I B Chemistry Investigations Volume 1 (Standard Level) TEACHING NOTES (For use with the IB Diploma programme) (Fourth edition) Author: John Green Series editor: David Greig Copyright © S.T.A.R. Australia 2014 Produced by: ‘Science Teaching And Resources’ (‘S.T.A.R.’) Published by: IBID Press, Box 9, Camberwell, 3124, Victoria. Australia Library Catalogue: Billiet Paul 1. Biology Investigations 2. International Baccalaureate Series Title: Investigations for IB Sciences First published in 1999. Fourth edition published 2014 ISBN: 978-0-9925224-1-4 The contents of the volumes in this series are continually being improved and are subject to change without notice. They have been revised and reprinted to incorporate recent IBO syllabus changes (© IBO 2013). All possible endeavours have been made by the publishers to ensure that the contents of this resource are correct and appropriate. However, the Publishers accept no responsibility for any errors made by the authors. The contents and materials are solely the responsibility of the authors. Although every care has been taken in preparing and trialling these investigations, absolutely no responsibility whatsoever can be accepted for any damage or accident which may occur for whatever reason during the conduct of any of these activities. These Investigations have been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Organisation. This publication is in no way connected with, or endorsed by, the IB. Publishing Information This volume of practical Investigations is part of a series of resources for IB Sciences produced by IBID Press. More information about this series and other IB products may be obtained from: IBID Press, PO Box 9, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia 3124 Phone: +61 3 9747 0840 Fax: +61 3 9747 0840 URL: <www.ibid.com.au> Copyright Information Copying for educational purposes All rights are reserved except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments. A strict condition of sale is that this material may be copied for use only within the purchasing school. Apart from that, no part of this publication may be modified, reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Foreword to the Fourth Edition This is not a practical course to be followed from cover to cover, more an à la carte menu for teachers to select from. There are far too many Investigations for the full 40/60 hours of mandatory practical work, let alone what remains when time for the Group 4 Investigation and the Internal Assessment project have been subtracted. It is hoped that teachers will be able to choose a variety of different practical exercises that fit in with the course they have planned and the ability of their students. There are now certain areas where practical work is prescribed and these are coloured in the Syllabus Correlation Table in the Teaching Notes – your programme should include at least one Investigation of each colour. Whilst many of the Investigations in this book are quite similar to those in previous editions there are a number of new additions. There are also some significant changes to the way that a number of the Investigations have been presented. This is in response to the changes that have been made to the Internal Assessment in IB Chemistry. The focus of most Investigations under the previous system was to provide assessment opportunities for one of the IA criteria, hence they were often presented in a very open ended manner so as to conform to the assessment requirements. Now that the IA is just a single extended investigation, it frees up the regular routine laboratory work to provide practical reinforcement for the theory content and to prepare students for the IA assignment. As a result many of the Investigations are more directed, with results tables and specific questions that will hopefully direct the attention of the students to the important concepts that the Investigation deals with. There are also some more open-ended tasks and still a few Investigations where students come up with their own specific research ideas. It is hoped that exercises of this sort will help prepare students for their IA assignment. I must admit I have some reservations about the new IA system. Whilst it is good to free laboratory time from the constraints of assessment, it might have the effect of devaluing the practical component of the programme and, even though the requirement remains 25% of the teaching time, I fear that some schools may erode this time now it is less directly linked to the IA. Hopefully the fact that you have purchased this book indicates that you are not such a teacher! I hope that you find this new edition useful in your teaching and I would be delighted to hear from any of you, who have ideas or suggestions as to how this work can be improved further for future editions. This is probably simplest through the publisher’s <website; www.ibid.com.au> John Green (author) New Zealand 2014 Author Profile After extensive teaching experience in the UK at Repton and Manchester Grammar School, Dr John Green began his involvement with the IB when he joined the staff at Kristin School, in 1987. There, as IB coordinator, he was responsible for the introduction of the IB into the school, the first in New Zealand to offer the programme. Then followed a twelve year period when he was Director of Studies at the Li Po Chun United World College in Hong Kong. Now, as an independent educational consultant, John is an IB Deputy Chief Examiner for Chemistry, a moderator for the Chemistry Internal Assessment, a marker of the Chemistry Extended Essays and an assessor for Theory of Knowledge. He was extensively involved in the current syllabus revision and the setting of examination papers. He has run many IB workshops in both Chemistry and Theory of Knowledge. Acknowledgements Whilst one or two of these practicals have been specially developed for this publication, the vast majority have been refined during my years of teaching at Repton, Manchester Grammar, Kristin and Li Po Chun. I would therefore like to thank my colleagues at these institutions and the students I taught for their many invaluable observations. In all of these schools I was blessed by the support of superb laboratory technicians, the unsung heroes of science teaching. I would therefore like to particularly thank them for the innumerable ways in which they have helped to refine and improve these Investigations. I would also like to thank my friends and former colleagues at ACG Senior College in Auckland for allowing me access to their science laboratories to try out some of my ideas. Our thanks also to Nicole Lukins for her expert checking and helpful suggestions with the sample data and the Teaching Notes Contents with Syllabus references No. Title Topic Syllabus reference Determining the Water of 1A 1.2 Crystallisation Obtaining and using experimental data for deriving empirical Determining the formulas from reactions involving mass changes. 1B Composition of "Copper 1.2 Carbonate" How Concentrated is 1C 1.3 “Concentrated” Nitric Acid? Use of the experimental method of titration to calculate the Determining the Molar Mass concentration of a solution by reference to a standard solution 1D 1.3 of a Soluble Acid Identifying fuels from their Obtaining and using experimental values to calculate the molar 1E 1.3 molar masses mass of a gas from the ideal gas equation. Emission spectra could be observed using discharge tubes of 2A Observing Emission Spectra 2.2 different gases and a spectroscope. Flame tests could be used to study spectra. Some Reactions of the Experiment with chemical trends directly in the laboratory or 3A 3.2 Halogens through the use of teacher demonstrations. Forces Between Particles and Students could investigate compounds based on their bond type 4A 4.1 Physical Properties and properties. A calorimetry experiment for an enthalpy of reaction should be covered and the results evaluated. Experiments could include calculating enthalpy changes from 5A Measuring Enthalpy Changes 5.1 given experimental data (energy content of food, enthalpy of melting of ice or the enthalpy change of simple reactions in aqueous solution). A calorimetry experiment for an enthalpy of reaction should be Using Hess’ Law to 5B 5.2 covered and the results evaluated. Determine Enthalpy Changes Experiments could include Hess's Law labs. Investigation of rates of reaction experimentally and evaluation of Techniques for Measuring the results. 6A 6.1 Reaction Rates Experiments could include investigating rates by changing concentration of a reactant or temperature. Investigation of rates of reaction experimentally and evaluation of Factors Affecting Rates of the results. 6B 6.1 Chemical Reactions Experiments could include investigating rates by changing concentration of a reactant or temperature. Investigation of rates of reaction experimentally and evaluation of A Quantitative Investigation of the results. 6C 6.1 Reaction Rates Experiments could include investigating rates by changing concentration of a reactant or temperature. The characteristics of chemical and physical systems in a state of 7A An Introduction to Equilibrium 7.1 equilibrium. Physical and chemical systems should be covered. The characteristics of chemical and physical systems in a state of An Introduction to Vapour 7B 7.1 equilibrium. Pressure Physical and chemical systems should be covered. Le Châtelier’s principle can be investigated qualitatively by looking Predicting the Effect of 7C 7.1 at pressure, concentration and temperature changes on different Changes on an Equilibrium equilibrium systems. Candidates should have experience of acid-base titrations with The Solubility of Ethanedioic different Indicators. 8A 8.2 (Oxalic) Acid The evidence for these properties could be based on a student’s experimental experiences.