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Home , 1930s, Adolf Hitler, Anschluss, Aryanization, Austria, Austrians

GERMANY AND IN THE

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934

Unemployment reaches The Great Coalition The German government than 6 million are and to the Nazi Schleicher resigns. concentration camp at Civil in Austria between 2.8 million in . formed in 1923 between cuts salaries and unemployed in Germany. rise to power. The Nazi Hitler is appointed Dachau is opened for the army and the the four pro- of public employees. Party reaches close to on 30 political prisoners. The (SDP). Riots break out in democratic parties in von Hindenburg 38% in the parliamentary and Von Papen is named is passed, The SDP is subsequently between the Communists Germany is dissolved. A banking crisis ensues is reelected President (230 seats), Vice-Chancellor. granting Hitler dictatorial banned in Austria. and the in an Heinrich Brüning forms after the collapse of the of Germany with 53% but during the following powers. Only the Social episode known as a minority government Darmstädter and National of the vote. Hitler weeks, Hindenburg The German Democrats (SPD) New is enacted in (Bloody May). and serves as German Bank (Danat Bank). The comes in second with refuses to name Hitler is dissolved. An arson vote against it in the Austria under Dollfuss, leading Chancellor until 1932. German stock market is 37% and the Communist, Chancellor. attack on the German . to authoritarian rule and the U.S. stock market closed until September. Ernst Thälmann, secures parliament leads to the establishment of a Ständestaat crash affects the global French troops leave third place with 10%. Federal elections held in false accusation that The Nazis organize (corporate ). economy. American Germany. 4.5. million are unemployed Temporary ban on the Germany, with losses for the Communists were a boycott of Jewish banks recall all loans to in Germany. There is (Assault the . It is the behind the fire. The shops and businesses in First meeting between Germany. Dissolution of the German a failed coup attempt Division, or SA) and last free before National Socialist regime Germany. Hitler and . continues to rise. Reichstag (Parliament). by Austrian (Protective the Nazis seize power in led by Hitler starts (national paramilitary Squadron, or SS) after . to rule by emergency Book burnings across Under the Röhm purge, Hitler The is adopted group) commander Walter Hindenburg’s reelection. decree. Around 4,000 Germany of works asks Himmler to lead the SS to solve the question of Pfirmer in . Von Papen is forced Communists are arrested. deemed “un-German.” in murderering the SA lead- German war reparations. named from office. Kurt von ers and conservative oppo- Unemployment surpasses A second German govern- . Schleicher is named The is Dollfuss bans all activities nents. The SS under Himmler 3.5 million. In the ment is formed under Hein- Chancellor and is the last dissolved and Chancellor of the NSDAP in Austria. becomes responsible for the elections, the Social rich Brüning. The So-called “Prussian one to serve under the Engelbert Dollfuss begins The Social Democratic concentration camp system. Democratic Party of Front, a short-lived and Blow” takes place. The Republic. a semi-. Party (SDP) is banned in The July Putsch is a failed Germany (SPD) wins a radical anti-democratic Prussian government Federal elections are held Germany. coup attempt against the Na- majority, but the National group, is formed in the is overthrown and in Germany just days after tional Socialist regime Socialist German Workers’ of Harzburg to power is transferred to the . The The Nazi Party is in Austria. Austrian Chancellor Party (NSDAP), or Nazi oppose the Weimar democ- Chancellor Von Papen Nazis wins 44% of the proclaimed the only Dollfuss is murdered. Party, reaches 18.3% (95 racy and the government of under an emergency vote, and shortly thereafter, political party in Germany seats in the parliament) Chancellor Brüning. decree by President other political parties that is permitted to exist. German President Hindenburg and becomes a strong . are banned. Joseph dies and Hitler becomes political faction. The federal government of This effective coup Goebbels is appointed The Chamber of Führer (Leader). The German Germany declares a state d’état contributes to the of Culture is established army swears allegiance of emergency. downfall of the Weimar for the Third Reich. The under Goebbels. to Hitler. 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

France, Great Britain, Reintroduction of general Law for the Protection Hitler sends German Opening of the Austrian Chancellor Kurt After the German troops invade and declare Austria’s in Germany. of the Hereditary Health troops into the “” von Schuschnigg resigns Agreement is signed . autonomy. of the German Nation demilitarized . exhibition in Munich. and is succeeded by granting Germany forms a military Adoption of the is instituted, requiring Arthur Seyss-Inquart. of portions of with and the Race Laws. certificates for all Austrian Chancellor Goebbels opens Czechoslovakia, known . prospective marriages. and the exhibition “The German troops cross as the , the German Ambassador Wandering Jew” the Austrian border and abandons Hitler issues an order to Franz Von Papen sign a in Munich. encounter no resistance; plans to replace Hitler. prepare for war against treaty whereby Germany they are greeted by Poland. will recognize Austrian cheers and Nazi salutes. German diplomat Ernst sovereignty and the Hitler declares the vom Rath is shot by a German-Soviet will release (Annexation) Polish-Jewish student, Nonaggression Pact Nazi prisoners. of Austria on the , signed in Moscow. (Square of in . In response to Germany and Italy Heroes) in . Rath’s death, The German send troops to to are burned in Germany, attacks Poland. England support General Franco held in Jewish businesses are and France declare war during the Civil War. The German-occupied Austria vandalized, and Jewish on Germany, marking the are held on the annexation of men arrested on the outbreak of War II. in Berlin. Austria to the German nights of –10. Reich. More than The term Hitler signs order Germany and Italy 99% of voters support ( of Broken Glass) authorizing announce the - unification. “” is used to describe the and backdates it to Berlin Axis Pact. of the German economy violent and murderous to protect begins, whereby Jewish . those enforcing it and to businesses and property link with outbreak of war. are transferred to non- Jewish owners. Johann ’s attempt to assassinate Hitler and other Nazi leaders in Munich fails.

Courtesy German History in Documents and Images (GHDI)