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Global Warming: Carbon-Nutrient Interactions and Warming Effects on Soil Carbon Dynamics

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Global Warming: Carbon-Nutrient Interactions and Warming Effects on Soil Carbon Dynamics Global warming: Carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics Submitted by ANCUTA ASANDEI to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography September 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature …………………….………………………………………………………………… Global warming: Carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics ABSTRACT In order to predict how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global change, there is growing recognition that we need to better understand linkages between plant and soil processes. Previously the factors and processes with potential to influence the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle have been investigated in isolation from each other. This study investigated the interactions of nutrient availability and warming in controlling the soil carbon dynamics, with regards to the fate of already sequestered carbon in soil, under conditions of increasing atmospheric temperatures. The project objectives were addressed by three independent experiments designed to explain specific components of the carbon-nutrient cycle interactions, and the findings brought together to describe the implications for future soil carbon storage. The main measurements collected throughout this project included soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, partitioned into autotrophic and heterotrophic components, net ecosystem exchange and respiration fluxes, and background soil moisture and temperature data, backed by gas, soil and biomass analyses. In the two field experiments, these measurements were taken from plots with or without any inorganic nutrient additions or in the presence or absence of legumes providing biological nitrogen addition to the ecosystem. In the laboratory, temperature and nutrient availability were manipulated within the ecosystem. The reduction in decomposition rates, without reduction of productivity as a result of inorganic nutrient additions, indicated the potential for increasing C storage. There was also evidence that nutrient availability controls the strength of the link between plant and soil processes in semi-natural grasslands. The yields, decomposition rates and soil C fluxes recorded in the presence and absence of legumes provided some evidence of N2 fixation, improving ecosystem productivity and soil properties while reducing soil C effluxes, in a managed grassland. In the laboratory, the warming of soils from lysimeters with and without plants, receiving or not receiving fertiliser, supported the findings from field experiments regarding the importance of the soil- plant link in controlling C fluxes. However, C stocks and δ13C analyses showed that over a year’s worth of warming and nutrient manipulations made little difference to the amount of C stored in the soil, indicating that edaphic factors have greater control over the response of C dynamics to increased temperatures. A. Asandei 2 | P a g e Global warming: Carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?” Albert Einstein Just like Albert Einstein suggested, I started this PhD not knowing what I was doing, and during the last four years I did a lot of ‘research’ trying to find out. This journey started at a difficult time in my life when I was struggling to find a place for myself in the world, but the most unexpected thing gave me new hope: a letter! That simple act of opening an envelope propelled me into a wonderful new world, of Science! I can only begin to thank my supervisors for the great opportunity they gave me and for the experiences along the way. It was a privilege to have met and worked alongside so many great minds, from which I have learned so much. I would like to thank Dr. Iain Hartley and Prof. David Hopkins for giving me a piece of their knowledge and I only wish I had more opportunities to spend in their presence. Their constant support, encouragements and constructive critique brought me here today, about to evolve into the next stage of my career. Special thanks go to Iain who was always there from the beginning, to guide me through the hard and good times and hopefully can gauge some progress….finally. My only hope is that I have not disappointed! Thank you for the prompt feedbacks, for constantly helping me move forward and for teaching me how to write like a scientist. Many thanks to my second supervisor at the university, Prof. Timothy Quine for making time to give guidance, support and for always finding solutions to my requests. My gratitude goes to everyone at the James Hutton Institute, where it all started, for providing the facilities, co-operation and funding to support my research. Special thanks to Dr. Tim Daniell for stepping up as a supervisor when it was necessary, for accommodating my visits to Scotland and introducing me to some very interesting scientists. Research takes you to so many unexpected places and even if I did not travel abroad for work, I had the chance to visit some unique place in the UK and meet 3 | P a g e A. Asandei Global warming: Carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics wonderful new people. That is why I would like to thank Dr. Victoria Sloan and Dr. Gareth Phoenix for allowing me to take advantage of their experiments in the Peak District and for welcoming me at the University of Sheffield. Thanks to Victoria I was always on time, fed and entertained in the field; the time I spent in your company was relaxing and enriching at the same time; thank you for being my lovely assistant! Another unexpected chance took me close to Dartmoor at North Wyke Research Centre. Many thanks to my supervisors at the farm, Dr Jennifer Dungait, Dr. Robert Dunn and Dr. Deborah Beaumont for the patience in dealing with an avalanche of questions and requests and for insights into the life of an agricultural scientist. To everyone working there, and I think I met everyone, thank you for welcoming me into you family! To the army of people at the University of Exeter, my home for three years, I thank you deeply. Without each and everyone’s influence I would have been poor, sad and lonely. To my colleges and friends, I will always remember you! A. Asandei 4 | P a g e Global warming: Carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 14 LIST OF PICTURES 15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 16 1. CHAPTER I – GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH 19 QUESTIONS 1.1. ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 19 1.1.1. Climate change 19 1.1.2. Nitrogen deposition 22 1.1.3. Summary 25 1.2. CARBON AND NUTRIENT CYCLING IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 26 1.2.1. Key carbon cycle processes 26 1.2.1.1. Photosynthesis and net primary productivity 29 1.2.1.2. Soil respiration 30 1.2.1.3. Summary 31 1.2.2. Nutrient cycling focusing N and P 32 1.2.2.1. Key nitrogen cycle processes 32 1.2.2.2. Key phosphorus cycle processes 37 1.2.3. Interactions between carbon and nutrient cycling 39 1.2.3.1. Links between decomposition and plant growth 40 1.2.3.2. Mycorrhizal fungi 42 1.2.3.3. Summary 43 1.3. NUTRIENT AND CARBON CYCLING IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHANGE 44 1.3.1. Elevated CO2 44 1.3.2. Climate Change 45 1.3.3. Grassland management for carbon sequestration 49 1.3.4. Carbon, nutrients and warming 52 1.3.5. Summary 53 1.4. RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS AND KEY OPEN QUESTIONS 55 1.4.1. Nutrient availability and ecosystem carbon storage 55 1.4.2. Nitrogen fixation and carbon uptake 55 1.4.3. Nutrient availability controls over ecosystem responses to warming 56 1.5. MAIN RESEARCH AIMS 57 2. CHAPTER II - THE IMPACTS OF NUTRIENT ADDITION ON 59 DECOMPOSITION RATES AND THE LINKS BETWEEN PLANT AND SOIL PROCESSES IN TWO SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLANDS 2.1. INTRODUCTION 59 2.1.1. Research questions 59 2.1.2. Current perspective 62 2.1.3. Research requirements 66 5 | P a g e A. Asandei Global warming: Carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics 2.2. WORK AND SITE JUSTIFICATION 67 2.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 69 2.4. HYPOTHESES 69 2.5. METHODOLOGY 70 2.5.1. Site description 70 2.5.2. Experimental design and data collection 73 2.5.2.1. Soil temperature and moisture measurements 73 2.5.2.2. Soil respiration measurements 73 2.5.2.3. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange 77 2.5.3. Calculations and statistical analysis 79 2.6. RESULTS 81 2.6.1. Acidic grassland 81 2.6.1.1. Soil temperature and moisture 81 2.6.1.2. Soil CO2 fluxes 81 2.6.1.3. Heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration 84 2.6.1.4. Ecosystem productivity 87 2.6.2. Calcareous grassland 90 2.6.2.1. Soil temperature and moisture 90 2.6.2.2. Soil CO2 fluxes 90 2.6.2.3. Heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration 91 2.7. DISCUSSION 93 2.7.1. Soil carbon fluxes and productivity in an acidic semi-natural grassland 93 2.7.2. Soil carbon fluxes in a calcareous semi-natural grassland 95 2.7.3.
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