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Production Techniques in Olive Growing Production techniques in olive growing olive growing olive INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL Príncipe de Vergara, 154 - 28002 Madrid, España Tel.: 34 91 590 36 38 - Fax: 34 91 563 12 63 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.internationaloliveoil.org Production techniques in INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL Production techniques in olive growing PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN OLIVE GROWING © International Olive Council Príncipe de Vergara, 154 28002 Madrid (Spain) Tel.: (34) 915 903 638 Fax: (34) 915 631 263 E-mail: [email protected] First edition: May 2007 ISBN: 978-84-931663-6-6 Legal deposit: M-42846-2007 Printed by: Artegraf, S. A. Printed in Spain Production techniques in olive growing INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL The scientifi c team designated to compile this publication under the guidance of the IOC Executive Secretariat is made up of internationally renowned researchers whose hard work has made this book materialize. Agostino Tombesi & Sergio Tombesi Riccardo d’Andria & Antonella Lavini Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali CNR-Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Università degli Studi di Perugia Mediterraneo Borgo 20 Giugno, 74 (CNR-ISAFoM), Via Patacca 85, 06121 Perugia (Italy) 80056 Ercolano, Naples (Italy) Mª Milagros Saavedra Saavedra Taïeb Jardak CIFA Alameda del Obispo Contributing authors: IFAPA-CICE- Junta de Andalucía Mohamed Ali Triki, Ali Rhouma and Mohieddine Apdo. 3092 14080 Córdoba (Spain) Ksantini Institut de l’Olivier B. P. 1087 Ricardo Fernández-Escobar 3000 Sfax (Tunisia) Departamento de Agronomía Universidad de Córdoba Campus de Rabanales, Edifi cio C4 Carretera de Madrid, km. 396 14071 Córdoba (Spain) Coordinators: Mohammed Ouhmad Sbitri Head of the Technical Division (IOC) Francesco Serafi ni Head of the Environmental Department (IOC) Production techniques in olive growing ContentsContents 1. ORCHARD PLANNING AND PLANTING 1.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 1.2. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.3. ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 20 1.4. ORCHARD OBJECTIVES AND CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................. 20 1.5. AREAS SUITED TO OLIVE CROPPING .............................................................................................................. 23 1.5.1. Climate ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23 1.5.2. Soil ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 1.6. SELECTING TREE SPACING AND ORCHARD DESIGN ........................................................................ 26 1.6.1. Superintensive orchards .................................................................................................................................... 29 1.7. CHOOSING THE VARIETIES ...................................................................................................................................... 29 1.7.1. Flowering and pollinizers ................................................................................................................................... 30 1.7.2. Fruit ripening and optimal harvest timing ............................................................................................... 32 1.8. PLANTING TECHNIQUES .......................................................................................................................................... 32 1.8.1. Preliminaries ............................................................................................................................................................. 32 1.8.2. Deep tillage ............................................................................................................................................................... 33 1.8.3. Weed control .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 1.8.4. Planting out ............................................................................................................................................................... 34 1.8.4.1. Planting out superintensive orchards ....................................................................................... 36 1.8.5. Subsequent operations ...................................................................................................................................... 36 1.9. REPLANTING POOR-YIELDING OLIVE ORCHARDS ............................................................................. 39 1.10. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 39 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 2. OLIVE PRUNING AND TRAINING 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 2.2. EFFECTS OF PRUNING................................................................................................................................................. 45 2.2.1. Pruning and leaf exposure to light .............................................................................................................. 46 2.2.2. Pruning, shoot growth and build-up of nutritional reserves ......................................................... 47 2.2.3. Pruning and fruiting .............................................................................................................................................. 47 2.3 PRUNING OBJECTIVES AND ORCHARD CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................... 48 2.4. PRUNING, RESISTANCE TO COLD AND TREE HEALTH ...................................................................... 49 2.5. VEGETATIVE PARTS OF TREE ................................................................................................................................... 49 ~ 5 ~ CONTENTS 2.6. PRUNING OPERATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 50 2.6.1. Branch thinning and heading ........................................................................................................................... 50 2.6.2. Shoot thinning and heading ............................................................................................................................. 50 2.6.3. Bending ........................................................................................................................................................................ 51 2.6.4. Girdling ........................................................................................................................................................................ 51 2.6.5. Shoot tipping ............................................................................................................................................................ 52 2.6.6. Topping ........................................................................................................................................................................ 52 2.6.7. Coppicing ................................................................................................................................................................... 52 2.6.8. Removal of decayed wood .............................................................................................................................. 53 2.6.9. Size of the most effi cient shoots .................................................................................................................. 53 2.7. SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS AND MAIN OBJECTIVES OF PRUNING ....................................... 53 2.8. TIMING OF PRUNING AND TYPES OF CUT ................................................................................................ 54 2.9. TRAINING .............................................................................................................................................................................. 54 2.10. PRUNING FOR FRUIT PRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 57 2.11. PRUNING CHOICES: INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY ............................................................................ 60 2.12. TRAINING SHAPES ......................................................................................................................................................... 64 2.12.1. Vase ............................................................................................................................................................................. 64 2.12.2. Globe .......................................................................................................................................................................
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