Bert Hoppe in Stalins Gefolgschaft Studien Zur Zeitgeschichte
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The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William
THE KPD AND THE NSDAP: A STTJDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL EXTREMES IN WEIMAR GERMANY, 1923-1933 BY DAVIS WILLIAM DAYCOCK A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1980 1 ABSTRACT The German Communist Party's response to the rise of the Nazis was conditioned by its complicated political environment which included the influence of Soviet foreign policy requirements, the party's Marxist-Leninist outlook, its organizational structure and the democratic society of Weimar. Relying on the Communist press and theoretical journals, documentary collections drawn from several German archives, as well as interview material, and Nazi, Communist opposition and Social Democratic sources, this study traces the development of the KPD's tactical orientation towards the Nazis for the period 1923-1933. In so doing it complements the existing literature both by its extension of the chronological scope of enquiry and by its attention to the tactical requirements of the relationship as viewed from the perspective of the KPD. It concludes that for the whole of the period, KPD tactics were ambiguous and reflected the tensions between the various competing factors which shaped the party's policies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE abbreviations 4 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I THE CONSTRAINTS ON CONFLICT 24 CHAPTER II 1923: THE FORMATIVE YEAR 67 CHAPTER III VARIATIONS ON THE SCHLAGETER THEME: THE CONTINUITIES IN COMMUNIST POLICY 1924-1928 124 CHAPTER IV COMMUNIST TACTICS AND THE NAZI ADVANCE, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW THREATS 166 CHAPTER V COMMUNIST TACTICS, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 223 CHAPTER VI FLUCTUATIONS IN COMMUNIST TACTICS DURING 1932: DOUBTS IN THE ELEVENTH HOUR 273 CONCLUSIONS 307 APPENDIX I VOTING ALIGNMENTS IN THE REICHSTAG 1924-1932 333 APPENDIX II INTERVIEWS 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 4 ABBREVIATIONS 1. -
From Finance to Fascism: the Real Effects of Germany's 1931 Banking
From Finance to Fascism: The Real Effects of Germany’s 1931 Banking Crisis Sebastian Doerr Stefan Gissler José-Luis Peydró Hans-Joachim Voth Abstract Do financial crises radicalize voters? We analyze a canonical case – Germany in the early 1930s. Following a large bank failure in 1931 caused by fraud, foreign shocks and political inaction, the economic downturn went from bad to worse. We collect new data on bank-firm connections. These suggest a direct link from the banking crisis to both economic distress and extreme radical voting. The failure of the Jewish-led Danatbank strongly reduced the wage bill of connected firms, leading to substantially lower city-level incomes. Moreover, Danat exposure strongly increased Nazi Party support between 1930 and 1933, but not between 1928 and 1930. Effects work through both economic and non-economic channels. Greater economic distress caused by Danat led to more Nazi party votes. In addition, the failure of a Jewish bank was skillfully exploited by propaganda, increasing support above and beyond economic effects. This was particularly true in cities with a history of anti-Semitism. In towns with no such history, Nazi votes were only driven by the economic channel. Greater local exposure to the banking crisis also led to fewer marriages between Jews and gentiles just after the Summer of 1931, and to more attacks on synagogues after 1933, as well as more deportations of Jews. Keywords: financial crises, banking, real effects, Great Depression, democracy. JEL codes: E44, G01, G21, N20, P16. This version is from September 2018. Sebastian Doerr is at University of Zurich ([email protected]); Stefan Gissler is at the Federal Reserve Board ([email protected]); José-Luis Peydró is at ICREA- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CREI, Barcelona GSE, Imperial College London, CEPR ([email protected]); Hans-Joachim Voth is at University of Zurich and CEPR ([email protected]). -
Kommunistiska Internationalen 1926-1933
Pierre Broué Kommunistiska Internationalen 1926-1933 Denna text utgör sex kapitel (nr 23-28) i Broués stora arbete om den Kommunistiska inter- nationalens historia, vars franska upplaga kom ut 1997. Boken finns inte översatt i sin helhet till något annat språk, men på marxistarkivet finns fler kapitel: Komintern fem år senare (om läget i Komintern kring 1924), Kommunistiska Internationalen 1933-1938 (om folkfronts- politiken), Motorsågsmassakern (utrensningarna under åren 1936-39), Kommunistiska Internationalen och Andra världskriget och Dödsbudet. Upplösningen av Komintern De här återgivna kapitlen handlar till stor del om Kominterns s k ”tredje period” (1928-1934), där katastrofen i Tyskland (med nazisternas maktövertagande 1933) markerar en slags slut- punkt. Men Broué beskriver även vänster- och högeroppositionen och hur Stalin & Co tog ett allt fastare grepp om Komintern genom att eliminera oppositionella (i Sovjet, Kina, Tyskland, Polen, Tjeckoslovakien …). Översättningen är utförd av Björn-Erik Rosin Innehåll 23. Internationalens stalinisering ................................................................................................ 1 Zinovjev eliminerad ............................................................................................................... 1 Kris inom vänstern i Tyskland ............................................................................................... 1 Elimineringen av Fischer-Maslow ......................................................................................... 4 Uppgörelse -
The Beginning of the End: the Political Theory of the Gernian Conmunist Party to the Third Period
THE BEGINNING OF THE END: THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE GERNIAN CONMUNIST PARTY TO THE THIRD PERIOD By Lea Haro Thesis submitted for degree of PhD Centre for Socialist Theory and Movements Faculty of Law, Business, and Social Science January 2007 Table of Contents Abstract I Acknowledgments iv Methodology i. Why Bother with Marxist Theory? I ii. Outline 5 iii. Sources 9 1. Introduction - The Origins of German Communism: A 14 Historical Narrative of the German Social Democratic Party a. The Gotha Unity 15 b. From the Erjlurt Programme to Bureaucracy 23 c. From War Credits to Republic 30 II. The Theoretical Foundations of German Communism - The 39 Theories of Rosa Luxemburg a. Luxemburg as a Theorist 41 b. Rosa Luxemburg's Contribution to the Debates within the 47 SPD i. Revisionism 48 ii. Mass Strike and the Russian Revolution of 1905 58 c. Polemics with Lenin 66 i. National Question 69 ii. Imperialism 75 iii. Political Organisation 80 Summary 84 Ill. Crisis of Theory in the Comintern 87 a. Creating Uniformity in the Comintern 91 i. Role of Correct Theory 93 ii. Centralism and Strict Discipline 99 iii. Consequencesof the Policy of Uniformity for the 108 KPD b. Comintern's Policy of "Bolshevisation" 116 i. Power Struggle in the CPSU 120 ii. Comintern After Lenin 123 iii. Consequencesof Bolshevisation for KPD 130 iv. Legacy of Luxemburgism 140 c. Consequencesof a New Doctrine 143 i. Socialism in One Country 145 ii. Sixth Congress of the Comintern and the 150 Emergence of the Third Period Summary 159 IV. The Third Period and the Development of the Theory of Social 162 Fascism in Germany a. -
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Hobbs, Mark (2010) Visual representations of working-class Berlin, 1924–1930. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2182/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Visual representations of working-class Berlin, 1924–1930 Mark Hobbs BA (Hons), MA Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD Department of History of Art Faculty of Arts University of Glasgow February 2010 Abstract This thesis examines the urban topography of Berlin’s working-class districts, as seen in the art, architecture and other images produced in the city between 1924 and 1930. During the 1920s, Berlin flourished as centre of modern culture. Yet this flourishing did not exist exclusively amongst the intellectual elites that occupied the city centre and affluent western suburbs. It also extended into the proletarian districts to the north and east of the city. Within these areas existed a complex urban landscape that was rich with cultural tradition and artistic expression. This thesis seeks to redress the bias towards the centre of Berlin and its recognised cultural currents, by exploring the art and architecture found in the city’s working-class districts. -
Zu Den Beziehungen Der KPD Und Der Kommunistischen Internationale
Dokumentation ZU DEN BEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN DER KPD UND DER KOMMUNISTISCHEN INTERNATIONALE D ie Kommunistische Internationale (Komintern) war zwischen 1919 und 1943 die Zusammenfassung sämtlicher Kommunistischer Parteien1. Im Jahre 1928 gehörten der Komintern, der III. Internationale, 40 Parteien mit 1,6 Millionen Mitgliedern an2. Die straff zentralisierte Komintern verstand sich als „Weltpartei der Revolution", die Mitgliederparteien waren nationale Sektionen, vom EKKI (Exekutivkomitee der Kommunistischen Internationale) in Moskau geleitet. Die einzige Staatspartei der III. Internationale, die Kommunistische Partei Rußlands (später KPdSU), hatte eine dominierende Stellung in der Kornintern, die in den zwanziger Jahren zu einer Beherrschung der Internationale durch die KPdSU ausgebaut wurde. Die veränderten Verhältnisse waren vor allem für den deutschen Kommunismus be deutsam, der in immer stärkere Abhängigkeit von Moskau und damit von Stalin geriet. Die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands war zwischen 1920 und 1933 neben der russischen KP die stärkste Sektion der III. Internationale (sie zählte zwischen 100000 und 350000 Mitglieder und - 1932 - fast 6 Millionen Wähler). Die um die Jahreswende 1918/19 gegründete KPD3 hatte sich allerdings auf dem I. Kongreß 1 Eine neuere Bibliographie zur Kommunistischen Internationale gibt Witold S. Swora- kowski, The Communist International and its Front Organisations, Stanford, Cal., 1965. An neueren Dokumentensammlungen seien erwähnt: Jane Degras (Ed.), The Communist Inter national 1919-1943, Documents, Vol. I, London 1955, Vol. II, London i960, Vol. III, London 1965; Theo Pirker (Hrsg.), Utopie und Mythos der Weltrevolution, Zur Geschichte der Komintern 1920 bis 1940, München 1964. Ders.: Komintern und Faschismus 1920 bis 1940, Stuttgart 1965; Hermann Weber, Die Kommunistische Internationale, Eine Dokumentation, Hannover 1966; Der I. und II. -
Bowling for Fascism: Social Capital and the Rise of the Nazi Party
UBS Center Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 7, June 2014 ISSN 2296-2751 (Print) ISSN 2296-2778 (Online) Bowling for Fascism: Social Capital and the Rise of the Nazi Party Shanker Satyanath Nico Voigtländer Hans-Joachim Voth About the UBS International Center of Economics in Society The UBS International Center of Economics in Society, UBS Center in short, is an Associated Institute at the Department of Economics of the University of Zu- rich. It was established in 2012, enabled by a founding donation by UBS, which the bank made on the occasion of its 150th anniversary. In view of the very gen- erous donation, the university named the UBS Center after its benefactor. The new center of excellence serves two main aims, the first of which is to finance world-class research in economics on all levels, to be conducted at the Univer- sity’s Department of Economics. It thereby supports the department’s ambition to further strengthen its position as one of the top economics departments in Europe and to make Zurich one of the best places for research in economics in the world. The Center’s other aim is to serve as a platform for dialogue between academia, business, politics, and the broader public, fostering continuous knowl- edge transfer in the process. Delivering on these aims will in turn also contribute to the quality of Zurich, and Switzerland more generally, as leading locations for education and business. Bowling for Fascism: Shanker Satyanath, New York Social Capital and the Rise University Nico Voigtländer, UCLA and of the Nazi Party NBER Hans-Joachim Voth, University of Zurich and CEPR Abstract Social capital is often associated with desirable political and economic outcomes. -
Final Unformatted Bilbio Revised
Université de Montréal Urban planning and identity: the evolution of Berlin’s Nikolaiviertel par Mathieu Robinson Département de littératures et langues du monde, Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès arts en études allemandes Mars 2020 © Mathieu Robinson, 2020 RÉSUMÉ Le quartier du Nikolaiviertel, situé au centre de Berlin, est considéré comme le lieu de naissance de la ville remontant au 13e siècle. Malgré son charme médiéval, le quartier fut construit dans les années 1980. Ce dernier a été conçu comme moyen d’enraciner l’identité est-allemande dans le passé afin de se démarquer culturellement de ces voisins à l’ouest, et ce, à une époque de détente et de rapprochement entre la République démocratique allemande (RDA) et la République fédérale d’Allemagne (RFA). Depuis la construction du quartier, Berlin a connu une transformation exceptionnelle; elle est passée de ville scindée à la capitale d’un des pays les plus puissants au monde. La question se pose : quelle est l’importance de Nikolaiviertel, ce projet identitaire est-allemand, dans le Berlin réunifié d’aujourd’hui ? Ce projet part de l’hypothèse que le quartier est beaucoup plus important que laisse croire sa réputation de simple site touristique kitsch. En étudiant les rôles que joue le Nikolaiviertel dans la ville d’aujourd’hui, cette recherche démontre que le quartier est un important lieu identitaire au centre de la ville puisqu’il représente simultanément une multiplicité d’identités indissociables à Berlin, c’est-à-dire une identité locale berlinoise, une identité nationale est-allemande et une identité supranationale européenne. -
From Finance to Fascism: the Real Effect of Germany's 1931 Banking Crisis
Economic Working Paper Series Working Paper No. 1651 From finance to fascism: the real effect of Germany’s 1931 banking crisis Sebastian Doerr, Stefan Gissler, José-Luis Peydró, and Hans-Joachim Voth Updated version: March 2019 (March 2018) From Finance to Fascism: The Real Effect of Germany’s 1931 Banking Crisis Sebastian Doerr Stefan Gissler José-Luis Peydró Hans-Joachim Voth Abstract Do financial crises radicalize voters? We analyze a canonical case – Germany during the Great Depression. After a severe banking crisis in 1931, caused by foreign shocks and political inaction, radical voting increased sharply in the following year. Democracy collapsed six months later. We collect new data on pre-crisis bank-firm connections and show that banking distress led to markedly more radical voting, both through economic and non-economic channels. Firms linked to two large banks that failed experienced a bank-driven fall in lending, which caused reductions in their wage bill and a fall in city-level incomes. This in turn increased Nazi Party support between 1930 and 1932/33, especially in cities with a history of anti-Semitism. While both failing banks had a large negative economic impact, only exposure to the bank led by a Jewish chairman strongly predicts Nazi voting. Local exposure to the banking crisis simultaneously led to a decline in Jewish-gentile marriages and is associated with more deportations and attacks on synagogues after 1933. Keywords: financial crises, banking, Great Depression, democracy, anti-Semitism. JEL codes: E44, G01, G21, N20, P16. This version is from March 2019. Sebastian Doerr is at University of Zurich ([email protected]); Stefan Gissler is at the Federal Reserve Board ([email protected]); José-Luis Peydró is at ICREA- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CREI, Barcelona GSE, Imperial College London, and CEPR ([email protected]); Hans-Joachim Voth is at University of Zurich and CEPR ([email protected]). -
Left-Wing Splinter Parties in the Weimar Republic
LEFT-WING SPLINTER PARTIES IN THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC by FREDERICK ALFRED MILLER B. A., University of British Columbis, 1970 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History WE ACCEPT THIS THESIS AS CONFORMING TO THE REQUIRED STANDARD THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA January, 197^ In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Depa rtment The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT This study deals with left-wing splinter parties -> whi'ch were in existence in Germany between jtg&8 and 1933. In 1918 the Second Empire collapsed, the Kaiser abdicated, and the imperial government resigned. Only the socialists were relatively strong enough and, in the eyes of the public and the victorious Allies, unblemished enough to take com• mand of the state. At this historical moment, however, the socialists were divided. The chance to ih's$»3Q,Isocialism in Germany was lost due to the bitter fighting among the three principal left-wing parties. The divisions in the socialist camp, which had started earlier, but which broke into open warfare at the end of the Great War, were intensified by the crises the Weimar Republic faced and led to a great number of splinter parties. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 02:55:18PM Via Free Access 168 Sewell
Fascism 9 (2020) 167-194 Antifascism in the Neighborhood: Daily Life, Political Culture, and Gender Politics in the German Communist Antifascist Movement, 1930–1933 Sara Ann Sewell Department of History, Virginia Wesleyan University, Virginia Beach, USA [email protected] Abstract This article examines grassroots communist antifascist politics in Germany during the final years of the Weimar Republic. In contrast to most studies on Weimar’s street politics, which focus on political violence, this research demonstrates that daily life, political culture, and gender relations shaped the communist antifascist movement in working-class neighborhoods. It argues that daily conflict with distinct political overtones or undertones increased steadily in the early 1930s. As a result, quarrels between neighbors were often colored with political narratives, and sometimes ordinary disputes escalated into political conflict and even violence. Political culture inflamed the tensions, particularly when Nazis and communists littered proletarian boroughs with their symbols. Women were often at the center of the conflict. Many joined the frontlines of communist antifascist struggle, where they faced widespread discrimination from male comrades who, flaunting a militant hypermasculinity, insisted that women belonged only in the rearguard. Keywords Germany – Weimar Republic – antifascism – communism – daily life – gender – women – political violence The year 1929 marked a pivotal moment in the Weimar Republic. On the diplo- matic front, Germany renegotiated the Versailles Treaty, settling on the Young Plan, which reduced reparations and laid the groundwork for the evacuation of © Sara Ann Sewell, 2020 | doi:10.1163/22116257-20201175 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc license at the time of publication. -
John Heartfield's Mass Medium Author(S) Kriebel, Sabine Publication Date 2009-08 Original Citation Kriebel, S., 2009
UCC Library and UCC researchers have made this item openly available. Please let us know how this has helped you. Thanks! Title Manufacturing discontent: John Heartfield's mass medium Author(s) Kriebel, Sabine Publication date 2009-08 Original citation Kriebel, S., 2009. Manufacturing Discontent: John Heartfield's Mass Medium. New German Critique 107, 36(2), pp.53-88. Type of publication Article (peer-reviewed) Link to publisher's http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0094033X-2009-002 version Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. Rights © 2009 by New German Critique, Inc. Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/215 from Downloaded on 2021-10-02T12:13:34Z Manufacturing Discontent: John Heartfi eld’s Mass Medium Sabine Kriebel The readers of the Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (AIZ) were formally intro- duced to John Heartfi eld and his incisive art of photomontage in the second week of September 1929—on page 17 of issue 37 (fi g. 1). Ceremonially clad in coat and tie as if dressed for a formal portrait, brow furrowed, fi erce glare commanding the beholder’s gaze, Heartfi eld presented himself in the act of beheading the Berlin police chief, Karl Zörgiebel. Note that the blade sepa- rating the police chief’s head from his body is not the solitary edge of a guil- lotine, executing the condemned with a single merciful thwack, but the twin edges of long-handled shears, slowly decapitating the victim with a repetitive joining and separating, each gesture widening the gap between head and body, helped along by Heartfi eld’s tugging fi ngers.