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Final Unformatted Bilbio Revised Université de Montréal Urban planning and identity: the evolution of Berlin’s Nikolaiviertel par Mathieu Robinson Département de littératures et langues du monde, Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès arts en études allemandes Mars 2020 © Mathieu Robinson, 2020 RÉSUMÉ Le quartier du Nikolaiviertel, situé au centre de Berlin, est considéré comme le lieu de naissance de la ville remontant au 13e siècle. Malgré son charme médiéval, le quartier fut construit dans les années 1980. Ce dernier a été conçu comme moyen d’enraciner l’identité est-allemande dans le passé afin de se démarquer culturellement de ces voisins à l’ouest, et ce, à une époque de détente et de rapprochement entre la République démocratique allemande (RDA) et la République fédérale d’Allemagne (RFA). Depuis la construction du quartier, Berlin a connu une transformation exceptionnelle; elle est passée de ville scindée à la capitale d’un des pays les plus puissants au monde. La question se pose : quelle est l’importance de Nikolaiviertel, ce projet identitaire est-allemand, dans le Berlin réunifié d’aujourd’hui ? Ce projet part de l’hypothèse que le quartier est beaucoup plus important que laisse croire sa réputation de simple site touristique kitsch. En étudiant les rôles que joue le Nikolaiviertel dans la ville d’aujourd’hui, cette recherche démontre que le quartier est un important lieu identitaire au centre de la ville puisqu’il représente simultanément une multiplicité d’identités indissociables à Berlin, c’est-à-dire une identité locale berlinoise, une identité nationale est-allemande et une identité supranationale européenne. Mots-clés : Nikolaiviertel, Berlin, Allemagne, RDA, urbanisme, identité urbaine, développement urbain, vieille ville. i ABSTRACT The Nikolaiviertel neighborhood in the heart of Berlin is considered the birthplace of the city going back to the 13th century. Despite its medieval charm, the quarter was only built in the 1980s. It was conceived as a means of rooting the East German identity in the past to differentiate itself culturally from its western neighbor during a time of détente and rapprochement between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Berlin has changed enormously since the construction of the Nikolaiviertel: the once-divided city is now the reunified capital of one of the most powerful nations in the world. So how important is the Nikolaiviertel today, a neighborhood built to strengthen East Germany’s identity? This study posits that the quarter is more important than its reputation as a simple kitsch tourist site suggests. By studying its roles in contemporary Berlin, this research shows that the Nikolaiviertel is significant for Berlin’s place identity by manifesting a multiplicity of identities intrinsic to Berlin, i.e. a local Berliner identity, a national East German identity and a supranational European identity. Key words: Nikolaiviertel, Berlin, Germany, GDR, urbanism, urban identity, urban planning, old town ii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Nikolaiviertel im Herzen Berlins gilt als Geburtsort der Stadt aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Trotz seines mittelalterlichen Charmes wurde das Viertel 1987 fertiggestellt. Es nutzte die Vergangenheit als Mittel zur Verwurzelung der ostdeutschen Identität, um sich in einer Zeit der Entspannung zwischen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (BRD) kulturell von ihrem Nachbarn im Westen zu unterscheiden. Berlin hat sich seit dem Bau des Viertels viel verändert: Die einst geteilte Stadt ist nun die wiedervereinigte Hauptstadt einer der mächtigsten Nationen der Welt. So stellt sich die Frage: Wie wichtig ist das Nikolaiviertel, das als Übermittler einer neuen DDR-Identität konzipiert war, im heutigen Berlin? Diese Studie geht davon aus, dass das Viertel wichtiger ist, als sein Ruf als bloße kitschige Sehenswürdigkeit vermuten lässt. Durch die Untersuchung seiner Rolle im heutigen Berlin kommt diese Studie zu dem Schluss, dass das Nikolaiviertel für die Identität Berlins von Bedeutung ist, da es eine Vielzahl von inhärenten Identitäten aufweist: eine lokale Berliner Identität, eine nationale ostdeutsche Identität und eine supranationale europäische Identität. Schlüsselwörter: Nikolaiviertel, Berlin, Deutschland, DDR, Städtebau, Stadtidentität, Stadtentwicklung, Altstadt iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 3 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH ....................................................................................... 15 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 18 SECTION 1: PAST ROLES ................................................................................................. 20 1. THE NIKOLAIVIERTEL AS AN INSTRUMENT TO EVOKE PATRIOTISM ...... 20 1.1. THE HONECKER REGIME REDISCOVERS GERMAN HISTORY ................................ 20 1.2. EAST BERLIN GETS HISTORICIZED: THE 750TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CITY .. 21 1.3. A NEW EAST GERMAN IDENTITY ROOTED IN THE PAST ........................................ 22 1.3.1. PATRIOTISM TROUGH CONTINUITY ..................................................................................... 22 1.3.2. PATRIOTISM THROUGH EAST GERMAN ACHIEVEMENTS .............................................. 26 1.3.2.1. SOLVING THE HOUSING CRISIS ...................................................................................... 26 1.3.2.2. GREATER CONSUMPTION POSSIBILITIES .................................................................... 28 2. PROMOTING EAST BERLIN, CAPITAL OF THE GDR .......................................... 30 2.1. TOURISM IN EAST BERLIN .............................................................................................. 30 2.2. STAGING THE PAST: THE HERITAGE UPPER HAND .................................................. 32 2.3. BRANDING EAST BERLIN AS A CITY OF PEACE ........................................................ 34 2.4. EAST BERLIN, ATTRACTIVE IN ALL FIELDS ............................................................... 36 SECTION 2: CONTEMPORARY ROLES ........................................................................ 39 3. SHOWCASING THE NEW BERLIN ............................................................................. 39 3.1 MARKETING BERLIN WITH DISTINCTIVENESS: LOCAL IDENTITY AND HERITAGE TOURISM ................................................................................................................ 39 3.1.1 TOURISM IN BERLIN: THEN AND NOW ................................................................................. 40 3.1.2 HERITAGE TOURISM IN THE GERMAN CAPITAL ................................................................ 41 3.1.3 THE NIKOLAIVIERTEL AND HERITAGE AS PRESENTED TO TOURISTS ........................ 42 3.1.4 AUTHENTIC EXPERIENCES ....................................................................................................... 44 3.1.5 TRAVEL GUIDES AND OFFICIAL BROCHURES: DIFFERENCES IN NARRATIVES ........ 45 3.2 PROMOTING NORMALITY WITH A EUROPEAN IDENTITY ....................................... 47 3.2.1 NORMALIZING THE NEW BERLIN ........................................................................................... 47 3.2.2 BERLIN, CITY OF DIVERSITY ................................................................................................... 49 3.2.3 COSMOPOLITANISM ................................................................................................................... 52 3.2.4 A EUROPEAN CITY ...................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.4.1 THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT ......................................................................................... 55 3.2.4.2 CRITICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND THE TRADITIONAL EUROPEAN MODEL ...... 56 4. THE NIKOLAIVIERTEL: AN EAST GERMAN ERINNERUNGSORT .................... 61 4.1. REUNIFICATION AND PERCEIVED EFFACEMENT OF THE EAST ........................... 61 4.2. REMEMBERING EAST GERMANY .................................................................................. 64 4.2.1. THE NIKOLAIVIERTEL: REPRESENTATION OF CHANGE ................................................. 64 4.2.2. REMEMBERING THE ALLTAG ................................................................................................. 67 4.2.2.1. MUSEUMS ............................................................................................................................. 67 4.2.2.2 ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................................... 69 4.2.3. REMNANTS OF SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY ................................................................................. 71 iv 4.2.3.1. THIEME’S FRIEZE ............................................................................................................... 71 4.2.3.2. COMMEMORATIVE PLAQUES ........................................................................................
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