Nutrition and Composition of Transgenic American Chestnuts

Andy Newhouse SUNY-ESF Syracuse, NY

Chestnut Blight Darling 58 tolerates

chestnut blight

5mm 5mm wound

Chinese Chestnut

Darling 58 Oxalate oxidase (OxO) detoxifies oxalic acid

Doesn’t kill fungus

-Also naturally found in: Other cereal grains Banana Strawberry Cocoa Mosses Fungi Many others No enhanced environmental risks (traditional breeding for comparison)

• Transgene inheritance by seedlings • Tree growth rate and form • Leaf decomposition rates • Tadpole growth & development with transgenic leaves • Bee feeding/use of pollen • Many more…

See poster at: www.esf.edu/chestnut/poster.htm Regulatory Status • Currently permitted plantings only • USDA (Safety to plants and environment) • EPA (Safety of pesticides)

• FDA (Safety of food & feed) – Nutrition, composition – Allergens, toxins – Labeling

• Estimated 2-5 years? Serving Size: 50g Darling58 NT Full Darling58 NT Full NT AC (~15 nuts) T2 Sib (T2) T1 Sib (T1) Range Calories 117 120 104 103 102 - 124 Total Fat (g) 2.6 3.4 2.7 2.7 2.1 - 4.4 Total Carbs (g) 21 20 18 18 18 - 21 Protein (g) 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 – 2.5

T2 generation (2018) T1 generation (2016) Fatty acid profile Tannins Allergens, Toxins, Gluten

• Natural OxO sources – (Rice, millet, sorghum, tomato, spinach…)

• Protein family

• Amino acid sequence

• Database searches: > WHO thresholds No matches Conclusions • OxO is already in many foods • No nutritional changes • No compositional changes • No known allergen, toxin, or gluten risks Thank you!

[email protected] www.esf.edu/chestnut

Subsequent slides are extras, for answering questions or addressing specific topics of interest in more detail WILD AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Common Name Scientific Name Reference Goatgrass Aegilops tauschii (NCBI, 2017) Native OxO Spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus (Goyal et al., 1999) Ramie Boehmeria nivea (Xuxia et al., 2012) Bougainvillea Bougainvillea spectabilis (Srivastava and Krishnan, 1962) Sources (published to date…) Stiff brome Brachypodium distachyon (NCBI, 2018a) Rubber bush Calotropis procera (Freitas et al., 2017) CULTIVATED FOOD PLANTS Mexican tea (epazote) Chenopodium ambrosioides (Nagahisa and Hattori, 1964) Common Name Scientific Name Reference Insulin plant Costus pictus (Sathishraj and Augustin, 2012) Common sunflower Helianthus annuus (Maksoud, 1996) Peanut Arachis hypogaea (Wang et al., 2010) Oat Avena sativa (Lane et al., 1991) Three-cornered hypnum moss Hypnum triquetrum (Houget et al., 1927) Sugar beet Beta vulgaris (Arnon and Whatley 1954) Various mosses (12 species) Hylocomium spp. and others (Datta and Meeuse, 1955) Tea Camellia sinensis (Fu et al., 2018) Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne (Davoine et al., 2001) African oil palm Elaeis guineensis (Rusli et al., 2015) White lupin Lupinus albus (Wojtaszek et al., 1997) Finger millet Eleusine coracana (Akbar et al., 2018) Common ice plant Mesembryanthemum (Michalowski and Bohnert, crystallinum 1992) Strawberry Fragaria ananassa (Dahiya et al., 2010) Switchgrass Panicum virgatum (Matthews & Powell) Barley Hordeum vulgare (Sugiura et al., 1979) Castor bean Ricinus communis (NCBI, 2018c) Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Sun et al., 2019) Azalea Rhododendron mucronatum (Sakamoto et al., 2015) Banana Musa paradisica (Anjum et al., 2014) Wild einkorn (wheat ancestor) Triticum urartu (NCBI, 2013) Rice Oryza sativa (Carrillo et al., 2009) Narrowleaf cattail Typha angustifolia (Du et al., 2018) Scarlet runner Phaseolus coccineus (Chipps et al., 2005) bean FUNGI AND BACTERIA Date palm Phoenix dactylifera (NCBI, 2018b) Abortiporus mushroom Abortiporus biennis (Grąz et al., 2016) Peach & Apricot Prunus spp. (Liang et al., 2010) White rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Aguilar et al., 1999) Rye Secale cereale (Lane, 2000) Mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (Mäkelä et al., 2010) Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (Satyapal and Pundir, 1993) Endophytic bacterium Ochrobactrum intermedium (Kumar and Belur, 2016) Spinach Spinacia oleracea (Laties, 1950) Split-gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune (NCBI, 2016a) Cacao Theobroma cacao (Gesteira et al., 2007) Dwarf bunt fungus Tilletia contraversa (Vaisey et al., 1961) Wheat Triticum aestivum (Lane et al., 1993) Dermatophytic fungus Trichophyton rubrum (NCBI, 2016b) Corn Zea maize (Vuletić and Šukalović, 2000) Bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Ox-53 (Koyama, 1988) Breeding, mutagenesis, & transgenics: Which method results in more genomic changes? • If GE changes 2 genes: • Mutagenesis changes 20 • Trad. breeding changes 200

Changed genes

Long-term Ecological Research • Starting at three sites, 2019 • Several chestnut types / restoration methods • Environmental interactions • Photosynthesis & metabolism • Effective pollination distance • Natural dispersal