Magisterarbeit 24

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Magisterarbeit 24 „Tell me where the bomb is or I’ll kill your son“– Folter in der TV-Serie „24“ und ihr Einfluss auf die aktuelle Folterdebatte in den Vereinigten Staaten Zur Erlangung des Grades eines Magister Artium der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westfalen vorgelegt von Jens Wiesner aus Dissen a.T.W. 2008 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... 1 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Problemstellung und Relevanz der Forschungsfragen...................................... 5 1.2. Aufbau der Arbeit ............................................................................................ 13 2 Theoretische Grundlage: Folter ............................................................................. 14 2.1. Zur Definition von Folter ................................................................................. 14 2.1.1. Die Folter als Rechtsmittel ....................................................................... 16 2.1.2. Folter – eine rechtswissenschaftliche Definition ..................................... 18 2.1.3. Natur der Folter ........................................................................................ 19 2.1.4. Ziel der Folter ........................................................................................... 21 2.1.5. Folter - ein rein öffentlicher Akt? ............................................................. 22 2.1.6. Folter als soziale Beziehung ..................................................................... 23 2.1.7. Resümee: Eine eigene Arbeitsdefinition .................................................. 25 2.2. Gesellschaftspolitischer Kontext von „24“ ...................................................... 28 2.2.1. Die Folter im Rechtssystem der Vereinigten Staaten vor 9/11 ............... 28 2.2.2. Die Auslegung des Folterbegriffs im „Krieg gegen den Terror“ ............... 34 2.2.3. Die Folterdebatte in Amerika ................................................................... 48 3 Untersuchungsgegenstand ..................................................................................... 59 3.1. Beschreibung der Serie ................................................................................... 59 3.2. Die Figur Jack Bauer ........................................................................................ 60 3.3. Genreeinordnung von „24“ ............................................................................. 62 3.4. Produktionsbedingungen ................................................................................ 63 4 Analyse ................................................................................................................... 68 4.1. Methodisches Vorgehen ................................................................................. 68 4.1.1. Die Inhaltsanalyse .................................................................................... 68 4.1.2. Gewählter Ansatz ..................................................................................... 70 4.1.3. Inhaltliche Entwicklung des Codebuchs ................................................... 72 5 Ergebnisse der quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse ......................................................... 75 5.1. Verteilung der Folterszenen in „24“ ................................................................ 75 5.2. Zweck der Folter .............................................................................................. 85 5.3. Charakterrolle der an der Folter beteiligten Personen ................................... 88 5.4. Öffentlicher Status und Beruf des folternden Helden .................................... 95 5.5. Resultat der Folter ........................................................................................... 98 5.6. Moralische Rechtfertigung der Folter ........................................................... 100 6 Fazit: „24“ – an ad for torture?! ........................................................................... 103 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................................. 106 Anhang: Codebuch ................................................................................................... 128 1 1 Einleitung 1 Einleitung Nur wenige Stunden verbleiben, bis eine Atombombe im Herzen von Los Angeles detonieren wird, die den Tod hunderttausender unschuldiger Menschen bedeuten könnte. Ein Mann, der als einer der verantwortlichen Hintermänner identifiziert wurde und wichtige Informationen über den bevorstehenden Anschlag besitzt, befindet sich bereits in staatlichem Gewahrsam, beruft sich allerdings auf sein Recht zur Aussageverweigerung. In dieser Situation entscheidet sich Federal Agent Jack Bauer, der Held der amerikanischen TV-Serie „24“, zu einer drastischen Maßnahme: Er lässt die Familie des Mannes – eine Frau und zwei Söhne – von schwarz maskierten Eliteeinheiten festnehmen. „Those men will kill your family if you don’t tell me where the bomb is!“ erklärt er mit steinerner Miene dem arabisch-stämmigen Terroristen. Als dieser sich weigert, lässt Bauer den ältesten der Söhne erschießen. Angesichts dieser Tat ‚bricht‘ der Terrorist: Um den Rest seiner Familie zu retten, gibt er die geforderten Informationen preis. Erst im weiteren Verlauf der Handlung erfahren Terrorist wie Zuschauer, dass der vermeintlich erschossene Junge noch lebt, dass die Exekution ‚lediglich’ inszeniert war.1 Am 19. April 2008 veröffentlichte der britische GUARDIAN einen Bericht, der eine recht außergewöhnliche Inspirationsquelle für amerikanische Vernehmungsspezialisten im „Krieg gegen den Terror“2 identifizierte: die TV-Serie „24“. In diesem Artikel erläutert Lieutenant Colonel Diane Beaver, ehemalige militärische Rechtsberaterin auf Guantánamo, den Einfluss der TV-Serie auf Foltervorfälle im amerikanischen Hochsicherheitsgefängnis auf Kuba. Beaver zeigt sich in ihren Ausführungen davon überzeugt, dass die Rezeption von Folterszenen in „24“ zu einem Klima beigetragen hätte, welches die realen Misshandlungen und Folterungen auf dem US-Militärstützpunkt begünstigt habe. Ihrer Einschätzung nach habe „24“ ein Signal ausgesandt, nach dem Folter ein schnelles und effektives Mittel zur Vernehmung von Terrorverdächtigen darstelle: „Jack Bauer had many friends at Guantánamo Bay, he gave people lots of ideas.”3 Beavers Standpunkt ist keinesfalls neu, sondern nur einer unter vielen Beiträgen einer andauernden Debatte um die Folterdarstellung in „24“, eine Debatte, welche 1 Szenenbeschreibung nach: „24“. Zweite Staffel. Folge 12. Erstmalig ausgestrahlt auf Fox am 11. Februar 2003. 2 Übersetzung des amerikanischen Originalbegriffs „war on terror“ bzw. „war on terrorism“. In seiner heutigen Definition erstmalig verwandt am 20. September 2001 durch US-Präsident George W. Bush im Rahmen einer Ansprache an den Kongress. Ob es sich beim „Krieg gegen den Terror“ tatsächlich um einen Krieg im völkerrechtlichen Sinn handelt, ist heftig umstritten, da die Kriegserklärung an eine Terrororganisation und nicht an einen souveränen Staat adressiert wurde. 3 Sands (2008a): S. 18. Aufgrund von Copyrightbestimmungen ist der Artikel auf der Homepage des GUARDIAN leider nicht mehr abrufbar, findet sich allerdings unter neuem Titel in der VANITY FAIR. Sands (2008b): http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/05/guantanamo200805?printable=true&currentP age=all 2 1 Einleitung die TV-Serie bereits seit mehreren Jahren begleitet. Auch Tony Lagouranis, ehemaliger Verhörspezialist der Armee im Irak, konnte bereits Jahre vor Beavers Statement von eigenen Erfahrungen mit einem negativen Effekt von Serien wie „24“ auf die dort stationierten amerikanischen Soldaten berichten: „People watch the shows, and then walk into the interrogation booths and do the same things they’ve just seen.“4 Ein gemeinsamer Besuch des Leiters der US-Militärakademie West Point, General Patrick Finnegan, und hochrangigen Militär- und FBI-Verhörspezialisten mit dem Produktionsteam von „24“ im November 2006 weist darauf hin, dass derartige Befürchtungen durchaus auch von offizieller Stelle ernst genommen wurden. Zweck des Treffens: die Auswirkungen der Folterdarstellung in der Serie auf die amerikanische Öffentlichkeit zu thematisieren – mit besonderem Fokus auf Angehörige der amerikanischen Armee. Finnegan, Richter und Dozent für Kriegsrecht, berichtete den Produzenten von der zunehmenden Schwierigkeit, seine Studenten von der Gültigkeit der allgemeinen Menschenrechte auch für Terroristen zu überzeugen. Dabei habe er feststellen müssen, dass sich jene Studenten in ihrer Argumentation immer häufiger auf die Serie „24“ bezögen, die eine besondere Popularität gerade unter den jungen Soldatenanwärtern besitze. Aus der Serie und dem darin zur Schau gestellten vermeintlich hohen Erfolgsquotienten der Folter zögen viele den Schluss, dass es in bestimmten Fallkonstellationen auch außerhalb des TV-Bildschirms notwendig sein könne, die Folter eines Terrorverdächtigen billigend in Kauf zu nehmen, um die amerikanische Gesellschaft vor einem möglicherweise verheerenden Anschlag zu schützen.5 Doch es sind nicht nur die Kadetten von Westpoint, die ihr Argumentationsmaterial aus der TV-Serie des Senders FOX beziehen: In einem Interview in NBC’s Polittalkshow MEET THE PRESS am 30. September 2007 argumentierte selbst der ehemalige
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