some kinds are better than others. Or- amendment – organic (made from natural products) and ganic manures vary widely in the amount of plant nutrients inorganic (man made chemicals). However, organic ma- that they contain. Some are more concentrated than others. nure compared with inorganic has many advantages be- That the various organic amendments improve plant growth cause organic matter improve the physical properties of and yield was confirmed in many studies (Table 1). Table 1. Organic amendment possitive effect on plant growth and production Amendment Plant Parameter Refferences Poultry manure Chilli Yield ↑ Khan et al., 2001 Oilcakes of neem, castor, composted manure Pigeonpea Fresh weight, dry weight and height ↑ Akhtar and Mahmood, 1996 Domestic garbage, dead vegetation, vegetable Tomato Growth of plants ↑ Akhtar, 1993 and fruit processing wastes, sugarcane trash, corn shucks, groundnut hay, groundnut hulls, paddy straw and husk, pressmud, spent tea, tobacco rettes Oil cakes of cotton, flax, olive, sesame and Tomato Growth of plants ↑ Radwan et al., 2009 soybean Cattle manure, green manure , pigeon-dung, Tomato Growth of plants ↑ Maareg et al., 2000 sewage sludge, horse manure and cotton root wastes Cattle dung, bean and wheat straw compost Tomato Yield ↑ Korayem, 2003 Vermicompost Chinesse Growth of plants ↑ Wang et al., 2010 cabbage Onion bulb envelope, dry leaves of sugar Banana Yield ↑ Youssef and El-Nagdi, 2010 beet, fleabane and jojoba, filter cake or mud as sugar cane industrial residue and nile fertile mineral bio-fertilisers Compost from poato waste, sawdust, beef Potato Yield ↑ Kimpinski et al., 2003 manure; beef manure Fermented pig manure commercially name Broccoli Yield ↑ Kováčik et al., 2008 Difert Fermented pig manure commercially name Sunflower Yield ↑ Kováčik et al., 2010 Difert Vermicomposts from food wastes, paper Peper Yield, growth of plants, leaf areas, plant Arancon et al., 2005 wastes and cattle manure shoot biomass ↑ Vermicomposts from food wastes, paper Tomato Yield ↑ Arancon et al., 2003a wastes and cattle manure Vermicomposts from food wastes, paper Strawberies Yield, leaf areas, numbers of strawberry Arancon et al., 2003a wastes and cattle manure suckers, numbers of flowers, shoot weights ↑ 4 The organic amendments effect on plant parasitic nema- eggs and second-stage juveniles that are retained within todes (Zunke & Eisenback, 1998). In every case, several studies The control of plant parasitic nematodes is more difficult were focused on this group of plant parasitic nematodes in comparison to other pests because they usually live in with positive results (Table 2). For instance, Van der Laan the soil and attacks the underground parts (roots) of the (1956) found that development of Globodera rostochiensis plant. A lot of nematode control strategies such as nemati- on potato roots
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