Starcrest dedicates its work on this project to the loving memory of Kelly O’Reilly Ray THE PORT OF LOS ANGELES INVENTORY OF AIR EMISSIONS FOR CALENDAR YEAR 2005 Prepared for: THE PORT OF LOS ANGELES Prepared by: STARCREST CONSULTING GROUP, LLC P.O. Box 434 Poulsbo, WA 98370 POLA Inventory of Air Emissions CY 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 16 1.1 Reason for Study ................................................................................................ 16 1.2 Goods Movement............................................................................................... 17 1.3 Marine Container Cargo Movements................................................................ 20 1.4 Regulatory Measures Addressing Port-Related Activities ................................ 26 1.4.1 Ocean-Going Vessels............................................................................................................26 1.4.2 Harbor Craft.......................................................................................................................27 1.4.3 Cargo Handling Equipment.................................................................................................28 1.4.4 Railroad Locomotives...........................................................................................................29 1.4.5 On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicles............................................................................................30 1.5 Scope of Study.................................................................................................... 31 1.5.1 Pollutants ............................................................................................................................32 1.5.2 Emission Sources .................................................................................................................32 1.5.3 Geographical Extent............................................................................................................33 1.6 General Methodology ........................................................................................ 36 1.6.1 Ocean-Going Vessels............................................................................................................36 1.6.2 Harbor Craft.......................................................................................................................38 1.6.3 Cargo Handling Equipment.................................................................................................38 1.6.4 Railroad Locomotives...........................................................................................................39 1.6.5 Heavy-Duty Vehicles...........................................................................................................39 1.7 Report Organization.......................................................................................... 40 SECTION 2 OCEAN-GOING VESSELS............................................................................. 41 2.1 Geographical Delineation.................................................................................. 41 2.2 Vessel Descriptions ........................................................................................... 45 2.2 Vessel Descriptions ........................................................................................... 46 2.2.1 Auto Carriers......................................................................................................................47 2.2.2 Bulk Carriers ......................................................................................................................47 2.2.3 Containerships .....................................................................................................................48 2.2.4 Passenger Cruise Vessels......................................................................................................50 2.2.5 General Cargo vessels ...........................................................................................................50 2.2.6 Ocean-going Tugboats...........................................................................................................51 2.2.7 Refrigerated Vessels..............................................................................................................51 2.2.8 Roll On – Roll Off Vessels (RoRo) .....................................................................................52 2.2.9 Tanker Vessels....................................................................................................................53 Port of Los Angeles September 2007 POLA Inventory of Air Emissions CY 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) 2.3 Data and Information Acquisition .................................................................... 55 2.3.1 Marine Exchange of Southern California .............................................................................55 2.3.2 Vessel Speed Reduction Program data ..................................................................................56 2.3.3 Los Angeles Pilot Service .....................................................................................................56 2.3.4 Lloyd’s Register of Ships & American Bureau of Shipping...................................................56 2.3.5 Vessel Boarding Program Survey data..................................................................................57 2.4 Vessel Activity ................................................................................................... 61 2.5 Emission Estimation Methodology .................................................................. 64 2.5.1 Propulsion Engine Maximum Continuous Rated Power .......................................................66 2.5.2 Propulsion Engine Load Factor ...........................................................................................66 2.5.3 Propulsion Engine Activity ..................................................................................................68 2.5.4 Propulsion Engine Emission Factors....................................................................................69 2.5.5 Varying Emission Factors for Low Loads for Propulsion Engines........................................71 2.5.6 Propulsion Engine Maneuvering Loads ................................................................................73 2.5.7 Propulsion Engine Defaults..................................................................................................74 2.5.8 Auxiliary Engine Emission Factors.....................................................................................75 2.5.9 Auxiliary Engine Defaults ..................................................................................................77 2.5.10 Auxiliary Boiler ................................................................................................................79 2.5.11 Fuel Correction Factors......................................................................................................80 2.5.12 Emission Reduction Technologies........................................................................................81 2.6 Emission Estimates........................................................................................... 81 2.6.1 Emission Estimates by Engine Type ....................................................................................83 2.6.2 Emission Estimates by Mode ...............................................................................................84 2.7 OGV 2005 Data Facts and Findings ................................................................. 86 2.7.1 Flags of Convenience.............................................................................................................87 2.7.2 Vessel Characteristics...........................................................................................................88 2.7.3 Hotelling Time at Berth .......................................................................................................93 2.7.4 Hotelling Time at Anchorage ...............................................................................................95 2.7.5 Frequent Callers ..................................................................................................................97 2.7.6 Propulsion Technology ..........................................................................................................99 2.7.7 Engine Make and Model .....................................................................................................99 Port of Los Angeles September 2007 POLA Inventory of Air Emissions CY 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) SECTION 3 HARBOR CRAFT.........................................................................................101 3.1 Source Description ...........................................................................................101 3.2 Data and Information Acquisition ...................................................................102 3.3 Operational Profiles..........................................................................................104 3.3.1 Assist and Escort Tugboats................................................................................................106 3.3.2 Commercial Fishing Vessels...............................................................................................107