En Busca De Nuestros Hermanos Cósmicos

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¿Solos en el Universo? En busca de nuestros hermanos cósmicos Miguel Alcubierre Pensar en la Tierra como el único mundo habitado EL UNIVERSO es vasto, no sólo en el espa- en el espacio infinito es tan absurdo como pensar cio, con sus billones de galaxias, trillones de soles y distancias inimaginables, sino que en un campo de mijo sólo un grano crecerá. también en el tiempo, con sus miles de millones de años de historia y de porvenir. Metrodoro, siglo IV a.C. Vivimos en una pequeña mota de polvo perdida en la inmensidad del espacio y la profundidad del tiempo. Citando a la Dra. Ellie Arroway, heroína de la novela Con- Existen innumerables soles, incontables tierras tacto de Carl Sagan: “Si nosotros somos la giran en torno a esos soles en la misma forma que única civilización que existe en el Universo, que enorme desperdicio de espacio.” (Y qué los planetas giran en torno a nuestro Sol. En esos colosal pérdida de tiempo). La pregunta mundos habitan seres vivos. que surge es simplemente: ¿estamos solos? ¿Hay alguna otra inteligencia allá afuera Giordano Bruno, siglo XVI que contemple también la noche estrellada y lamente su inmensa soledad? Esta pregunta se ha hecho muchas veces a través de los siglos. A Giordano Bruno lo quemaron en la hoguera en Roma en el año de 1600 porque se atrevió, entre otras cosas, a especular sobre la existencia de un Ilustraciones: Aline Guevara ¿cómoves? 10 sinnúmero de mundos habitados. Pero noso- estadounidense Frank Drake, tros vivimos en una época en la que no sólo y en particular a lo que ocu- podemos plantearnos la pregunta sin riesgo rrió el día de Halloween de de nuestras vidas: también podemos tratar 1961. Ese día dio inició, en de contestarla de una vez por todas. el Observatorio Nacional de Radio Astronomía en Green Una ecuación inteligente Bank, Virginia Occidental, Preguntarnos simplemente si existen otras EUA, una reunión entre un civilizaciones en el Universo es poco útil. grupo interdisciplinario de Dado el tamaño del Universo, cualquiera científicos que se pregun- contestaría inmediatamente que sin duda taban precisamente cuántas existen. Pero si están en el otro extremo civilizaciones inteligentes del Universo nunca tendremos contacto con podían existir en nuestra ga- ellas. Mucho más interesante es preguntarse laxia. Durante la reunión se Frank Drake. si existen otras civilizaciones en nuestro fundó la “Orden del Delfín”, vecindario cósmico, es decir, en nuestra ga- organización dedicada a buscar señales de forman por año), p es la fracción de estas laxia, y en caso afirmativo, ¿cuántas hay? inteligencia extraterrestre. Quedaba claro estrellas que tienen planetas, n es el número Semejante pregunta nos dejaría sin que para saber el número de civilizaciones de planetas adecuados para la vida en cada poder avanzar mucho. Mejor es seguir la que hay en la galaxia se necesitaba primero sistema solar, l la fracción de estos planetas usanza científica e intentar desmenuzar conocer el número total de estrellas en la donde la vida de hecho surge, i la fracción galaxia, y en particular, cuántas estrellas de planetas con vida donde evoluciona nuevas se formaban cada año. También se la inteligencia, c la fracción de especies necesitaba saber cuántas de estas estrellas inteligentes que desarrollan tecnología, y tenían planetas; cuántos de estos planetas finalmente T, la vida media de una civili- eran adecuados para la vida y en cuántos zación. había surgido y una vez surgida, en cuántos Algunos de los factores que aparecen de estos mundos aparecía la inteligencia. Fi- en la ecuación de Drake son números bien nalmente, era necesario saber qué fracción conocidos, y otros no tanto. Por ejemplo, de las especies inteligentes desarrollaba la los astrónomos saben bien que el número tecnología necesaria para comunicarse con de estrellas que nacen en nuestra galaxia nosotros, y un punto fundamental: cuánto es de aproximadamente una al año, por lo tiempo duraban esas civilizaciones antes de que R = 1. En los últimos 10 años se han extinguirse (no tenemos por qué suponer descubierto más de 100 planetas en órbita que las civilizaciones son eternas). Después alrededor de otras estrellas, por lo que ahora de pensar un poco, Drake concluyó que creemos que una alta fracción de estrellas todos estos ingredientes podían usarse para tiene planetas, tal vez una de cada dos, lo Representación de nuestra galaxia. construir una simple ecuación matemática que implica que p = 1/2. Desconocemos el una pregunta tan grande en una secuencia que nos diera el número total de civiliza- número de planetas adecuados para la vida de preguntas menos ambiciosas que nos ciones en nuestra galaxia: en cada sistema solar, pues aún no conoce- lleven poco a poco a la respuesta final. La N = R x p x n x l x i x c x T mos muchos ejemplos de sistemas solares. idea parece obvia, y con seguridad mucha En esta ecuación N es el número de Pero considerando que en nuestro sistema gente intentó seguir este camino a lo largo civilizaciones en nuestra galaxia, es decir, solar la Tierra tiene vida, y hay buenas de los siglos. Sin embargo, se atribuye el lo que queremos calcular. R es el ritmo de razones para pensar que Marte pudo tener procedimiento más concreto al científico formación de estrellas (cuántas estrellas se agua líquida y temperaturas adecuadas para ¿cómoves? 11 la vida alguna vez, y que la luna de Júpiter por la vida media de las civilizaciones. llamada Europa puede tener condiciones Si suponemos que una proporción adecuadas para la vida incluso el día de alta de las especies inteligentes hoy, podemos suponer que hay dos planetas desarrollan civilizaciones, diga- adecuados para la vida por sistema solar, mos una de cada cuatro (nosotros sí, por lo que n = 2. los chimpancés, gorilas y delfines no), Sabemos que la vida surgió en la Tierra vemos que el número de civilizaciones hace más de tres mil millones de años, es de- total será simplemente T dividido cir, casi inmediatamente después de que las entre cuatro. condiciones en la Tierra lo permitieron. Esto La pregunta final es, ¿cuánto parece indicar que, dadas las condiciones duran las civilizaciones? El único adecuadas, la vida surgirá casi inevitable- ejemplo que conocemos es el nuestro, y si mente. Así pues, l = 1. Las cosas marchan de bien la civilización humana tiene miles de maravilla. ¿Y qué decir de la inteligencia? años, sólo en los últimos 100 años hemos Pues bien, el único planeta habitado que sido capaces de enviar y recibir ondas de conocemos es la Tierra, y si permitimos radio. Suponiendo que desapareciéramos una definición de inteligencia algo más mañana (T = 100), concluimos que como amplia que la común, es claro que hay varias mínimo hay en nuestra galaxia unas 25 especies altamente inteligentes en nuestro (100 ÷ 4) civilizaciones con tecnología lo planeta. Estamos, desde luego, nosotros. bastante avanzada para enviar ondas de Pero también están los chimpancés y los radio. Pero este número es demasiado pesi- gorilas, y en el mar los delfines. Al parecer, mista, lo más seguro es que nosotros no nos dado el tiempo suficiente, la aparición de extingamos mañana, y nuestra civilización especies con alto grado de inteligencia es probablemente subsista por miles de años muy probable, por lo que i = 1. más (después de todo la especie humana Sustituyendo los resultados que lleva- tiene ya unos 200 mil años de existencia). mos hasta ahora en la ecuación de Drake Deberíamos esperar entonces cientos o llegamos a la siguiente simplificación: miles de civilizaciones allá afuera. Es más, N = c x T aun si la mayoría de las civilizaciones du- a esta pregunta con un simple “no”. Después Es decir, el número de civilizaciones en ran sólo unos miles de años, bastaría con de todo basta con salir a la calle para notar nuestra galaxia es simplemente el producto que una fracción pequeña encontrara la que no hay grandes naves extraterrestres de la fracción de especies inteligentes que manera de sobrevivir millones de años para flotando sobre nuestras ciudades, ni hom- desarrollan una civilización, multiplicada aumentar nuestra estimación a millones de brecitos verdes pidiendo que los llevemos civilizaciones en la galaxia. a nuestros líderes. Sin embargo hay quienes Al parecer deberían existir al menos aseguran que los extraterrestres no sólo ya unos miles, y posiblemente millones de están aquí, sino que frecuentemente se dejan civilizaciones en nuestra galaxia solamen- ver e incluso nos dejan mensajes. te. Con esto vemos hasta dónde se puede Quizá el ejemplo más conocido de llegar con algunas estimaciones sencillas argumentos usados a favor de la presencia mezcladas con algunos conocimientos de seres de otros mundos en la Tierra es el astronómicos sólidos. “fenómeno” OVNI: los Objetos Voladores No Identificados. El argumento va más o Luces en el cielo menos así: de vez en cuando algunas per- Supongamos por el momento que las esti- sonas ven en el cielo luces que no pueden maciones más optimistas basadas en explicarse. Algo en el cielo que no podemos la ecuación de Drake son correc- explicar es, por definición, un OVNI (vuela tas y que hay millones de civi- y no lo hemos identificado). Hasta aquí todo lizaciones va bien, pero para el siguiente paso en el extrate- argumento les recomiendo ajustarse muy rrestres bien el cinturón de seguridad. El problema en nues- está en el triple salto mortal lógico que co- tra galaxia. múnmente sigue en esta parte: la afirmación ¿Vienen estos de que OVNI y nave espacial extraterrestre extraterrestres son la misma cosa. ¿Es acaso una nave a visitarnos a la espacial extraterrestre la única explicación Tierra? Parece- posible cuando uno ve luces en el cielo que ría fácil responder no sabe qué son? ¿cómoves? 12 Las luces en el cielo no son el único en el “fenómeno” OVNI, rápidamente ex- realmente fueran extraterrestres pero, por ejemplo de este tipo de argumentos, hay clamaron que por fin nos encontrábamos desgracia, a la naturaleza y a los bromis- otro ejemplo aún más divertido.
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