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Macrofungos Em Mudas Cítricas Carlos Ivan Aguil

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Macrofungos Em Mudas Cítricas Carlos Ivan Aguil Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Macrofungos em mudas cítricas Carlos Ivan Aguilar Vildoso Tese apresentada para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2009 Carlos Ivan Aguilar Vildoso Engenheiro Agrônomo Macrofungos em mudas cítricas Orientadora: Profa. Dra. ALINE APARECIDA PIZZIRANI-KLEINER Tese apresentada para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas Piracicaba 2009 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - ESALQ/USP Aguilar-Vildoso, Carlos Ivan Macrofungos em mudas cítricas / Carlos Ivan Aguilar Vildoso. - - Piracicaba, 2009. 182 p. : il. Tese (Doutorado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, 2009. Bibliografia. 1. Basidiomycota 2. Biodiversidade 3. Citricultura 4. Controle biológico 5. Controle químic 6. Fungos 7. Mudas 8. Viveiros I. Título CDD 634.3 A283m “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 Aos meus amigos e minha família DEDICO À citricultura OFEREÇO 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Este é um momento de reflexão que fazemos e sempre acabamos fazendo injustiças, por não conseguir descrever o real apoio das pessoas nesta fase da nossa vida, ou mesmo não fazendo menção nestas poucas linhas, mas estando nas nossas lembranças. À Profa. Dra. Aline Pizzirani-Kleiner pela compreensão e confiança durante todo este trabalho. Ao Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica na Pesquisa Agropecuária - NAP/MEPA, ESALQ/USP e ao Prof. Dr. Elliot Watanabe Kitajima pela disponibilidade de uso dos equipamentos em especial do microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A Mônica Lanzoni Rossi pela ajuda no preparo e avaliação do material para MEV. À minha família sempre me apoiando, obrigado pai, Rita, Rafael, Mário, Tânia, Kátia, minha mãe Olga, Ricardo e meus sobrinhos (Ana Luiza, Julio, Luiza e Yasmin), e especialmente a Rita, minha segunda mãe, pelo apoio constante, principalmente nos momentos difíceis. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Genética de Microrganismos: Ademir Durrer, Aldo Procópio, Alessandro Riffel, Aline Silva Romão (Romã), Ana Paula Pallu Tozadori, Anderson Ferreira, Andréa Bogas, Armando Cavalcante Franco Dias, Cláudia Gai, Cristiane Cipola Fasanella (Kit), Danice Mazzer Luvizotto (Metal), Denise Balani, Eliandra Sia, Emiliana Manesco Romagnoli; Fernanda Luiza de Souza Sebastianes, Fernanda de Souza Bernandes (CENA), Fernando Dini Andreote (mosca), Francisco Dini Andreote (Fran), Joelma Marcon, José Antônio da Silva (Zezo), Léia Cecília Lima Fávaro, Manuella Nóbrega Dourado (Manu), Maria Beatriz, Calderan Rodrigues (Bia), Maria Carolina Quecine (Carol/micuim), Mariele Porto Carneiro Leão, Marise Suzuki, Michele de Cássia e Silva, Paulo Teixeira Lacava, Priscila Rosseto (Pri), Renata Assis, Rodrigo Mendes, Rodrigo Stuart, Uira Belmonte, Vanessa Cicero, Viviane Colombari Pedrazzini dos Santos e Welington Luiz de Araújo; em especial à Emiliana que sofreu com minha convivência. Aos colegas, funcionários e professores do Departamento de Genética da ESALQ/USP; em especial aos amigos Endson Santana Nunes, Fernanda Salvato, Giselle de Carvalho (Gika), Mateus Figueiredo Santos, Paula Fabiane Martins, Paulo Fernando de Melo Jorge Vieira, Priscila 6 Lupino Gratão, Salete A. Gaziola; aos funcionários: Cândida Vanderléia de Oliveira (Léia), Carlos Roberto Macedônio, Fernando Leopoldino, Nirlei Aparecida Silva; e aos professores Carlos Alberto Labate, José Baldin Pinheiro e Isaías Olívio Geraldi. Aos amigos da ESALQ, principalmente dos Departamentos de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Estatística; Agustín Cerna Mendoza, Aline Cristina Pereira da Rocha, Aloísio Coelho Junior, Ana Maria Araújo, Angelina Maria Marcomini, Cristiane Müller, Débora Rother, Erika Pessoa Japhyassu Britto, Fátima Teresinha Rampelotti Ferreira, Fernanda Engels do Nascimento, John Saldarriaga Ausique, Juliana Balbinotte, Leandro Delalibera Geremias, Lilian Beloti, Liliane de Diana Teixeira, Lorena Andrade Nunes, Magda Andréia Tessmer, Marcus Venicius Lourenço (Polé), Maria Fernanda Gomes Villalba Peñaflor, Rafael Major Pitta, Tiago Cardoso da Costa- Lima, Sandra Vergara, Thais Dias e Tiago Zucchi. Ao amigos do CENA em especial ao Laboratório de histopatologia: Adilson Correa da Silva, Alice Noemi Aranda-Peres, Cleusa Pereira Cabral, Neusa de Lima Nogueira, Mônica Lanzoni Rossi, Renata Cruz, Renan Machado Packer e Suzineide Manesco. Principalmente à Dra. Neusa e a Mônica pela ajuda de sempre, profissional e principalmente pela amizade. Ao pessoal da Alellyx, perdi a convivência diária dos amigos, mas ganhei a liberdade que precisava. Obrigado pelo apreendizado e pela amizade inesquecível Alessandra Franco Novelli, Almir Zanca, Elaine Cristina Alexandre, João Paulo Kitajima (Kita), João Paulo Piazza (JP), Liliane Arnaldi, Marcelo Afonso Vallim, Marcos Alegria, Maria E. Camargo, Patrícia Brant Monteiro, Paula Ziani; Poliana Giachetto (Poli), Renata C. Pascon, Tiago Moraes (Fifi), Vagner Katsumi Okura (Wagninho), Vanilda Nilsen (Van), Vivian Cristiane Zoia Gonçalves, Wilson Malaga Júnior (Wil). Ao pessoal da Canavialis, pela oportunidade de ver uma outra grande cultura como a cana-de- açúcar, mas precisamos definir caminhos e arcar com as perdas. Adilson Correa da Silva, Adilson Soledade, Andresa Soares, Clodoaldo, Cristiane Poletti Toledo (Cris), Cristiano Fontes, Fernanda Ferrari, Guilherme Genari, Hamilton Jordão Júnior, Hideto Arizono, Juliana Cszimar, Luis Cláudio Rubio (Lee), Madalena Pereira da Mata, Paulo Eduardo Brugliato, Mauro Henrique S.R. Violante, Isis Franco, Rafaela Gaspari, Antônio Ricardo S. Madureira, Rodrigo Augusto Orth Ritter, Sizuo Matsuoka, Sonia Aparecida Facchini (Soninha), Tatiana P.S. Gonsalves, Thiago Guilherme, Vanessa M. Oliveira, Walter Maccheroni. 7 Ao pessoal da república que me apoiaram, conversaram, divertiram e sofreram comigo, isto é, convivemos juntos: Aldo Procópio, Aloísio Coelho Júnior, Anderson Ferreira, Armando Dias, Cláudio Nunes, Rafael da Silva Gonçalves, Vanderlei Varisi (Veia), meu muito obrigado, principalmente para Aloísio que não mediu esforços para me ajudar neste trabalho. À família de Piracicaba formada por Alessandra Nalin, Bruna Domingues (Bruninha), Camila Gonçalez, Caroline Lungo Devidé (Carol), Cláudio Nunes (Tio), Ezequiel Rodrigues (Zecá), Flávia Maria Scatena Leite, José Antônio Fonseca (Zezo), Milena Dadalto, Patrícia Maioque Martins, Joice dos Santos Soares, Ricardo Sanches e Valdirene Santos (Val), em especial a Carol, por ter nós unido e mantido sempre como mais do que um simples grupo de amigos e ao Tio pela turma, convivência e apoio. À Phytonema Clínica de Plantas e à Incubadora do Agronegócio de Limeira através da Ana Paula dos Santos, Elen Moreira, Fabrícia Almeida, Fernando Guerra, Maurício, Neia Almeida, Rodrigo, Talita Scholl, Vanessa, Vitor de Sessa; e em especial ao Anderson Soares de Campos (batata) e sua família, pela convivência, sofrimento e paciência durante todo este período e que nosso sonho realizado chegue a se firmar e trazer retorno da nossa perseverança, para não dizer teimosia. Aos meus amigos e pessoas especiais que fizeram valer a pena este período. Alessandra Alves de Souza, Alessandra Bargiela, Alexandre Baldin, André Lima, Antonia Gonçalves da Silva Zanetti (Toinha), Antônio Gonçalves de Alencar (Baixinho), Brígida Queiroz, Camila Caldana, Cristina Cassano Mendes, Debir Naves Gomes, Dirceu de Mattos Júnior, Eliane Cristina Locali-Fabris, Fabiana Alencar, Fabiane Benvenuto, Francisca Gonçalves Rodrigues (Dona Chica), Francisco Laranjeira (Chicão), Guilherme Lagazzi, Helvécio Della Coleta Filho, Jorgino Pompeu Júnior, José Dagoberto de Negri, José Orlando Figueiredo, Lilian Beloti, Maisa Hoerner, Marcelo Sposito, Mariângela Cristofani Yali, Marineila Frota (Neila), Marta Alves, Mary Túlia Vargas, Michel Moraes, Neto, Patrícia Amalfi, Patrícia Denites Ros, Renata Gustineli, Rhuanito Soranz, Rose Mary Pio, Rui Alexandre Kleiner, Sergio Alves de Carvalho (Sergião), Silvia Brumer, Socorro, Susana Godoi (Sussi), Valdenice Moreira Novelli (Val), Valter Spinelli, Vandeclei Rodrigues (Queque) e em especial à Graziéle Ramos Sasseron (Gra) pelo apoio, conversas e discussões durante todo este período. Não podendo deixar de ressaltar os meus amigos Armando Dias e Welington Luiz de Araújo pelo apoio durante a fase final, sem o qual não teria conseguido e me deram uma base para continuar, eternamente minha gratidão. 8 Aos viveiros Blasco& Almeida, Citrograf, Citrosol, Horticitrus, Qualictrus, Sanicitrus, Ouro Verde, Teófilo & Scholl e às empresas Eucatex e Terra do paraíso pela participação direta ou indireta. Em especial a Marcelo Almeida (Blasco & Almeida mudas cítricas) e Vitor Cicolin (Horticitrus) pela amizade e apoio, sem o qual os experimentos não teriam sido validados, nem executados e não poderia estar superando esta fase difícil. Enfim, a todos aqueles que contribuíram de alguma forma para a realização desse trabalho, muito obrigado! 9 “Rapadura é doce, mas não é mole não”. (ditado popular) 10 11 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ...................................................................................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 17 LISTA DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................................
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