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REPORT of an INTER-AGENCY ASSESSMENT MISSION to the NUBA MOUNTAINS of SOUTH KORDOFAN, SUDAN the Challenge

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REPORT of an INTER-AGENCY ASSESSMENT MISSION to the NUBA MOUNTAINS of SOUTH KORDOFAN, SUDAN the Challenge Final REPORT OF AN INTER-AGENCY ASSESSMENT MISSION TO THE NUBA MOUNTAINS OF SOUTH KORDOFAN, SUDAN The challenge: . the Nuba Mountains is not a poor region . it is a rich region inhabited by poor people adapted from Mahatma Ghandi Table of Contents GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 4 PART A: CONSOLIDATED MISSION REPORT 5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 2 CONTEXT AND MISSION OBJECTIVES 10 3 AREAS ASSESSED, METHODOLOGY AND CONSTRAINTS 12 4 FINDINGS 15 5 RECOMMENDATIONS 25 PART B: SECTORAL REPORTS 32 1 HEALTH AND NUTRITION 33 2 THE EDUCATION SECTOR 51 3 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD ECONOMY 69 4 WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 90 5 GENDER AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS 96 6 REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY OF LIVELIHOODS 106 7 LOGISTICS 121 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ARI Acute respiratory infections CHW Community health worker CAHW Community animal health worker EPI Expanded programme of immunization FGM Female genital mutilation GOS Government of Sudan HAMNM Humanitarian Assessment Mission to the Nuba Mountains IDP Internally displaced person INGO International non-governmental organization MUAC Middle upper-arm circumference NGO Non-governmental organization NID National immunization days NRRDS Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Society OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan OPV Oral polio vaccination ORS Oral re-hydration salts PHCC Primary health care centres PHCU Primary health care unit SCF Save the Children Fund SPLA Sudan Peoples Liberation Army SPLM Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement TBA Traditional birth attendant UNCERO United Nations Coordinator for Emergency Relief Operations WES Water and environmental sanitation PART A: Consolidated Mission Report 1 Executive Summary 1.1 The Nuba Mountains cover an area of roughly 30,000 square miles located in South Kordofan State. Its population consists of about fifty ethnic groups. The area has been a zone of conflict between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement and Army (SPLM/A) since 1985. The SPLM control some 20 percent of South Kordofan with an estimated population of 200,000 (out of approximately 1.1 million total population for the State). The SPLM area consists mainly of rural mountainous zones with low agricultural productivity, where basic services are rare or non-existent. The Government of Sudan (GOS) controlled area contains most of the State’s urban centres, albeit it too is a predominantly agricultural region, including several areas of extensive rain-fed mechanized farming 1.2 Following various UN initiatives with the GOS, including a personal appeal from the UN Secretary-General to the Minister of External Relations in May 1999, the principle of mounting a humanitarian assessment mission in the SPLM-controlled areas was accepted by GOS and approved by SPLM. A United Nations Humanitarian Assessment Mission to SPLM areas of the Nuba Mountains (HAMNM) took place between 19 and 24 June 1999 with the participation of OCHA, WFP and UNICEF. The HAMNM recommended that a more detailed assessment mission be mounted as soon as practical. It was subsequently decided that the mission also assesses adjacent conflict- affected areas in the GOS-controlled areas. 1.3 The assessment mission of the SPLM-controlled areas was undertaken over a fifteen day period during the second half of September and the mission to the GOS- controlled areas was undertaken over one week, commencing 7 October. In both cases, the mission divided itself into two teams in order to attain greater Arial coverage. The mission included representation from UN agencies, namely, FAO, OCHA, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, as well as four NGOs, namely, CARE, DED, SCF-UK and SCF- US. The team to SPLM areas was led by WFP while the team to GOS areas was led by UNDP. 1.4 The primary objectives of these two missions were to: q determine the needs of the conflict-affected populations in the two areas q determine the volume and nature of humanitarian assistance necessary to respond as it gained the confidence of the respective authorities through its transparency and non- partisan mode of operation. 1.6 The report of the mission consists of a general overview of its findings (PART A) followed by seven detailed sectoral reports with specific recommendations for follow-up action (PART B). It also includes a series of annexes, some of which include detailed primary statistical information. Given that there had not been any prior UN missions to the regions assessed, the data collected by the mission will be of utility to both the local authorities and to the international humanitarian and development communities. 1.7 While the original aim of the mission was to assess humanitarian needs in the conflict-affected regions of the Nuba Mountains, the prevailing situation in the region is one where the current coping strategies of the affected populations are best served by supporting their rehabilitation of livelihoods while simultaneously addressing the relief requirements of the most vulnerable and needy people. Consequently, the mission's focus was to assess both the immediate survival needs of the affected populations as well as the medium-term recovery and rehabilitation needs. Hence the report is a prescription of interventions that are intended to reduce dependency on relief while building the capacities for the populations to move towards greater self-reliance and eventual self- sufficiency. 1.8 In the health sector, the mission found very limited, inadequately equipped and supplied facilities existing in the SPLM area, largely staffed by volunteers who are poorly qualified or unqualified. Some training is being provided by a local NGO for health care workers, but the trainers are themselves poorly qualified. There is no referral system in place. EPI coverage is very limited or non-existent and children are therefore vulnerable to epidemic outbreaks. In the GOS areas, a good network of health centres is in place, albeit they are all in need of basic supplies. Some have no permanent staff. EPI coverage is almost total. A very high incidence of goitre exists in both areas but this can be readily remedied through distribution of iodized salt. Despite these limitations, neither area faces any major immediate critical health emergency, albeit mortality is needlessly high, as is the risk of epidemics, in the SPLM areas. 1.9 Education has been seriously disrupted, especially in the SPLM areas where a whole generation of children have been deprived of schooling. Basic education is slowly being re-established through a volunteer system, however, most teachers are poorly qualified or unqualified. There is an acute shortage of all forms of school supplies, 1.10 The Nuba Mountains were wholly self-sufficient in agriculture before the war. Over the past ten years this self-sufficiency has been completely eroded. The population has been driven from the fertile clay plains by insecurity and is currently cultivating lands in the mountains or in peripheral areas. Reduced to cultivating small plots, depending only upon hand cultivation, having limited inputs and no access to fertilizers, few households are able to produce much more than 25 percent of their food needs. Moreover, the livestock component of their economy has been almost completely destroyed resulting in both a decline in income from livestock and a reduced quality of nutrition. It has also eliminated the traditional safety net that allowed farmers to get through poor crop seasons. Consequently, people are supporting themselves with an array of ad hoc income generating activities in the GOS areas, while in the SPLM areas, a barter economy prevails. Food assistance meets only a small proportion of the food deficit, and often none at all. 1.11 The mission determined that while there is no critical food shortage at the moment in either area, albeit there remain many vulnerable populations who would benefit from further food assistance, there will be sizeable food deficit next year between May to September. This is due to the late onset of rains this season, coupled with their heavy duration once the season began, the small areas currently cultivated, and the lack of adequate inputs such as fertilizers. Plant diseases such as stalk-borer and striga are rampant and are a manifestation of lack of crop diversification. Access to markets is also a problem. Wild food collection is an important supplement to diets, especially in the SPLM areas. 1.12 Gender-issues raised by the assessment focus, amongst other issues, upon alleged human rights violations and the adequacy of health services, such as the quality of traditional birth attendants. In SPLM areas, maternal and child mortality was very high; in GOS areas it was found to be relatively low. There is a high prevalence of STDs in the SPLM areas, partly attributable to the widespread incidence of rape. This was not found to be the case in GOS areas. In contrast, FGM has declined markedly in the SPLM areas, partly as a result of strong opposition to the practice by the SPLM leadership. Women in both areas want to access adult literacy programmes. 1.13 There are large IDP populations in both areas, albeit the populations have generally displaced only over short distances. In SPLM areas this has usually been from the fertile plains into the mountains. Overall, the IDPs fare no worse than the local rural populations among whom they have settled. All get access to at least some land. the urban IDPs, would go a long way to strengthening the local capacities to increase their levels of self-reliance. However, micro-credit facilities must be introduced in parallel with basic with extension services since few people have ever had any experience with credit facilities. There is considerable scope for supporting projects that address vegetable production. Livestock herd regeneration can also best be achieved through micro-credit facilities. 1.15 Access is a major problem throughout the Nuba Mountains.
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