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Universidad Católica De Santa María Facultad De Ciencias E Ingenierías Biológicas Y Químicas Escuela Profesional De Ingeniería Agronómica

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Universidad Católica De Santa María Facultad De Ciencias E Ingenierías Biológicas Y Químicas Escuela Profesional De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE SANTA MARÍA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS E INGENIERÍAS BIOLÓGICAS Y QUÍMICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA Informe de trabajo: Control Integrado de Plagas en el Cultivo de Olivo (Olea europea L.) en el Distrito de Bella Unión, Provincia de Caravelí, Región Arequipa. Tesis presentada por el: Bach. Luís Pascual Mondragón Denegri Para optar el Título Profesional de: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO Arequipa – Perú 2016 I AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a mi familia que me ha apoyado en todas las decisiones tomadas, y en especial a mi madre, quien deposito toda su confianza en mí. A mi esposa e hijo, ustedes son la inspiración para hacer cada cosa mejor. A mis hermanos por su apoyo en todo momento. A los docentes de la Universidad Católica de San María, Jorge Salinas Olivares, Percy Fernández de la Cuba, José Pinto Villanueva y Humberto Pozo Manrique, a ustedes siempre estaré muy agradecido por todas las enseñanzas aprendidas en clases y campo. A mi compadre Daniel Montesinos, por ser la sombra que acompaño durante todas las situaciones inesperadas que se dieron en los cinco años de estudio de la carrera de Agronomía y todo el procedimiento de la tesis, a él le dedico una “eterna amistad”. Finalmente quiero mostrar mis agradecimientos a las personas que apoyaron de manera directa o indirecta en las fases de preparación de la investigación en el valle de Acarí y en Bella Unión. Agradezco a mis compañeros de la Facultad de Agronomía, con quienes tuve grandes vivencias y aprendizajes durante los años de carrera. I DEDICATORIA A Dios por la vida tan maravillosa que me ha regalado, que me permitió existir y guió mi vida hasta llevarla donde me encuentro hoy. Dedico esta Tesis a mis padres Pascual Mondragon Rios y mi madre Luisa Denegri Bernahola, que siempre me apoyaron incondicionalmente en la parte moral y económica para poder llegar a ser un profesional de la Patria. A mis hermanos, familia y amigos por el apoyo que siempre me brindaron día a día en el transcurso de cada año de mi carrera universitaria. Luis Pascual Mondragón Denegri II INDICE Pág. INDICE III LISTA DE CUADROS VII LISTA DE FIGURAS VIII LISTA DE FOTOGRAFIAS IX LISTA DE ANEXOS XI RESUMEN XII SUMMARY XIII CAPITULO I INTRODUCCION 1 1.1. Antecedentes 1 1.2. Justificación 2 1.3. Objetivos 3 1.3.1. Objetivo General 3 1.3.2. Objetivos Específicos 3 1.4. Hipótesis 3 CAPITULO II 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 4 2.1. Generalidades 4 2.2. Conceptos y Definiciones 5 2.2.1. Plaga 5 2.2.2. Plaga Agrícola 5 2.2.3. Origen de Plagas 5 2.2.4. Categoría de Plagas 7 2.2.5. Plagas según su relación con la planta 9 2.2.6. Variación de la población de insectos en una campaña 10 2.2.7. Factores de importancia en la variación poblacional de plagas 11 2.2.7.1. Por Invasión 11 2.2.7.2. Por Colonización 11 2.2.8. Efecto de las Plagas sobre la Producción Agrícola 12 III 2.2.9. Métodos para Calcular las pérdidas por Plagas 13 2.2.10. Niveles de Daño Económico 14 2.2.11. Umbral Económico 15 2.2.12. Posición General del Equilibrio 15 2.2.13. Manejo Integrado de Plagas 16 2.3. Origen y Distribución del Olivo 21 2.4. Clasificación Taxonómica 22 2.5. Morfología del Olivo 22 2.5.1. La Raíz 23 2.5.2. El Tallo 24 2.5.3. La Hoja 25 2.5.4. La Inflorescencia 25 2.5.5. La Flor 26 2.5.6. El Fruto 28 2.6. Condiciones Edafoclimaticas del cultivo 30 2.6.1. Requerimiento de Suelo 30 2.6.2. Requerimiento de Clima 31 2.7. Manejo del Cultivo 32 2.7.1. Densidad de Plantación 32 2.7.2. La Poda 34 2.7.3. Fertilización 38 2.7.3.1. Aplicación de Elementos Minerales 41 2.7.3.2. Dosis de Fertilización 41 2.7.3.3. Época de Fertilización 41 2.7.3.4. Lugar de Aplicación 42 2.7.3.5. Forma de Aplicación 42 2.8. Fenología del Cultivo 42 2.8.1. Reposo Vegetativo 42 2.8.2. Inducción Floral 43 2.8.3. Diferenciación Floral 44 2.8.4. Crecimiento del Brote 45 2.8.5. Floración y Desarrollo de la Flor 46 IV 2.8.6. Polinización y Fecundación 46 2.8.7. Cuajado y Crecimiento del Fruto 47 2.8.8. Maduración 48 2.9. Plagas del Olivo 49 2.9.1. Descripción de Insectos Fitófagos 52 2.9.1.1. Queresa móvil del olivo o Melaza del Olivo (Orthezia olivicola B.) 52 2.9.1.2. Gusano pegador del brote, Gusano del olivo, Gusano del brote del olivo, margaronia (Palpita persimilis M.) 53 2.9.1.3. Gusano medidor del olivo (Cyclophora serrulata P.) 54 2.9.1.4. Piojos harinosos (Pseudococcus adonidum T., Pseudococcus longispinus T.) 56 2.9.1.5. Queresa negra del olivo, Quereza H. (Saissetia oleae O.) 57 2.9.1.6. Queresa hemisférica, Queresa café (Saissetia coffeae W.) 58 2.10. Lineamientos para establecer Programas de Manejo Integrado 59 2.10.1. Analizar la condición real de los insectos considerados plagas 60 2.10.2. Establecer Umbrales de Daño Económico para las Plagas 60 2.10.3. Desarrollar Técnicas de Evaluación Periódica de Plagas o “Monitoreo” 61 2.10.4. Diseñar Esquemas para bajar la posición de equilibrio de las Plagas Claves 62 CAPITULO III MATERIALES Y METODOS 63 3.1. Materiales 63 3.1.1. Material de Campo 63 3.1.2. Materiales de Laboratorio 63 3.1.3. Materiales Biológicos 64 3.2. Metodología 64 3.2.1. Lugar de Ejecución 64 3.2.2. Diagnóstico e Implementación 65 3.2.2.1. Diagnostico situacional y Propuesta de Control Integrado de Plagas en olivo para la zona de Bella Unión 66 3.2.2.2. Implementar el Control Integrado de Plagas 71 V 3.2.2.3. Metodología para Fortalecer las capacidades 72 CAPITULO IV RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES 74 4.1. Actividades Realizadas en el Periodo de Trabajo por Servicio Profesionales 74 4.1.1 Elaboración de la Propuesta del Control Integrado de Plagas de olivo 76 4.1.2. Diagnostico Fitosanitario–Categorización de las Plagas 82 4.1.3. Propuesta de Control Integrado de Plagas 89 4.1.4. Actividades de fortalecimiento de capacidades de los olivicultores en la zona de Bella Unión, para la implementación del Control Integrado de Plagas 94 4.1.5. Implementar el Control Integrado de Plagas en el Cultivo de Olivo en la Zona de Trabajo 95 CAPITULO V. CONCLUSIONES 99 CAPITULO VI. RECOMENDACIONES 100 CAPITULO VII. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS 101 BIBLIOGRAFIA DIGITAL 102 VI LISTA DE CUADROS Pág. CUADRO No. 01 Propuestas de distanciamientos y densidades de plantación para olivo. 33 CUADRO No. 02 Niveles de concentración de nutrientes en el cultivo de olivo. 39 CUADRO No. 03 Dosis de fertilizantes recomendadas para el cultivo de olivo. 41 CUADRO No. 04 Plagas del olivo reportadas en España. 50 CUADRO No. 05 Cronograma general de actividades de control integrado de plagas en el cultivo de olivo para sector de Bella Unión, provincia de Caravelí, campaña 2007–2008. 74 CUADRO No. 06 Cronograma general de actividades de control integrado de plagas en el cultivo de olivo para sector de Bella Unión, provincia de Caravelí, campaña 2008–2009. 75 CUADRO No. 07 Cronograma general de actividades de control integrado de plagas en el cultivo de olivo para sector de Bella Unión, provincia de Caravelí, campaña 2009–2010. 75 CUADRO No. 08 Resultado del análisis de la muestra de suelo representativa de la zona de Bella Unión. 77 CUADRO No. 09 Análisis edafoclimático de la zona versus los requerimientos del cultivo de olivo en Bella Unión, Caravelí, 2007. 78 CUADRO No. 10 Cronograma de ejecución de cursos de capacitación programados para el Fortalecimiento de capacidades de olivicultores en el distrito de Bella Unión, provincia de Caravelí, Región Arequipa. 95 CUADRO No. 11 Cronograma de ejecución del trabajo de asistencia técnica para el Fortalecimiento de capacidades de olivicultores en el distrito de Bella Unión, provincia de Caravelí, Región Arequipa” 95 VII LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. FIGURA No. 01 Mapa de la Provincia de Caravelí, Departamento de Arequipa. 64 FIGURA No. 02 Cuadrantes de evaluación en árboles de olivo 68 FIGURA No. 03 Resumen de los ciclos biológicos de la queresa móvil del olivo y propuesta de períodos de control en la Región de Arica y Parinacota. 87 VIII LISTA DE FOTOGRAFIAS Pág. FOTOGRAFÍA No. 01 Estructura de un árbol adulto de olivo 23 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 02 Hojas adultas de olivo 25 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 03 Inflorescencia de olivo en diferentes fases de crecimiento 26 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 04 Apertura de flores en olivo (Floración) 27 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 05 Verticilos florales de olivo 28 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 06 Fruto inmaduro del olivo listo para su cosecha 29 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 07 Fruto maduro de olivo 29 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 08 Densidad de plantación en olivo 10m x 10m 34 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 09 Densidad de plantación en olivo 8m x 6m 34 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 10 Poda de formación en olivo, sellado y desinfección de heridas 36 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 11 Poda de producción con sellado y desinfección de heridas 37 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 12 Poda de renovación en olivo improductivo 38 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 13 Toma de muestra (Extracción de brotes apicales) 70 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 14 Aspecto del daño de P. persimilis en brotes de olivo 70 FOTOGRAFÍA No. 15 Yema de olivo en estado de reposo (completamente cerrada) 79 FOTOGRAFÍA No.
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