Preliminary Research Survey for the Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife Project
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't' *. \ c° .^;- % s ’ +*<? :•&&£. -o/ % .^5 ^ ~y<2m§' >y° ^ ^ ® » o 9 ^ °^> " " 1 * f 0 * 0 H 0 9 & ■j, v\^ ♦ jA rif/k ” 'Ap cj^ * ^ ° '-TVvC? f’V° ..%.*^^A %y^'f°’ V^/ %.* ^V j^j&' i0 -^ V% V ,*. *< o * cP° n JlV ^Its oVJSak4 «/ . ;^- /\ :-}8K*; X. f• ^ iy < <kV v. ^r,¥H#s, ^ <*. '«. i4 .Gv */7VV$ .*% <*. ■o> ^A' <V^ - '••** A° V *^T* A + ^ A . i * * 4 C> o ° * 9 - ^O \4^ ^ ... % '•••*♦« ,A .>»^i'. V. .«- ,-^v, -j ,A .w^,-, -V C° . o > -bv8, :g&fg£p-• '-rf• ^ :* _ _ ^0X %;•-'■'/..., A 0» *-....^ . /~ w. ♦ W...’ v ^ _, m ' >. A ** ^ , - /w ♦ v*/*• V ... v ^ ♦ ^ A W ; c7> PRELIMINARY RESEARCH SURVEY FOR THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY FOLKLIFE PROJECT Prepared by: Peter T. Bartis Research Assistant American Folklife Center July 6, 1978 s?oa.<3- Si 8us/ sll7hi c^ 3*1 ] INTRODUCTION: 0 % PURPOSE AND SCOPE INTRODUCTION: PURPOSE AND SCOPE This paper is designed to supply supportive data and reference materials to fieldworkers and researchers involved in the Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife Project. The Blue Ridge Mountains lie on the eastern edge of the Appalachians and run from Pennsylvania to Georgia. This majestic range, so t.?ten wrapped in a bluish haze, has been the inspiration for voluminous texts of both creative and academic strains. Of these materials we are examining only a fraction, and only those that shed light on the life, lore, and history of a segment of the range. The research team will be examining the traditional culture of an area that can be described roughly as the central Blue Ridge region, with intensive focus on an area straddling the Virginia- North Carolina border. While representative folklife of the Blue Ridge area has been copiously documented in the past, a coordinated guide offering information on the whereabouts, types, and formats of such materials appears not to be available. The Southern Mountain region is often regarded as a homo¬ geneous collection of people of similar heritage and culture, and additionally as a culturally static and economically depressed region of the United States. Careful examination of the numerous individual studies that have emerged in recent years dispels such notions, and we are encouraged to study the region's variety on a sub-regional level. - 2 - As early as 1939, in his introduction to These Are Our Lives, a work prepared by the Federal Writers' Project in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia, W. T. Couch was encouraging a more acute focus on detail. The life of a community or of a people is, of course, made up of the life of individuals, who are of different status, perform different functions, and in general have widely different experiences and attitudes—so different, indeed, as to be almost unimaginable, (p. x) Couch's is a plea for community studies. Since his writing, study of the life within a community or group of related communities has become mere important in Appalachian research. Yet there are striking similarities in the Southern Mountains, and it is the similarities that have received attention since the earliest general studies. It was necessary to examine a wide body of these general but informative texts, due to the paucity of available material which addresses exclusively the culture of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Pertinent data falls under larger categories, including "Appalachian," "Southern Mountain," "Southern Highlands," and "Upland South," in addition to materials organized by state—Virginia and North Carolina. Maiy works provide information on the Blue Ridge, but few focus on the Blue Ridge alone. Even the most recent and seminal body of material, in the special issue of the Appalachian Journal entitled A Guide to Appalachian Studies, continues to lump "mountain culture" THE REGION - 4 - THE REGION What is the Blue Ridge? The Blue Ridge Region extends from southern Pennsylvania to northern Georgia and lies between the Ridge and Valley Region of the Appalachians on the west and the Piedmont Plateau on the east. The general elevation is around 2,500 feet. Its rich valley bottoms offer excellent farmland. Oak-hickory forest dominates the entire Blue Ridge Region; among the leading varieties are white, red, scarlet chestnut, and black oak, and pignut, shagbark, and mockernut hickories Pine stands usually indicate younger forest where fire occurred, where land was once cleared, or where soil is too sandy for hardwoods. The desirable and useful American chestnut was a major part of the Appalachian economy until the blight of Asiatic fungus between 1910 and 1913 which destroyed millions of the trees. The chestnut tree, used by Native Americans and settlers alike, provided chestnuts for subsistence, split-rail fences, shake shingling, huge timber bearjis, and cash from selling tannin extracted from its bark and chestnuts. When the chestnut forest was destroyed, a key factor in the regional ecosphere was lost. This event, along with the construction of the Blue Ridge Parkway in the 1930s, might be seen as the beginning of the modern era in this part of the United States. - 5 - The Blue Ridge and its relationship to the Appalachians and the Southern Highlands Geographically the Blue Ridge is the main eastern range of the Appalachian mountain system. The focus of our study is the area where the ridge expands from a narrow sharp rise to broader plateaus with peaks, valleys, and deep ravines. The Blue Ridge also forms part of a cultural area often referred to as the "Southern Highlands." The term was first applied by John Campbell, who "isolated a part of the Great Appalachian Province which extends from New York to Central Alabama." For a lengthy discussion of regional boundaries readers should refer to the early pages in Campbell's The Southern Highlander and His Homeland.