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Tesis Definitiva 28 De Mayo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo III Teoría General de la Información EL "ALA OESTE DE LA CASA BLANCA" Y OTROS MODELOS DE FICCIÓN PARA COMPRENDER LA COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Yolanda Rodríguez Vidales Bajo la dirección de los doctores Felicísimo Valbuena de la Fuente Madrid, 2012 © Yolanda Rodríguez Vidales, 2012 TESIS DOCTORAL EL ALA OESTE DE LA CASA BLANCA Y OTROS MODELOS DE FICCIÓN PARA COMPRENDER LA COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA YOLANDA RODRÍGUEZ VIDALES Director: Prof. D. FELICÍSIMO VALBUENA DE LA FUENTE UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE PERIODISMO III MADRID 2012 Gracias a mis padres, a mis hermanos y a todos mis amigos, por aguantarme en este último año, que no ha sido de los mejores de mi vida. A Carlos Berbell por “regalarme” la idea de esta Tesis y ayudarme con las traducciones. Además, quiero expresar mi gratitud al profesor Felícisimo Valbuena, mi director, por su colaboración, su apoyo y su insistencia. Sin él, esta Tesis seguiría siendo una apariencia y no la realidad que es hoy. 2 Índice Capítulo 1: INTRODUCCIÓN —————————————————————————————— 7 1.1. El ala oeste de la Casa Blanca como modelo de comunicación política ………………..… 7 1.2. Hipótesis: a ficción como una forma de entender la política ………………………………….. 10 1.3. Objetivos ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 CAPÍTULO 2: MARCO TEÓRICO Y METODOLÓGICO………………………………………………………………………………… 15 2.1. EUTAXIA EN SENTIDO POLÍTICO ………………………………………………………………………….. 17 2.2. LA COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA: SU DEFINICIÓN …………………………………………………. 21 2.3. TEORÍA DE LAS APARIENCIAS ……………………………………………………………………………… 24 2.4. METODOLOGÍA Y ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS ………………………………………………………… 26 Capítulo 3: TELEVISIÓN APARIENCIA Y VERDAD —————————————————————— 31 3.1. LAS APARIENCIAS ……………………………………………………..…………………………………………….. 32 I. Apariencias falaces (o, al menos, no veraces) ……………………………………………………….. 35 II. Apariencias veraces (al menos, no falaces) ………………………………………………………….. 38 3.2. LAS SIMULACIONES………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40 3.3. LA VERDAD ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42 3.3.1. Las verdades manifestativas …………………………………………………………………..……… 43 3.3.2. Las verdades constitutivas ……………………………………………………………………………… 45 3.4. TELEVISIÓN MATERIAL Y TELEVISIÓN FORMAL ……………………………………………………….. 55 3. 5. MODELOS DE TELEVISIÓN …….………………………………………………………………………………… 57 Modelo I: Lo que no está en el mundo tampoco está en televisión …………………………. 57 Modelo II.- Lo que no está (o aparece) en la pantalla tampoco está en el mundo ……. 59 Modelo III. Lo que está en la pantalla está en el mundo y lo que está en el mundo está en la telepantalla ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 63 IV. Ni la televisión es una parte del mundo, ni el mundo es un “mundo entorno” de la televisión ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64 3 Capítulo 4: EL ALA OESTE DE LA CASA BLANCA: UN TRATADO DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA—— 67 4.1. CONTEXTO DE CREACIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE LA SERIE: ALGUNOS DATOS DE INTERÉS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67 4.1.1. Introducción …………………..………………………………………………………………………………… 67 4.1.2. Audiencia………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68 4.1.3. Premios y reconocimiento social ………..……………………………………………………………. 68 4.1.4. Nacimiento de la serie (El presidente y Miss Wave)………………………………………….. 68 4.1.5. Creadores-guionistas………………………………………………………………………………………… 69 4.1.6. Actores y personajes …..………………………………………………………………………….………… 69 4.1.7. Particularidades de la serie…………………………………………………….…………………………. 75 4.2. UN MODELO DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA INSTITUCIONAL ……..…………………………. 76 4.2.1. Estructura y funcionamiento de un gabinete de comunicaciones …..………………… 77 4.2.2. Estrategias y técnicas informativas y persuasivas en la comunicación institucional. (Modelo de Hiebert) …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79 A) Reserva de la información ………………………………………………………………………………. 80 B) Publicación ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 94 C) Puesta en escena ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 95 D) Persuasión ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111 4.2.3. Análisis porcentual de ruedas de prensa, debates y discursos …………………………… 117 4.2.4. Cómo actuar en situaciones de crisis y los procesos de negociación ………………….. 118 4.2.5. El recurso al humor como arma comunicativa …………………………………………………… 123 4.2.6. El difícil equilibrio entre la comunicación institucional y el proyecto político del jefe de gobierno ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 127 Capítulo 5: REALIDAD Y FICCIÓN A TRAVÉS DE CAMPAÑAS PRESIDENCIALES ————————— 131 5.1. EL SISTEMA POLÍTICO ESTADOUNIDENSE ……………………………………………………………… 132 5.1.1. La campaña ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 132 5.1.2. Los partidos políticos ………………………………………………………………………………………… 134 a) Los demócratas ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135 b) Los republicanos …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136 c) Los terceros partidos ………………………………………………………………………………………. 137 5.2. LA CAMPAÑA PRESIDENCIAL…………………………………………………………………………………. 138 5.2.1. El comportamiento electoral ……………………………………………………………………………. 138 5.2.1.1. Los temas de campaña.…………………………………………………………………………… 139 5.2.1.2. Imágenes sociales…………………………………………………………………………………… 164 4 5.2.1.3. Sentimientos ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 165 5.2.1.4. Imagen del candidato …………………………………………………………………………….. 166 5.2.1.5. Sucesos actuales…………………………………………………………………………………….. 167 5.2.1.6. Sucesos personales ……………………………………………………………………………….. 174 5.2.1.7. Asuntos epistemológicos ………………………………………………………………………. 175 5.3. REALIDAD Y LA FICCIÓN EN LAS CAMPAÑAS POLÍTICAS ………………………………………… 176 5.3.1. Ficción: campaña de reelección del presidente Bartlet (2001-2002) ……………… 178 5.3.1.1. Contexto histórico………………………………………………………………………………….. 178 5.3.1.2. Las nominaciones …………………………………………………………………………………… 179 5.3.1.3. La campaña ficticia …………………………………………………………………………………. 179 5.3.2. Ficción: campaña Santos- Vinick (2005-2006) ………………………………………………… 180 5.3.1.1. Contexto histórico………………………………………………………………………………….. 180 5.3.2.2. Las nominaciones …………………………………………………………………………………… 181 5.3.2.3. La campaña ficticia …………………………………………………………………………………. 181 5.4. FICCIÓN Y REALIDAD: DOS CANDIDATOS MINORITARIOS: SANTOS Y OBAMA……….. 185 5.4.1. Dos candidatos minoritarios ……………………………………………………………………… 186 5.4.2. Las primarias …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187 5.4.3. Tras la nominación: La campaña ……………………………………………………………….. 188 Capítulo 6: CUANDO LA FICCIÓN AUDIOVISUAL INSPIRA LA POLÍTICA———————————— 193 6.1. LA POLÍTICA Y EL ESPECTÁCULO – FICCIÓN ………………………..……………………………………. 193 6.2. EL CONTEXTO POLÍTICO EN ESTADO UNIDOS A TRAVÉS DE LA FICCIÓN: EL CINE………. 195 6.2.1. El candidato (The Candidate, 1972): el triunfo de la política de la imagen….. 198 6.2.2. Poder (Power, 1986): el poder de las técnicas del marketing aplicadas a la política ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 203 6.2.3. La cortina de humo (Wag the Dog, 1997): la realidad política como ficción… 206 6.2.4. Primary Colors (Mike Nichols, 1998), cualquier parecido con la realidad, a veces, no es coincidencia ……………………………..…………………………………………………….. 211 6.2.5. Los Idus de Marzo (The idus of March, 2011): las mentiras del sistema político ……………………………..…………………………………………………..…………………………… 215 6.3. LA POLÍTICA A TRAVÉS DE LAS SERIES DE TELEVISIÓN: LA FICCIÓN SE HA REALIZADO—————————————————————————————————————— 219 6.3.1. 24 (2001-2010) ……………………………..…………………………………………………………… 220 6.3.2. Señora Presidenta (Commander In Chief, 2005-2006)…………………………………. 222 6.3.3. The Event (2010- 2011) ……………………………………………………………………………… 223 6.3.4. K Streek (2003) ……………………………………..…………………………………………………… 224 5 6.4. EL STORYTELLIG, EL RELATO COMO FORMA DE INTERPRETAR LA POLÍTICA …….……... 227 6.4.1. El Storytelling en El ala oeste de la Casa Blanca ………………………………………… 229 Capítulo 7: LOS ASESORES DE CAMPAÑA, EL PREDOMINIO DEL MARKETING POLÍTICO ———— 233 7.1. LA IMPORTANCIA DE LOS ASESORES POLÍTICOS EN CAMPAÑA ……………………………… 233 7.1.1. Los grandes asesores políticos estadounidenses …………………………….…..……………. 234 7.1.1.1. James Carville, el artífice de la victoria de bill Clinton ……………………………… 235 7.1.1.2. Karl Rove, el “arquitecto” de Bush ………………………………………………………….. 237 7.1.1.3. David Axelrod, el narrador de Obama …………………………………………………….. 239 7.1.2. Los asesores made in Europa ……………………………………………………………………….….. 240 7.1.2.1. Jacques Séguéla, enfant terrible de la publicidad europea ……………………… 241 7.1.2.2. Saatchi & Saatchi, responsable de la victoria de Margaret Thacher ………… 242 Capítulo 8: ENTREVISTAS REALIZADAS A ASESORES, POLÍTICOS Y EXPERTOS EN MATERIA DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA Y CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES ————————————— 245 8.1. ASESORES POLÍTICOS ENTREVISTADOS ………………………………………………………..………. 245 8.2. PRINCIPALES RESPUESTAS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 247 Capítulo 9: CONCLUSIONES —————————————————————————————— 257 Anexos: ANEXO I. Ficha técnica de la serie El ala oeste de la Casa Blanca ……..…………………………………….. 259 ANEXO II. Fichas técnicas, artísticas y carteles de las películas ……………………………………………….. 263 ANEXO III. Fichas técnicas, artísticas y carteles de otras series analizadas ………………………………. 275 ANEXO IV. Entrevistas y cuestionarios a destacados, asesores y consultores políticos y/o mediáticos ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 285 Referencias bibliográficas —————————————————————————— 307 6 Capítulo 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. El ala oeste de la Casa Blanca como modelo de comunicación política Desde el mito de
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