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Wilhelminism and Its Legacies German Modernitia, Impeialism, and the Meaningsof Reform, Lbg0-1G30

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Wilhelminism and Its Legacies German Modernitia, Impeialism, and the Meaningsof Reform, Lbg0-1G30 Wilhelminism and Its Legacies German Modernitia, Impeialism, and the Meaningsof Reform, lBg0-1g30 Essaysfor Hartmut Poggevon Strandmann Edited by GeoffEley andJames Retallack /A Z Bnghahn Boohs New York . Oxford Fbst publishedin 2oo3 uy COntentS Bagbah Booh: www.berdahnbooks.com O2O03 G€o{TBley and lames Retallack AI nghts reserr€d.Bxc€pt for the quotatlor ot short passag€sfor the pu4ose of Rttmrd crltlcismand revie{', no part ot tbis bookmay bereproduced ln any form or by by yo&d R. Beryid}n or mechadcal, iucludiu8 pholocopylng.recordinS, or any rneans,eleclronlc tI ^ , , , ant lrfomation storageaM retdeval systen now know; or to be lnvented, Acknwledgoos wlthout written perml$loDof th€ publisher, : lnrtodlcdon Libraryorcongrcsscatarorrns-rn-pubrrcatronData r. J'fr11i:,j1"ff*:Tf-n"".,**n,0" in Mlhel4ine c'cmatrv i{,rh.rnrnrsnind rtsr.38.6 : c.rmn ndidtr[i.i l'nFdaus, andrhe nernhgr of EIorD,r s9c19lo : e@'. IorHrrhut Pqs. vonstradndn /.dlLd bycdolT Flct and Ga[ EIq l6 R'ralacl lane 2. Membenhip, Organization, and wilfielmine Modenisn: Courrucring Eononic Ir.rtrdd brbrrosraphjcarctue.c.! andtrd.L Demcracy rhrcqh Coperation IS8Nl-5718r-221-7 (61k. p!pd) Brctt Fotrbaim 34 l Cermlr-Pollo6udgft mn.nt-1333J918,2, 'Few 3 betier fdmcE iD Etrrcpe"? Roductivig NodomusF6.rMny-r{5rdy-19rhdrury1cflfly-sdiat Charye' and Modqniation in condirionFr8Tr,rer s. 4.6€rnanr-&dmrc !o[cy-18a3-ler B. t. : Est_Elbian Asriculturc, | 870- | 9 t 3 Inpedorhn-trrrrory-l9thcentufr, r, Poss.eor shndrann. tl, (Hdtnut) IL El.y, okrb.r Grcat 5l 6.ofi, re4e- Iu.Retau.ck,tawsN. ' 4. T[evithetininc Reeimc and rhe Robtem ofReform: DD!2E.w5srurr Germai D.bares abour Modc.n Narion_sraiei e4r.os4_d.2r 2002041662 Ma,*He'!,it,r,n 73 5. l4,.tudo'm: A Middle"Clals Artidor. ro Withcthini.m? Maulrca ldaict Brldsh filrrary catatoguing in publlcadon Data , 9l 6' Inpcnah Socialismof tlc Chair: Gusrav A catalogu€ rccord for thls book ts availabl€ hom the Brittsh Library Schmollq and G€rnu lrFolilit t697-t905 Ellt Cd,nmerSolern 107 Printedin UnitedKingdom by Biddles/IBTGlobal. 7. "Our naturalally": Anglo-GermanRelations and the Contradictorv Agendasof WilhelmineSocialism, 1897-1900 Paul Probert t23 -6- Imperialist Socialism of the Chair GusfcuSchmoller and CermanW eltltolitih,I 897- 1905 Erur GruuueR-Solsu Introduction -l- h" intenseinvolvement of Mlhelmine academicson behalfof theGerman navy I has alwaysbeen both fascinatingand troubling-fascinating becauseof the sophisticatedorganization and broad infuence'of this activity,and troublinggiven thesepolicies' undoubted contribution to the rising tide of internationaltensions beforeJuly l914. The involvementof universityteachers as "agitators" for theGer- man high seasfeet hasbeen perceptively investigated.l Yet the specificmotivations and activitiesof a leading"Navy professor"and colonialenthusiast, the economist and socialreformer Gustav Schmollec have not beenexplored, and thedense and [as- cinatingweb of domesticand internationalcontacts in which he wasenmeshed dur- ing this activityhas remained obscure. This gap in the historiographyis surprising, giventhat a prominent"socialist of thechair" suchas Schmoller would seeman ideal candidatefor testingthe conceptof Wilhelmine"social imperialism." The historianEckart Kehr washimself well awareof Schmoller'simportance in shapingpublic opinionon behalfof the feet. Yet Kehr's analysisof his specificrole remainedboth superficialand ambiguous,in effectasserting that men suchas Schmollerhad supported the feet for vagueand poorlyconsidered reasons. Schmoller, accordingto Kehr, had consequentlybeen blinded to thesocial imperialistic domestic agendaof thoseclasses benefiting from and pressingfor the high seasfeet.2 While WolfgangMarienfeld warned against interpreting academic involvement on behalfof thefleet as a politicaltactic or outcomeof manipulation,3the Kehrite interpretationof socialimperialism facilitated by bourgeoisapologists such as Schmollerhas found a Notes for this sectionbegin on page 120. Erik Grimmer-Solenr | 08 lmperialistSocialisn oJ'theChair 109 firm place in Hans-Ulrich Wehler's DeutscheGesellschaftsgeschichte, and hence has Throughhis deceased father-in-raw siepkeI haveknown Secretary o[ StateTirpitz since becomesomething of a permanent fixture in German historiography.a old times.He recentlysent I ieutenant boro,il;r;;; H;;;;;'; iirt rr, ,,.* onecould, and betterthan hitherto, The question that this chapter addressesis whether or not it can be said that awakenin broadercircles in ,;i;;.;l;* ," muchfor fleetplans as forthe "., Gustav Schmolleracted as cog in the machineryof socialimperialism. More speci6- cerman colonies,exports, the signi6cance of international powerstruggles with Engrand,etc. sinceon thewhore I * ,i. ,",n.'*nipoin, u, cally, did he directly or indirectly instrumentalize Weltpolitikfor a domestic social and he is and also havefound in previous ",n conversationswith rirpitz that he has crearand political agenda,a palliative to ongoing socialistagitation, thereby distracting from the sensibleviews abour our rradeporicv, etc., I thereforegludly i..L;;l-., *irri"ur.r, ." political be helpful,vet I did not conceai backlogof overduesocial and reforms?Moreover, can it be said that he was thai under th. lrr..nt governmentail eifortsto guickry gain somerhingfor rhe fleetwould fttile. manipulatedto placatepowerful materialinterests and lend credibility to the existing .be Cap. v. H ;**.J ;;;;l;;frl"i *0.",.a his intentionwith precision:voting in the regime) These are intriguing questions,given that it is beyond dispute that fear of nextbu'dget y"u., i, r.r, *. ui,nit-,u,,.""rtu"trv producinga change in viewsabout the signifi.lnceof ou, .*t"rnJ'-trui.,--c.r*un socialistrevolution was an important impulsefor the socialreform activitiesSchmoller exports,the colonies,the powerquestions.bnry a permanentchange in the whoreof prominent publicopinion can guarantee had organizedand directedsince the early 1870s,the most examplebeing usthe sort of f""t iuiiling r,uii ;, itselfover generation.s ,pr.ua the Verein fiir Sozialpolitik.5 Equally, the policy writings and activities of Schmoller a "."i"i'unJro before lB95 were focusedalmost entirely on domesticsocial policy, in particular,fac- As this letter makes clear, from tory legislation,trade unionism, vocationaltraining, social insuranceschemes, and the very beginning, and at least as far back as schmoller's first discussionswith agricultural reform.6We would thereforecome to expect a continuation of these rirpitz , the matter of the fleetwas linked very closely to colonial policy, German exports, themesin his activitiesas a German imperialist.Yet, as this essaywill demonstrate, and an internationar power struggrewith England. Indeed, theseappear very much the ends this doesnot turn out to be the case. of any of the [eet 1at least, as was presented to Schmoller "rpan.ion The following pages seek to illuminate the specific involvement of Gustav by Tirpitz and Heeringen) and therefore also seem to be the basis for consensuswith Schmollerin German Weltpolitil<during the years 1897-1905, when a new German schmoile.. Th" ..rponr" rro,n Br.niuno r, u, interestingas this letterfrom Schmoiler.Brentano policy of naval power and assertive imperialism took shape. I will argue that was a passionateAngrophire and a left-liberalfree trader,yet this did Schmoller was not manipulatedinto becominga naval and imperial advocate,that not stop him from rendinghis assenttl s.i*ott"r,, requestfor support: there is a remarkablyconsistent theme of internationalpower politics and economic competition that permeates his Weltpolitift, that there is an absence of the themes Every policy that effectivelyworks socialreform and socialimperialism in his writings and activitiesin theseyears, and toward raising-ourexports is assuredmy support. For-whether one may view it as a fortuneor misfortune-it is nevertheressa fact that his views were consistentwith his historicalinterpretations of mercantilismand Germanvis now that an industriarstate. since this i, iro* thng, ure ,i...r,1.0*"",.""- his positionon the strategicuse of trade. Concluding remarksaddress how we might cern is to find salesmarkers [o.r its products,and particurldv ,[. products.on this the sareswiil ";;;;';ii;iniurtrul assessSchmoller's Weltpolitift and what this might tell us aboutGerman imperialism. no* d"p"ni, n"rnlin the domesticsares our agriculturalproducts. "u"n marketof For our domesti.,r1", _urL"t i, d;;;;;;'"; .,-i"if,"r.'". havea solventworking popuration. Th" ,oru.n.viii. i.a"r,.li*".ri"* replaced o"ori.ai"" rr", theold [saying]:,"i[.thefarmer ,on.y, ,o do.r.u.rytoJfl,Iii-.iu,ur. Schmoller and the High Seas Fleet agriculture.lies !u, or in thepurchasing power of our industriar*orr.in;;;;;u,i.",ii. opmento[irs a*.r, necessiries,rhe.increase of its efficiencv, *" productionro its needs.yet the sorvencvof ""a "a]"lii"" "J"gri.rr**r Schmoller'sactive involvement on behalfof theGerman navy began in lateJuly | 897, ou, ;;;king popurationr", . orJi".a;,;"" thedevelopment of our exports. ", followinga visitfrom Commander Heeringen of thenewly created Information Bureau The futureof our exportsis, however, , currentlyvery threatened. The developmentof of theImperial Naval Office. Heeringen had been sent by Alfred Tirpitz to discussthe the relarionshipbetween Engrand und ir, .oloni., .""1a u..1." ," similarlv,our senseless "";'l-Jr"#;;"i ,r. longer-terminvolvement of leadingacademics on behalfof theexpansion of theGerman bountvporicy tt* gr".. e...r..n oi"j.v ri;ril rorswill likelvbe
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