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2005 Air Emissions Inventory

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2005 Air Emissions Inventory Starcrest dedicates its work on this project to the loving memory of Kelly O’Reilly Ray THE PORT OF LOS ANGELES INVENTORY OF AIR EMISSIONS FOR CALENDAR YEAR 2005 Prepared for: THE PORT OF LOS ANGELES Prepared by: STARCREST CONSULTING GROUP, LLC P.O. Box 434 Poulsbo, WA 98370 POLA Inventory of Air Emissions CY 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 16 1.1 Reason for Study ................................................................................................ 16 1.2 Goods Movement............................................................................................... 17 1.3 Marine Container Cargo Movements................................................................ 20 1.4 Regulatory Measures Addressing Port-Related Activities ................................ 26 1.4.1 Ocean-Going Vessels............................................................................................................26 1.4.2 Harbor Craft.......................................................................................................................27 1.4.3 Cargo Handling Equipment.................................................................................................28 1.4.4 Railroad Locomotives...........................................................................................................29 1.4.5 On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicles............................................................................................30 1.5 Scope of Study.................................................................................................... 31 1.5.1 Pollutants ............................................................................................................................32 1.5.2 Emission Sources .................................................................................................................32 1.5.3 Geographical Extent............................................................................................................33 1.6 General Methodology ........................................................................................ 36 1.6.1 Ocean-Going Vessels............................................................................................................36 1.6.2 Harbor Craft.......................................................................................................................38 1.6.3 Cargo Handling Equipment.................................................................................................38 1.6.4 Railroad Locomotives...........................................................................................................39 1.6.5 Heavy-Duty Vehicles...........................................................................................................39 1.7 Report Organization.......................................................................................... 40 SECTION 2 OCEAN-GOING VESSELS............................................................................. 41 2.1 Geographical Delineation.................................................................................. 41 2.2 Vessel Descriptions ........................................................................................... 45 2.2 Vessel Descriptions ........................................................................................... 46 2.2.1 Auto Carriers......................................................................................................................47 2.2.2 Bulk Carriers ......................................................................................................................47 2.2.3 Containerships .....................................................................................................................48 2.2.4 Passenger Cruise Vessels......................................................................................................50 2.2.5 General Cargo vessels ...........................................................................................................50 2.2.6 Ocean-going Tugboats...........................................................................................................51 2.2.7 Refrigerated Vessels..............................................................................................................51 2.2.8 Roll On – Roll Off Vessels (RoRo) .....................................................................................52 2.2.9 Tanker Vessels....................................................................................................................53 Port of Los Angeles September 2007 POLA Inventory of Air Emissions CY 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) 2.3 Data and Information Acquisition .................................................................... 55 2.3.1 Marine Exchange of Southern California .............................................................................55 2.3.2 Vessel Speed Reduction Program data ..................................................................................56 2.3.3 Los Angeles Pilot Service .....................................................................................................56 2.3.4 Lloyd’s Register of Ships & American Bureau of Shipping...................................................56 2.3.5 Vessel Boarding Program Survey data..................................................................................57 2.4 Vessel Activity ................................................................................................... 61 2.5 Emission Estimation Methodology .................................................................. 64 2.5.1 Propulsion Engine Maximum Continuous Rated Power .......................................................66 2.5.2 Propulsion Engine Load Factor ...........................................................................................66 2.5.3 Propulsion Engine Activity ..................................................................................................68 2.5.4 Propulsion Engine Emission Factors....................................................................................69 2.5.5 Varying Emission Factors for Low Loads for Propulsion Engines........................................71 2.5.6 Propulsion Engine Maneuvering Loads ................................................................................73 2.5.7 Propulsion Engine Defaults..................................................................................................74 2.5.8 Auxiliary Engine Emission Factors.....................................................................................75 2.5.9 Auxiliary Engine Defaults ..................................................................................................77 2.5.10 Auxiliary Boiler ................................................................................................................79 2.5.11 Fuel Correction Factors......................................................................................................80 2.5.12 Emission Reduction Technologies........................................................................................81 2.6 Emission Estimates........................................................................................... 81 2.6.1 Emission Estimates by Engine Type ....................................................................................83 2.6.2 Emission Estimates by Mode ...............................................................................................84 2.7 OGV 2005 Data Facts and Findings ................................................................. 86 2.7.1 Flags of Convenience.............................................................................................................87 2.7.2 Vessel Characteristics...........................................................................................................88 2.7.3 Hotelling Time at Berth .......................................................................................................93 2.7.4 Hotelling Time at Anchorage ...............................................................................................95 2.7.5 Frequent Callers ..................................................................................................................97 2.7.6 Propulsion Technology ..........................................................................................................99 2.7.7 Engine Make and Model .....................................................................................................99 Port of Los Angeles September 2007 POLA Inventory of Air Emissions CY 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) SECTION 3 HARBOR CRAFT.........................................................................................101 3.1 Source Description ...........................................................................................101 3.2 Data and Information Acquisition ...................................................................102 3.3 Operational Profiles..........................................................................................104 3.3.1 Assist and Escort Tugboats................................................................................................106 3.3.2 Commercial Fishing Vessels...............................................................................................107
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