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I. ULUSLARARASI DUNDEN BUGUNE Eski$Ehin r.c. ANADoLUuxivEnsirpsi ynyrNLARr;No. l63t \.1!/fio\ I. ULUSLARARASIDUNDEN BUGUNE ESKi$EHinSEMPOZYUMU Siyasnl,Ekonomik, Sosyalve Kiiltiirel Yapl r. rr\TERNATTONALSYMPOSIUM ON ESKi$EUin THROUGHOUT HISTORY Political,Ekonomicnl, Social and Cultural Aspects I2-15 Mayrs2004 I 12-15May 2004 Eskiqehir,2005 - THE TRAJECTORY OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY IN DORYLAEUM AND ITS ENVIRONS Mark WTLSON' Background This paperwill seekto tracethe trajectoryof early Christianityin Dorylaeumand its environs during the first five centuriesafter Christ. It will tracepersonalities and movementsin three periodsof this earlyhistory: apostolic, post-apostolic, and early Byzantine.r Dorylaeum,an importantPhrygian city situatedin the valley of the upperTembris River (Porsuk Qay), was probably founded as a Hellenistic colony by Antigonos Monophthalmosin the late fourth century 8.C.2 The city was later incorporatedinto the province of Asia by the Romansin 129 B.C. As Ramsaywrites, "Dorylaion was the most important road centre in the north.''3It lay on the great trade route from the Bosphorusto the Cilician Gates,aand servedas a major roadjunction wherefive roadsmet. To the northwestwas Nicea and Nicomedi4 to the eastMidaeum and Ancyra,to the southeastPessinus and Amorium, to the southNacolea and Apamea,to the southwestCotiaeum and Philadelphia.sAs Foss stresses,"Control of this site therefore ensuredeasy passagefor armies or more peaceful traffic, or preventedthe advanceof an enemyfrom the eastinto the rich districtsopposite the capital."6Christianity spreadalong the Roman roadsto commercialand political centers,where often there was also a Jewish population. Given its strategic location, it is not surprising that Dorylaeum was reachedby this new religion at an early date and that it shouldplay an importantrole in the developmentof Christianityin Anatolia. Apostolic Period ' Although Dorylaeum is not mentionedby name in the ChristianNew Testament,its presencein inferred in two passagesrelated to the Anatolian ministriesof the apostlesPaul and Peter.Knowledge of the Romangovernment and road systemis essentialto make senseof thesepassages. In this sectionwe will examinethe relevanttexts. ' Dr. RegentUniversity I This paperwas first presentedon May 12,2004,at the First InternationalSymposium on EskigehirYesterday and Today. I wish to thank Anadolu University for the gracioushospitality extended to me during my visit to Eskigehir. t Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlementi in Europe, the Islands, ori Aiia Minor (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press,1995), 299. i W.t"t. Ramsay,The Historical Geographyof Asia Minor (London:John Munay, 1890),168. a. H. M. Jones,The Cities of the EasternRoman Provinces (2'd ed.; Oxford: Ciarendon,lg7 l\,37 . i5 David Magie, RomanRule in Asia Minor (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1950), 1:42;2:80O-2 o Clive Foss,"Dorylaion: Bulwark of the ByzantineFrontier," TheGreek Orthodox TheologicalReview 4l.l (1996): 39. 381 Dorylaeumand Paul's SecondAnatolian Journey (ActsI6:6-10) Paul'ssuccess in the southGalatian cities of Derbe,Lystra, Iconium, and PisidianAntioch during his first Anatolianjourney (A.D. 46{.8) promptedhim to make plans to revisit thesecities. Acts 16:4-5 states,"As they traveledfrom town to town (i.e., thesesouth Galatian cities), they deliveredthe decisions reachedby the apostlesand eldersin Jerusalem....Sothe churcheswere strengthenedin the faith and grew daily in numbers."Luke's languagesuggests that Paul revisitedall four Galatianchurches in geographical order startingwith Derbe and endingwith PisidianAntioch, althoughthis last city is unnamed(Acts l6:1- 2). Paul's westwardtravel to Asia suggeststhat Ephesuswas his intendeddestination. Ephesus was the province's "first" city and the westernterminus of a major road crossingAnatolia. Paul had strategically decidedto spreadthe Christian messagenext in the fourth largestcity in the Roman Empire, a city that alsohad a largeJewish population. However, Paul is "forbidden" (Acts | 5:6 Nnsv translation;Gk. rcol,u0€vt€€)by the Holy Spirit from preachingin Ephesus.How that prohibition was communicatedto Paul is not said, but most likely through a word of prophecy.tSome scholarsbreak off the journey at lconium with the apostolicparty traveling northwestalong the Roman road aroundSultan Da[ through LaodiceaCombust4s while others suggestPaul first visited Pisidian Antioch before turning northeastover Sultan Da[ to Philomelium (Akqehir).eA third option, favoredby this scholar,is that Paul had departedfrom PisidianAntioch along the southernhighway to Ephesusbefore the prohibition came.toHis route then would take him westward above Lake Limnae (Efirdir) through Apollonia to important road junction at Apamea Celenae(Dinar). Importantly, whicheverroute is chosen,each must passthrough Asia so the prohibition did not exclude travel through the province necessaryto reach the final destination.As Ramsayrightly notes, Luke's languagehere "marks clearly the distinction betweenthe prohibition to preachin Asia while they were actuallyin it, andthe prohibitioneven to setfoot in Bithynia."rr With Paul's initial plansthwarted he was now forcedto revisehis itineraryat Apamea He headed 'aery northward along a route through central Phrygia to Synnada,the large" conventusto Dorylaeum belonged,t2and Prymnessus(Afuon).r3 From Prymnessusthe apostolicparty probablytook the direct ' Silas.one of his travel companions,wurs known as a prophet(Acts l5:32); seealso F. F. Bruce, Paul: Apostleof the Heart Set Free (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977),216. Bruce suggeststhat maybe it was a prophetic utterancethat occurred in Lystra during Timothy's commissioning(cf. I Timothy 4:14). But surely this was too early in the journey, for the prohibition seemsto occur after the apostolicparf;- revisits the Galatianchurches. 8 For example,W. J. Conybeareand J. S. Ilowson, Thel-ife and Epistlesof St.Paut (London: Longmans,Green, l90l), n 208. This is the route suggestedby F. F. Bruce in The Acts of the Apost[e.s(3'd ed.; Grand Rapiis: Eerdmans,1990), 354. It is amusingthat many Bible atlasesshow Paul passingnorthwest over this mountainrange where no roadsexisted. ro This view is also favoredby Ben Witheringtonl[, Th" Acts of the Apostles(Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 1998), 478. and Richard Longenecker,"Acts of the Apostles," Expositors Bible Commentory(ed. F. C. Gaebeleiu Grand Rapids: Zondervan. l98l), 9:459. W. tut.Ramsay, St. Paul the Travelerand RomanCitizen(ed. Mark Wilson, 1920;repr. Grand Rapids:Kregel, 2001), 157. r2l] Jones,Cities of the EasternRoman Provinces,65. The conventusincluded the six ciiies of the leagueof thl Epicteteis: Aezani, Cadi, Cotiaeum.Dorylaeum, Midaeum, and Nicolea (Strabo,Geography l2.S-12) '' Some scholarshypothesize that Paul next visited Pessinuswhere hepreachedthe gospel. BecausePessinus is in Galatia.they contendthere is no prohibition from preachinghere. This modified North Galatiantheory has nothing in the text to supportit, an6 strains credulity that Paul would take time now to plant a church in this Galatian ci6z. For this view see John Polhill, lcls 382 route northwardthrough Nacolea. Luke writes next about the journey: "When they came to the border of Mysia, they tried to enter Bithynia but the Spirit of Jesuswould not allow (Ck. eiaoev) them to" (Acts l6:7).ra The precise borden point is unstated in the book of Acts, but Robert Jewett has argued convincingly that "Dorylaeum was the location where the decision not to into Bithynia was made."r5 Dorylaeum was the final importantcity in noftheastAsia. From here Paul plannedto continuenorthward to the major Bithynian cities of Nicea"'uNicomedi4 the provincialcapital, Chaicedon, and Byzantium. That Dorylaeum was on the border of Bithynia is attestedby an inscription dating from Hadrian's principate.ttWith acc€ssto the north now blocked,Paul againturned west. Luke is vagueconcerning the route that Paul now took past Mysia before arriving on the coast at Troas. Jewett, following a local tradition,sends Paul acrossa track throughnorthwest Anatolia following the upper Scamandervalley.rs More attractiveis a southwesterlyroute fiom Dorylaeumthrough Cotiaeumand Aezanoithat follows the upperMacestus valley passingthe later city Hadrianutherato the coastat Adramyttium.re Dorylaeumand Peter'sAnatolian Communities Peter's associationwith Anatolia is difficult to reconstructhistorically. [n his letter to the GalatiansPaul speaksof Peterat Antioch on the Orontes(Galatians 2:l l-14) and in his first letterto the CorinthiansPeter is mentionedin Corinth at some later point (l Corinthians1:12). Peter's itinerary betweenAntioch and Corinth is unkno*n.to Later Peterwrote his first letter from Rome2rwhere, after the greatfire in A.D. 64, he was martyredby Nero, u,ith Paulosexecution following soon after (l Clement 5:2). In his first letter Peteraddresses Christians "scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia" Asia (Nashville: Broadman& Holman, 1999), 137, and JeromeMurphy O'Connor, Paul A Critica[ Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 162. The direct route to Dorylaeurn was 258 kilometers (160 miles) as opposedto 420 kilometers (260 miles) through Pessinus 't Eco is a disinctly Lukan word. Of iis elevenoccurrences in the New Testamenl,Luke usesit nine times. t5 Robert Jewett,"Mappingthe Route of Paul's'second Missionary Journey' from Dorylaeumto Troas," Tyndale Bulletin 48.1 (1997): 5. Here Jewett also lists a number of other scholarswho concur thar "Dorylaeum was the decisivejunction." W. M. Ramsayseems to be the first to expressthis
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