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Praperlakuan Fisik Dan Biologi Terhadap Biomassa Eceng Gondok Untuk Produksi Enzim Selulase Oleh Aspergillus Niger Dan Trichoderma Reesei

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Praperlakuan Fisik Dan Biologi Terhadap Biomassa Eceng Gondok Untuk Produksi Enzim Selulase Oleh Aspergillus Niger Dan Trichoderma Reesei PRAPERLAKUAN FISIK DAN BIOLOGI TERHADAP BIOMASSA ECENG GONDOK UNTUK PRODUKSI ENZIM SELULASE OLEH ASPERGILLUS NIGER DAN TRICHODERMA REESEI TESIS Oleh FENI AMRIANI 117022003/TK FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013 Universitas Sumatera Utara PRAPERLAKUAN FISIK DAN BIOLOGI TERHADAP BIOMASSA ECENG GONDOK UNTUK PRODUKSI ENZIM SELULASE OLEH ASPERGILLUS NIGER DAN TRICHODERMA REESEI T E S I S Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Teknik Pada Program Studi Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sumatera Utara Oleh FENI AMRIANI 117022003/TK FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK Eceng gondok yang tumbuh dengan cepat menyebabkan eutrofikasi badan air sehingga menghabiskan nutrisi dan oksigen dalam air. Namun, eceng gondok yang merupakan biomassa lignoselulosa berpotensi digunakan untuk produksi enzim selulase oleh beberapa jenis mikroba seperti Aspergillus niger dan Trichoderma reesei. Praperlakuan dilakukan untuk mendegradasi lignin dan meningkatkan aksesibilitas mikroba terhadap selulosa sebelum eceng gondok digunakan sebagai substrat. Pada penelitian ini, praperlakuan fisik dilakukandengan pengurangan ukuran biomassa dan praperlakuan biologi dengan menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih dengan variasi variable waktu fermentasi 3, 5, 7, 8 dan 9 hari, moisture content 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, dan 85%, dan penggunaan mikroba mono dan mix kultur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eceng gondok mengandung selulosa 27,78%, hemiselulosa 37,50% dan lignin 5,99%, namun setelah dilakukan praperlakuan fisik dan biologi, lignin terdegradasi menjadi 4,63% dan 2,90% untuk masing-masing praperlakuan. Kondisi terbaik fermentasi untuk produksi enzim selulase pada sampel eceng gondok dengan praperlakuan fisik diperoleh pada hari ke-7, moisture content 75%, dan penggunaan mono kultur mikroba Aspergillus niger dengan aktivitas enzim selulase 0,207 IU/ml. Pada sampel eceng gondok dengan praperlakuan biologi kondisi terbaik fermentasi diperoleh pada hari ke-7, moisture content 80%, dan penggunaan mono kultur mikroba Aspergillus niger dengan aktivitas enzim selulase 0,107 IU/ml. Kata kunci : Aspergillus niger, Eceng Gondok, Enzim Selulase, Praperlakuan, Selulosa, Trichoderma reesei. Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT The Overgrowth of water hyacinth leads to eutrophication of water bodies as it exhausts nutrient and oxygen contents in water. However, it can be potentially used as lignocellulose biomass for cellulase production by several types of microbes such as Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei. Physical pretreatment is conducted by size reduction of biomass and biological pretreatment by relying white rot fungus in which used to degrade lignin and improve accessibility of microbes to the cellulose, using variance of variable fermentation time 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9 days; substrate moisture content 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, and 85%, and the use of microbes in mono and mix cultures respectively. The result showed that water hyacinth contains cellulose 27.78%, hemicellulose 37.50% and lignin 5.99%. Physical and biological pretreatment to biomass showed lignin degradation to 4.63% and 2.90% respectively. The best conditions for cellulase production on water hyacinth biomass with physical pretreatment were at 7th day incubation period, 75% of moisture content by mono culture Aspergillus niger with cellulase activity 0.207 IU/ ml, and the best conditions for water hyacinth biomass with biological pretreatment were at 7th day incubation period, 80% of moisture content by mono culture Aspergillus niger with cellulase activity 0.107 IU/ml. Keywords : Aspergillus niger, Cellulase, Cellulose, Pretreatment, Trichoderma reesei, Water Hyacinth. Universitas Sumatera Utara KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah, segala puji syukur kepada Allah SWT atas segala karunia dan ridho-Nya, sehingga tesis dengan judul “Praperlakuan Fisik dan Biologi Terhadap Biomassa Eceng Gondok Untuk Produksi Enzim Selulase Oleh Aspergillus niger dan Trichoderma reesei” ini dapat diselesaikan. Tesis ini disusun setelah melalui penelitian dan konsultasi untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Magister Teknik (M. T) di Program Magister Teknik Kimia dengan sumber dana berasal dari Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan Jakarta. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan ini penulis menyampaikan rasa hormat dan dan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya, kepada : 1. Ibu Dr. Fatimah, M. T dan Ibu Dr. Iriany, M. Si atas bimbingan, arahan, dan waktu yang telah diluangkan kepada penulis untuk berdiskusi selama menjadi Dosen pembimbing penelitian dan perkuliahan. 2. Bapak Dr. Taslim, M. Si dan Bapak Dr. Irvan, M. Eng yang telah memberikan masukan dan saran pada saat seminar proposal dan seminar hasil tesis. 3. Ketua Program Studi Magister Teknik Kimia Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dr. Taslim, M. Si. 4. Sekretaris Program Studi Magister Teknik Kimia Universitas Sumatera Utara, Prof. Dr. Rosdanelly, M. Sc. Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Okta Bani, ST, MT, Ika Herawati Hasibuan, dan Wan Rizky atas banyak bantuannya dalam penelitian dan penyusunan laporan tesis ini. 6. Ayahanda Alm. Ir. Amrul Ambia dan Ibunda Yeni Afriyani, serta adik-adik Vidi, Vici, dan Devin yang telah menginspirasi dan segala dukungan dan doanya. Suami tercinta dr. Rizky Julana dan anak-anak tercinta Harits, Sarah, Hammam, dan Shafiyyah inspirasi dan semangat terbesar dan ucapan terima kasih atas segala dukungan, kesabaran, dan doanya selama ini. 7. Rekan-rekan S-2 Teknik Kimia angkatan 2011 dan 2012. Semoga semua bisa cepat selesai , dan 8. Semua civitas dan staf administrasi Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dengan keterbatasan pengalaman, pengetahuan maupun pustaka yang ditinjau, penulis menyadari bahwa tesis ini masih banyak kekurangan dan perlu pengembangan lebih lanjut agar benar-benar bermanfaat. Oleh sebab itu, penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan kritik agar tesis ini lebih sempurna serta sebagai masukan bagi penulis untuk penelitian dan penulisan karya ilmiah di masa yang akan datang . Akhir kata, penulis berharap tesis ini memberikan manfaat bagi kita semua terutama untuk pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang ramah lingkungan. Medan, November 2013 Penulis Feni Amriani Universitas Sumatera Utara RIWAYAT HIDUP Penulis dilahirkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 6 Februari 1984, dan merupakan anak pertama dari empat bersaudara dari pasangan Alm. Ir. Amrul Ambia dan Yeni Afriyani. Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar ditempuh di SDN Pacet II Cipanas, Jawa Barat lulus tahun 1995, selanjutnya di SLTP Mardi Yuana Santo Yusuf Sindang Laya, Jawa Barat lulus tahun 1998. Tahun 2001 penulis menamatkan Sekolah Menengah Atas di SMU N 1 Cianjur. Pada tahun 2002 penulis melanjutkan pendidikan di Teknik Kimia Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh dan lulus pada tahun 2008. Kemudian pada tahun 2011 penulis mengambil program Magister Teknik Kimia di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sumatera Utara. Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI Halaman Lembar Pengesahan ................................................................................................. i Abstrak ................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................... iii Kata Pengantar ............................................................................................... iv Riwayat Hidup ............................................................................................... vi Daftar Isi .............................................................................................. vii Daftar Tabel ................................................................................................ x Daftar Gambar ............................................................................................... xi I. PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 12 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................. 13 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................... 13 1.5 Lingkup Penelitian ........................................................................................... 13 II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 15 2.1 Karakteristik dan Pola Pertumbuhan Eceng Gondok .................................... 15 2.2 Pengendalian dan Pemanfaatan Eceng Gondok ............................................ 18 2.3 Eceng Gondok dalam Produksi Enzim ......................................................... 22 2.4 Selulase .............................................................................................. 24 2.5 Teknologi Produksi Enzim Selulase ............................................................. 26 Universitas Sumatera Utara Halaman 2.5.1 Substrat, Mikroorganisme, dan Praperlakuan ........................................... 27 2.5.2 Fermentasi ........................................................................................... 35 2.6 Produksi Enzim Selulase dengan Substrat Eceng Gondok dan Perkembangannya .................................................................................
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