Food Menu Report: Artisan Bread
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Observations on the Malting of Ancient Wheats: Einkorn, Emmer and Spelt
fermentation Article Observations on the Malting of Ancient Wheats: Einkorn, Emmer and Spelt Alice Fujita, Senay Simsek and Paul B. Schwarz * Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; [email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-701-231-7732 Received: 25 November 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Abstract: There have been tremendous marketing efforts and consumer interest in the so-called ancient grains. Einkorn, emmer and spelt, which are sometimes referred to as ancient wheats, are frequently included in this category, and have gained some attention among brewers. The objective of the current study was to compare the malting behavior and quality of einkorn, emmer and spelt cultivars obtained from the same growing environment. Aside from standard malt quality traits, the levels of β-amylase, protease, xylanase, wort arabinoxylans and wort phenolic acids were measured. While protein levels of the samples were higher (11.4–14.0%) than normally selected for wheat malt, the results indicated that malts of acceptable quality in terms of extract and amylolytic activity can be prepared from the three grain types. However, the ideal malting protocol will likely differ between the grains. The kernels of einkorn are significantly smaller, and steep hydration and malt modification are quicker. In terms of potential health benefits from antioxidant capacity and dietary fiber, wort from einkorn trended to higher levels of free and conjugated ferulic acid, as well as high-molecular-weight arabinoxylan. Keywords: arabinoxylan; brewing; einkorn; enzyme activity; emmer; malt; phenolic acid; spelt; and sprouting 1. -
Using the Qualities of Heritage Grains to Build Local Markets
Using the Qualities of Heritage Grains to Build Local Markets 2017 Organic Alberta Conference – Lacombe, AB Chris Wooding, Ironwood Organics 1 ironwoodorganics.ca Instagram: Ironwoodorganics What heritage grain is not • Selling food by the pound – Cost of production is higher – Yield is lower • Modern wheat – Is for weight and uniformity – Principally grown as a filler – Has been bred to accept inputs, hold air and absorb water 2 Heritage ● Landrace ● Ancient • Ancient Grains – Emmer, Einkorn, Spelt, (Farro) – Domestication @ 7500-10000BC • Landrace – 1700-1920 – Adaptable to region • Heritage – Open pollinated – Pre-green revolution (1940) • Primarily includes Wheat and Barley 3 Other Heritage Grains • Amaranth: – Aztec culture, higher protein & mineral content • Quinoa – Inca culture, higher protein & mineral content • Millet – Small seeded grasses, important in semi-arid tropics • Sorghum – Single species native to Africa, drought and heat tolerant •Teff – staple in Ethiopia, very tiny seed, higher mineral content •Gluten Free 4 Diverse Genetics • Genetic “plasticity” – Barley has 7 chromosomes – Rye (Diploid 2 copies of 7 = 14) – Einkorn Wheat (Diploid 2 copies of 7 = 14) – Durum Wheat (Tetraploid 3 copies of 7 = 28) •Emmer – Bread Wheat (Hexaploid 6 copies of 7 = 42) •Spelt 5 Percival 1921 Sports – Discontinuous Variation 6 Farmer Qualities of Heritage Grain • Early breeding efforts – Stiff straw – Non-shattering – Heavy bushel weight – Early maturity – Winter hardiness – Disease resistance – Pre-harvest sprouting – Low inputs • Not -
Bread Snacks Pancakes Tudor Houses Ciabatta Sourdough Rye
Year 4 Technology Autumn 1 Spring 2 Summer 2 Term1.1 Term 2.2 Term 3.2 Bread Snacks Pancakes Tudor Houses Name the tools they are using Name the tools they are using People who design houses are called architects. Name the ingredients they are using Name the ingredients they are using Ordinary Tudor houses were built from wooden beams Know what can happen if they do not practise health and safety Know what can happen if they do not practise health and Know the reasons for hygiene-washing hands, wearing apron and hair being safety which formed the ‘skeleton’ of the building. tied. Know the reasons for hygiene-washing hands, wearing apron The beams were uneven because they were cut by hand Use the appropriate verbs to explain what they are doing and hair being tied. and Explain the process using a full sentence Use the appropriate verbs to explain what they are doing not machines. Name different types of bread: Ciabatta, Explain the process using a full sentence Shrove Tuesday gets its name from the ritual of shriving Most Tudor houses had a thatched roof made from straw Whole-Wheat Bread, Sourdough that Christians used to undergo in the past. In shriving, a and water weed. Rye Bread Pita Bread Focaccia Multigrain person confesses their sins and receives absolution for them Only wealthy Tudors could afford to have chimneys. Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. It is a season of Brioche, French Baguette The poor had a hole cut into the roof to allow smoke to preparation before the celebrations of Easter. -
Lexicon Development and Napping for the Sensory Description of Rye Bread
LEXICON DEVELOPMENT AND NAPPING FOR THE SENSORY DESCRIPTION OF RYE BREAD IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES Meetha James, Delores Chambers, Kadri Koppel, Edgar Chambers IV Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior Dept. of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, College of Human Ecology Introduction Results/Findings – Lexicon Development • Rye Bread is well know for Lexicon Development 28 Sensory its Flavor Versatility. Descriptors • A limited number of studies Northern European • Overall grain • Toasted • Dough-like • Salt have been done to Rye bread • Wheat-like • Burnt • Leavening • Sweet understand the sensory Overall Grain A general term used to describe characteristics of rye breads • Rye • Brown-sweet • Yeasty • Sour the aromatic which includes musty, dusty, US Rye bread slightly brown, slightly sweet and is • Bran • Molasses • Fermented • Bitter associated with harvested grains and dry grain stems. • Malt • Honey • Caraway • Astringent Objectives Reference: Bob’s Red Mill Wheat Bran = 6.0 (f) • Musty-dry • Dark-fruit • Coriander Bob’s Red Mill Oat Bran= 13.0 (f) Preparation: Serve in 1 oz. cup. • To develop a lexicon which acts as a tool for • Nutty • Dark- • Dill chocolate understanding the flavor profile of rye bread • Brown • Anise consumed in Northern Europe and the US. • To understand existing market trend and white spaces by napping rye breads. 8 Clusters were identified by Cluster analysis Methods Cluster 1 High in Dark Chocolate, LEXICON DEVELOPMENT Dark-fruit, Nutty, Brown, Bitter • 7 highly trained panelists from Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior developed a sensory lexicon to describe a wide range of rye breads. • 32 Rye bread samples from Northern Europe and the US were used for the profiling. -
(Triticum Monococcum) and Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum) and Evaluation of Morphological Properties Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis
Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Journal of Agricultural Sciences Tar. Bil. Der. Dergi web sayfası: Journal homepage: www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/dergi www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/journal Comparison of Physicochemical Attributes of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum) and Durum Wheat (Triticum durum) and Evaluation of Morphological Properties Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis Müge HENDEK ERTOPa, Rabia ATASOYb 25 (2019) 93-99 aKastamonu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Food Engineering, Kastamonu, TURKEY bKastamonu University, Institute of Science, Department of Food Engineering, Kastamonu, TURKEY ARTICLE INFO Research Article DOI: 10.15832/ankutbd.539009 Corresponding Author: Müge HENDEK ERTOP, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +90 (532) 667 82 40 Received: 14 February 2018, Received in Revised Form: 24 April 2018, Accepted: 05 July 2018 ABSTRACT Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) is a diploid hulled wheat strictly related to durum and bread wheat types. Many farms in northern Turkey, especially the province of Kastamonu, continue to cultivate the oldest type of wheat still in existence, Triticum monococcum, also known as Siyez. Although there is great potential for breeding, it’s production and consumption has been locally limited and cultivation quantity has been very low. However nowadays, today’s consumer demands to traditional or regional food products and grains have been increased einkorn cultivation in Kastamonu, and cultivation area has been reached to approximately from 5 thousand decares to 35 thousand decares. Einkorn is cultivated two times a year in Kastamonu. The variety which is named as “Çatal Siyez” (Kaplica) composed 60-70% of the production of einkorn, is sowed in April and used as animal feed after harvest. -
Spring, Einkorn and Emmer Wheat Species – Potential Rich Sources of Free Ferulic Acid and Other Phenolic Compounds
Spring, einkorn and emmer wheat species – potential rich sources of free ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds J. Lachman1, J. Musilová2, Z. Kotíková1, K. Hejtmánková1, M. Orsák1, J. Přibyl1 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic ABSTRACT Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L., subsp. monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank], subsp. dicoccum) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) may be rich in hydrophilic antioxidants, therefore being a po- tential food source with high nutritional properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the content of free ferulic acid (FFA) and total polyphenols (TP) beneficial for human health in wheat varieties and accessions for breeding and production. Einkorn, emmer and spring wheat varieties were assessed for TP and FFA contents in the precise two-year field experiments. The highest FFA content was determined in emmer wheat varieties and spring cv. Granny. High TP content was characteristic for emmer and spring wheat accessions, however also some einkorn ones were characterised by high levels. Year of cultivation showed a significant impact on FFA contents. Keywords: diploid and tetraploid ancestor wheats; spring hexaploid wheat; hydrophilic antioxidants Cereals and pseudocereals are widely consumed 2002a,b), and the location where it is grown (Yu and are a valuable means to deliver beneficial and Zhou 2004). Environmental factors (such as natural antioxidants to humans (Klepacka and temperature stress, solar radiation and irrigation), Fornal 2006, Bystrická et al. -
Rye Bread in the Canton of Valais
WP T2 – IDENTIFICATION OF BEST PRACTICES IN THE COLLECTIVE COMMERCIAL VALORISATION OF ALPINE FOOD INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE WP leader: Kedge Business School Deliverable n. D.T2.2.1 Field Study: Rye Bread in the Canton of Valais Involved partner: Valentina Pitardi, Diego Rinallo Kedge Business School This project is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. Abstract Rye used to be the most common cereal cultivar in the Alps. Far more robust than other cereals, rye easily adapts to harsh climate and high altitudes and, therefore, was for centuries the staple food of mountain populations. Various factors, including the improvement of the population economic well- being, led to a progressive reduction in its consumption and production. Thanks to a Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO), local actors covering the entire supply chain (rye and flour production, baking) were able to safeguard and revitalise this important element of the Valaisan food heritage and productive landscape. The PDO product specification allows some flexibility in production methods to better include bakers of different size and the adaptation of bread to local consumer tastes. In the Haut-Valais and in the German-speaking parts of the Canton, consumers like rye bread with a more acid taste, whereas in the Bas-Valais and the French-speaking parts of Switzerland they prefer a less acid bread with a more neuter taste. Slow Food also contributed to the safeguarding of traditional Valais rye bread with the establishment of a Presidium centred upon the fifth-generation Arnold Bakery of Simplon Dorf, which is also a member of the PDO association. -
Increasing the Amount of Fibre in Your Diet
Warwickshire Dietetic Service Increasing the amount of fibre in your diet This information can be given out by dietitians, doctors and practice nurses. It provides information on how to increase dietary fibre intake for conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (constipation predominant), constipation, diverticular disease and high cholesterol. Increasing the amount of fibre in your diet What is Dietary Fibre? Fibre, or roughage, is found in plant foods. It is not digested by the body so this makes it important for bowel health. Fibre does not provide any calories, minerals or vitamins, but is important as part of a balanced diet. There are two main types: soluble and insoluble. Why should I eat fibre? There is strong evidence that eating plenty of fibre is associated with a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer. High fibre foods can also help to protect against diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome and haemorrhoids. High fibre foods are generally low in calories and tend to be more filling than low fibre foods. They can therefore help to reduce the amount you eat if you are trying to lose weight. Fibre promotes the growth of ‘good’ bacteria in your bowels. Fibre adds bulk and softens your stool by holding water. This can help to prevent and relieve constipation. Insoluble fibre This type of fibre passes through your gut mostly unchanged, absorbing water and adding bulk. It helps other food and waste products move more easily. It is tough and fibrous and is found in the stalks, skins and leaves of vegetables and the outer coating of grains. -
Where Was Einkorn Wheat Domesticated?
research news Where was einkorn wheat domesticated? The emergence of agriculture in southwest show that 19 accessions of wild einkorn from Asia and its spread to Europe is the key fac- the basalt mountain of Karacadag in southeast tor in the development of complex civiliz- Turkey are distinct from other lines of wild ations in these regions1. One of the earliest cinkorn from within the fertile crescent, and domesticates was einkorn whcat (Fig. l), and that 11 lines of these are by far the most other early crops included emmer wheat, bar- closely related to domesticated einkorns. ley, pulses such as lentil and pea, and flax. Wild einkorn lines from secondary habitats Collaboration between archaeologists and outside the fertile crescent were found to be crop scientists over the last 40 years has estab- related to wild einkorn from primary habitats lished that the wild ancestors of these early in othcr fertile-crescent groups, but not to the crops grow mainly in an area known as the Karacadag lines. These weedy einkorns are 'fertile crescent' (Fig. 2), stretching from the therefore not feral derivatives of domesti- Levant to southeast Turkey and the Zagros cated einkorn, but rather spread with agricul- mountains of Iran. The earliest Neolithic ture from different parts of the fertile crescent. farming villages known from the Old World The case of the aegilopoides form of that have evidence of these crops appear weedy wild einkorn is different. The mor- within the fertile crescent from about 10 000 phological traits of aegilopoides - increased years ago2. However, until now it has been number of spikelets per spike, larger seeds impossible to localize the region in which any and tough rachis - iire so similar to those of of these crops was domesticated more pre- domesticated einkorn that they probably cisely. -
Antioxidant Activity of Grain of Einkorn (Triticum Mono- Coccum L.), Emmer (Triticum Dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) and Spring Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Varieties
Antioxidant activity of grain of einkorn (Triticum mono- coccum L.), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties J. Lachman, M. Orsák, V. Pivec, K. Jírů Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic ABSTRACT Wheat and cereals generally are largely consumed worldwide and contribute significantly to antioxidant intake with beneficial health effects.In the precise two-year field experiments, two varieties of wheat einkorn, two varieties of em- mer wheat and three varieties of spring wheat in 2008 and moreover further two spring wheat varieties, three einkorn varieties and three emmer wheat varieties in 2009, were evaluated for antioxidant activity (AOA) using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). The higher grain AOA was observed in emmer (215.4–257.6 mg Trolox/kg DM) and einkorn (149.8–255.8 mg Trolox/kg DM) varieties, while in spring varieties the AOA ranged between 195.8 and 210.0 mg Trolox/kg DM. A linear correlation between total polyphenols and AOA was determined (r = 0.739, P ≤ 0.05). Emmer and einkorn wheat varieties showed high AOA and can be promising sources of these nutritionally appreciated grain constituents. Keywords: minority wheat varieties; radical scavenging activity Cereals could be important sources of antioxidant Nowadays, the global food supply has become vitamins and enzymes and other health-beneficial increasingly dependent on only a few crops. Three substances in human nutrition (Ehrenbergerová et cereals meet more than 50% of the worldwide al. 2009, Březinová-Belcredi et al. -
Einkorn: a Potential Candidate for Developing High Lutein Wheat
NOTE Einkorn: A Potential Candidate for Developing High Lutein Wheat E.-S. M. Abdel-Aal,1,2 J. C. Young,1 P. J. Wood, 1 I. Rabalski,1 P. Hucl, 3 D. Falk,4 and J. Frégeau-Reid5 Cereal Chem. 79(3):455–457 The role of dietary components in promoting good health and AC Reed, and durum cv. Kyle (T. turgidum spp. durum) were also reducing the risk of chronic diseases has become well recognized included. The einkorn accessions or cultivars, AC Knowles, PI and scientifically accepted. As a result, several health claims for food 418587, and TM23 (PI 355523) were spring types. The 12 breed- and food components including cereal-based products are allowed ing lines of einkorn are sister lines of AC Knowles and are all from under the United States Food and Drug Administration’s nutrition a cross between a tough-glumed T. monococcum ssp. monococcum labelling regulations (Anonymous 2001). Besides the health benefits M-75-8 (Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB) and a soft-glumed associated with whole grain consumption, cereals also are recog- T. monococcum ssp. sinskajae M-131-8 (Univ. of California, River- nized sources of health-enhancing bioactive components such as side, CA). The wheats were ground into whole meal and roller-milled dietary fiber, phenolics, tocopherols, and carotenoids. Development into flour at an extraction rate of ≈72% and into semolina at a of genotypes of cereal grains with high levels of such components yield of ≈55%. should be of interest to cereal producers and processors as well as Carotenoids were extracted from wheat materials with water satu- consumers. -
Rye Bread (Redeemed)
Rye Bread (redeemed) adapted from the Cook's Illustrated Cookbook makes two loaves the Sponge 2 3/4 cups water, at room temperature 1 1/2 teaspoons instant yeast 2 tablespoons honey 3 cups (15 oz) all-purpose flour Dissolve yeast and honey in warm water in the bowl of the mixer. Mix in the flour. Beat until mixture is smooth. Cover and allow to sit for 2 1/2 hours. Sponge should be very bubbly when you return. the Dough 1 1/2 cups (7 1/2 oz) all-purpose flour 3 1/2 cups rye flour 2 tablespoons caraway seeds (toasted in a dry pan until fragrant) 2 tablespoons vegetable oil 1 tablespoon salt 1 cup minced onion (optional) Cornmeal for sprinkling on the baking sheet the Glaze 1 egg white beaten with 1 tablespoon milk Add the all purpose flour, 3 1/4 cups rye flour, toasted caraway seeds, vegetable oil, salt, and onion (if using) to the sponge. Knead with a dough hook until the dough is thoroughly mixed and gathers into a ball. Add the last 1/4 cup of rye flour, knead for two more minutes. Remove from the mixer and knead for a few minutes by hand on a well floured board until the dough forms a smooth, elastic ball. Originally published on My Pantry Shelf@ http://mypantryshelf.com First rise: Place dough ball in an oiled bowl. Flip the dough ball so that the top of the dough is coated with oil as well. Cover bowl and place in a warm place.