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The Cosmos of Khnumhotep Ii Studies in Egyptology

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The Cosmos of Khnumhotep Ii Studies in Egyptology THE COSMOS OF KHNUMHOTEP II STUDIES IN EGYPTOLOGY EDITED BY GEOFFREY THORNDIKE MARTIN EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY EMERITUS, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON THE EGYPTIAN TEMPLE THE COBRA GODDESS OF ANCIENT EGYPT PATRICIA SPENCER SALLY B. JOHNSON THE ADMINISTRATION OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE EGYPT IN THE OLD KINGDOM AMARNA PERIOD AND ITS AFTERMATH NIGEL STRUDWICK GEOFFREY THORNDIKE MARTIN CORPUS OF RELIEFS OF THE NEW KINGDOM THE PRIVATE CHAPEL IN ANCIENT EGYPT FROM THE MEMPHITE NECROPOLIS AND ANN H. BOMANN LOWER EGYPT, VOLUME 1 AKHENATEN'S SED-FESTIVAL AT KARNAK GEOFFREY THORNDIKE MARTIN JOCELYN GOHARY PROBLEMS AND PRIORITIES IN AFTER TUT'ANKHAMUN EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY EDITED BY C.N REEVES EDITED BYJAN ASSMANN, GUNTER BURKARD AND VIVIAN DAVIES THE BOUNDARY STELAE OF AKHENATEN LOST TOMBS WILLIAMj. MURNANE AND LISE MANNICHE CHARLES C. VAN SICLEN III DECORATION IN EGYPTIAN TOMBS THE CANOPIC EQUIPMENT OF THE OLD KINGDOM OF THE KINGS OF EGYPT YVONNE HARPUR AIDAN DODSON LIVING IN THE PAST: STUDIES IN ARCHAISM UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZU DEN OF THE EGYPTIAN TOTENBUCHPAPYRI DER 18. DYNASTIE TWENTY-SIXTH DYNASTY IRMTRAUT MUNRO PETER DER MANUELIAN THE MONUMENTS OF SENENMUT EGYPTIAN SOLAR RELIGION PETER F DORMAN IN THE NEW KINGDOM THE FORT-CEMETERY AT HIERAKONPOLIS JAN A SSMANN BARBARA ADAMS WINE AND WINE OFFERING THE DUTIES OF THE VIZIER IN THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT G. PF VAN DEN BOORN MU-CHOU POO A GLOSSARY OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ASKUT IN NUBIA NAUTICAL TITLES AND TERMS STUART TYSON SMITH DILWYNJONES THE NEW KINGDOM ROYAL CITY LAND TENURE IN THE RAMESSIDE PERIOD PETER LACOVARA SALLY L.D. KATARY CHIEF OF SEERS VALLEY OF THE KINGS ELIZABETH GORING, NICHOLAS REEVES C.N REEVES ANDJOHN RUFFLE THE COSMOS OF KHNUMHOTEP II AT BENI HASAN JANICE KAMRIN ~ ~~o~!~~n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1999 by Kegan Paul International This edition first published in 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, axon, ox14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © Janice Kamrin 1999 All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 0-7103-0574-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-7103-0574-9 (hbk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality ofthis reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The publisher has made every effort to contact original copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF PLATES xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 THESIS STATEMENT 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CONCEPTION OF THE COSMOS 3 COSMOGONY AND COSMIC PROCESS 4 COSMOGRAPHY 4 HIERARCHY OF BEINGS 7 THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT 11 OVERVIEW 19 CHAPTER II: BACKGROUND: HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND ARCHITECTURE AT BENI HASAN 21 GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EARLY DYNASTY 12 21 GEOGRAPHY OF THE BENI HASAN AREA 23 MORTUARY REMAINS 24 SETTLEMENTS 28 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TOMB 3 30 MAIN CHAMBER 33 AUTOBIOGRAPHY 34 BURIAL SHAFTS 36 SHRINE 37 ARCHITECTURAL MODELS 37 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY AND PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP 41 TRADITIONAL METHODOLOGy 41 NEW APPROACHES 42 ANALYSIS OF THE TOMB CHAPEL OF KHNUMHOTEP II 44 INTERPRETATION OF MICROSCENES 46 SUMMARY OF WALLS 47 SYNTHESIS OF THE TOMB CHAPEL AS A WHOLE 47 VI CHAPTER IV: DECORATION OF TOMB 3 53 WEST WALL 53 Wl. Statue Transport 54 W2. Washing Cloth 60 W3. Carpentry 61 W4. Khnumhotep II and Attendants 61 W5. Pottery Making 62 W6. Boat Building 63 W7. Brewing and Baking 65 W8. Spinning and Weaving 66 W9. Building the Tomb? 67 Wl0. Storage of Manufactured Goods and Grain 69 Wll. Harvesting and Threshing 72 W12. Plowing and Sowing 72 W13. Gardening 73 W14. Cattle Fording a Waterway 74 W15. Canal Activities 75 W16. Riverine Voyages 76 OVERVIEW OF WEST WALL AS A WHOLE 81 NORTH WALL 82 Nl. Hunting in the Desert 83 N2. Khnumhotep II and Attendants 89 N3. Procession of Birds 92 N4. Procession of Asiatics 93 N5. Clapnetting 96 N6. Procession of Cattle 98 N7. Procession of Officials 99 N8. Feeding Animals 100 N9. Fighting Bulls 100 Nl0. Procession of Sheep, Donkeys, and Cattle 101 Nll. Petitioners and Scribes 102 OVERVIEW OF NORTH WALL AS A WHOLE 102 EAST WALL 104 El. Khnumhotep II Fowling with a Throwstick l05 E2. Khnumhotep II Clapnetting 109 E3. Khnumhotep II Harpooning Fish 110 E4. Seining 115 E5. Fighting Boatm.en 119 OVERVIEW OF EAST WALL AS A WHOLE 120 SOUTH WALL 122 Sl. Khnumhotep II at Offering Table 122 52. Menu 124 53. Khety at Offering Table 125 VII 54. Celebration of Cultic Rites 127 S5. Offering Bearers 129 S6. Slaughtering and Burnt Offerings 130 S7. False Door 131 OVERVIEW OF SOUTH WALL AS A WHOLE 132 SHRINE 133 Shl. Cult Recipients 134 Sh2. Daughters of Khnumhotep II 135 Sh3. Menu and Offerings 135 Sh4. Tjat 136 Sh5. Sons of Khnumhotep II and Priests 136 OVERVIEW OF SHRINE AS A WHOLE 137 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS: TOMB AS A COSMOGRAPH 139 TOMB CHAPEL 3 AS A GEOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE COSMOS 140 THE PERSONAL COSMOS OF KHNUMHOTEP 11 140 THE ROYAL COSMOS 142 THE EGYPTIAN COSMOS 142 TEMPORAT~ CYCLES WITHIN THE THREE COSMOI 144 ORIENTATION: KHNUMHOTEP II WITHIN THE THREE COSMOI 148 TOMB CHAPEL 3 AS "PRIVATE MORTUARY TEMPLE" 151 CONCORDANCE WITH TEMPLE DECORATION 151 BENI HASAN TOMB 2 157 BRIEF DESCRIPTION 158 SYNTHETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOMB CHAPEL OF AMENI 161 TOMB 2 AS A MODEL OF THE COSMOS 162 TOMB 2 AS A "PRIVATE MORTUARY TEMPLE" 165 CONCLUSIONS 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY 169 INDEX 195 PLATES 197 VIII LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Schematic View of the Nile Valley Landscape 5 Figure 1.2: The Seasons of the Egyptian Year 6 Figure 1.3: "Geography" of the Egyptian Cosmos 7 Figure 1.4: Built Structures in the Egyptian Cosmos ll Figure 1.5: Plan of a Typical New Kingdom God's Temple 12 Figure 1.6: Flow of Benefits in the God's Temple 16 Figure 11.1: Map of Egypt 22 Figure 11.2: Sketch Map of the Oryx Nome 24 Figure 11.3: Plan and Elevation of Chapel of Tomb 3 32 Figure 11.4: Reconstruction of Tent Shrine 33 Figure 11.5: Location of Autobiography 35 Figure 11.6: Comparison of Beit el-Wali (Ramesside), Tomb 3, and Khonsu Temple, Karnak (Ramesside) 38 Figure 11.7: The Ka Chapel of Heqaib 39 Figure 111.1: Schematic Diagram of Methodology 45 Figure N.l: West Wall, Microscenes 54 Figure N.2: Statue Transport 55 Figure N.3: Washing Cloth 60 Figure N.4: Carpentry 61 Figure N.5: Khnumhotep II and Attendants 62 Figure N.6: Pottery Making 63 Figure N.7: Boat Manufacture 64 Figure N.8: Brewing and Baking 65 Figure N.9: Spinning and Weaving 67 Figure N.I0: Building the Tomb? 68 Figure N.ll: Treasury 70 Figure N.12: Filling Granaries 71 Figure N.13: Harvesting and Threshing 72 Figure N.14: Plowing, Sowing, and Officials 73 Figure N.15: Grape Arbor, Fruit Trees and Vegetable Garden 74 Figure N.16: Cattle Fording a Waterway 75 Figure N.17: Canal Activities 76 Figure N.18: Voyage South 77 Figure N.19: Voyage North 79 Figure N.20: Landscape Evoked on the WestWaI1. 81 Figure N.2l: Indications of Time on the WestWaI1. 82 Figure N.22: North Wall- Microscenes 83 Figure N.23: Desert Hunt 84 Figure N.24: Khnumhotep II Receiving Census 90 Figure N.25: Herding Birds 92 IX Figure N.26: Procession of Asiatics 93 Figure N.27: The Chieftain, Ibesha 94 Figure N.28: Clapnetting 97 Figure N.29: Herding Cattle 99 Figure N.30: Procession of Officials 99 Figure N.31: Feeding Animals 100 Figure N.32: Fighting Bulls 101 Figure N.33: Procession of Herds 101 Figure N.34: Petitioners and Scribes 102 Figure N.35: Landscape Evoked on the North WaI1. 103 Figure N.36: Indications of Time on North Wall 103 Figure N.37: East Wall - Microscenes 104 Figure N.38: Khnumhotep II Fowling 106 Figure N.39: Khnumhotep II Clapnetting 109 Figure N.40: Khnumhotep II Harpooning Fish 111 Figure N.41: Seining 116 Figure N.42: Fighting Boatmen 120 Figure N.43: Landscape Evoked on the East Wall. 120 Figure N.44: Indications of Time on the East Wall 121 Figure N.45: South Wall- Microscenes 122 Figure N.46: Khnumhotep II at Offering Table 123 Figure N.47: Piles of Offerings 124 Figure N.48: Menu 125 Figure N.49: Khety at Offering Table 126 Figure N.50: Descendants of Khnumhotep II 126 Figure N.51: Nakht and the Performance of Rituals 128 Figure N.52: Other Sons, Priests and Officials (and Third Wife?) 128 Figure N.53: Procession of Offering Bearers 129 Figure N.54: Bringing Live Animals 130 Figure N.55: Butchering Cattle 130 Figure N.56: Burnt Offerings 131 Figure N.57: False Door 132 Figure N.58: Shrine - Microscenes 134 Figure N.59: North and Northwest Walls of Shrine 135 Figure N.60: South Wall of Shrine 136 Figure V.1: Environments Depicted in Tomb 3 141 Figure V.2: Map of the Local Landscape Provided in Tomb 3 141 Figure V.3: Map of Larger Cosmos Evoked in Tomb 3 144 Figure V.4: Temporal Cycles represented in Tomb 3 145 Figure V.5: Narrative Progression in Tomb 3 146 Figure V.6: Orientations of Major Figures and Flow Pattern of Tomb 3 149 Figure V.7: Khnumhotep II Within the Larger Cosmos 150 Figure V.8: (=1.6): Flow of Benefits in the God's Temple 152 x Figure V.9: Flow of Benefits in the Tomb Chapel 153 Figure V.10: Plan of Tomb 2 157 Figure V.11: Organization of Themes in Tomb 2 162 Figure V.12: Elements of the Landscape Present in Tomb 2 163 Figure V.13: Model of The Egyptian Landscape in Tomb 2 163 Figure V.14: Model of the Cosmos in Tomb 2 164 Figure V.15: Flow of Action in Tomb 2 165 XI LIST OF TABLES Table 11.1: Decorated Tombs at Beni Hasan 26 Table 11.2: Towns mentioned in the Beni Hasan Tombs 29 Table V.l: Significant Differences between Tombs 2 and 3 160 Table V.2: The Three Nested Cosmoi in the Chapel of Khnumhotep 11.
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