Thesis FINAL PRINT

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Thesis FINAL PRINT Preface This study was conducted at the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (IKBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) during November 2009 to November 2010. My supervisors were Professor Dr Arne Tronsmo and PhD student Md. Hafizur Rahman, Department of IKBM, UMB. I express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Professor Arne Tronsmo and Dr. Linda Gordon Hjeljord for their dynamic guidance throughout the period of the study, constant encouragement, constructive criticism and valuable suggestion during preparation of the thesis. I also want to thank Md. Hafizur Rahman for his guidance during my research work. Moreover I express my sincere gratitude to Grethe Kobro and Else Maria Aasen and all other staffs and workers at IKBM, UMB for their helpful co-operation to complete the research work in the laboratory. Last but not the least; I feel the heartiest indebtedness to Sabine and my family members for their patient inspirations, sacrifices and never ending encouragement. Ås, January 2011 Latifur Rahman Shovan i Abstract This thesis has been focused on methods to control diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea. B. cinerea causes grey mould disease of strawberry and chickpea, as well as many other plants. The fungal isolates used were isolated from chickpea leaf (Gazipur, Bangladesh) or obtained from the Norwegian culture collections of Bioforsk (Ås) and IKBM (UMB). Both morphological and molecular characterization helped to identify the fungal isolates as Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea 101 and B. cinerea-BD), Trichoderma atroviride, T. asperellum Alternaria brassicicola, and Mucor piriformis. The identity of one fungal isolate, which was obtained from the culture collection of Bioforsk under the name Microdochium majus, could not be confirmed in this study. Growth rate and morphology of the Trichoderma species and B. cinerea strains were affected by temperature. The optimum temperature for B. cinerea was found to be 250C and 25-300C for T. atroviride and T. asperellum. B. cinerea strains could grow at 50C and 300C, but their growth was very slow at those temperatures. T. asperellum could grow at 370C. Both B. cinerea strains germinated well in a pH range from 3 to 8.5 and the optimum pH of B. cinerea101 was 5. Assessment of antagonistic activity and sensitivity to fungicides of T. atroviride and T. asperellum were investigated using in vitro tests and it was found that the antagonistic properties of both Trichoderma isolates were more effective in reducing radial growth of B. cinerea, as well as other test fungi, in high nutrient media (PDA) than in low nutrient media (SNA). In most cases T. atroviride showed more antagonistic activity than T. asperellum. Water-soluble inhibitory metabolites produced by both Trichoderma isolates showed fungicidal and fungistatic activity. T. atroviride was highly sensitive to the fungicides Amistar and Signum. T. asperellum was not sensitive to low concentrations of Amistar and Signum. T. atroviride and T. asperellum were moderately sensitive to Switch. Teldor stimulated conidia germination of both Trichoderma isolates. Four fungicides and unhydrolyzed chitosan were evaluated to investigate their antifungal activity against B. cinerea 101 and other test pathogens in synthetic media. Switch and Signum successfully inhibited conidia germination of B. cinerea 101. Though Teldor did not inhibit conidia germination, it was very effective in inhibiting germ tube elongation at low concentration. Amistar was less effective against B. cinerea 101. Almost all of the fungicides were effective against the other test pathogens as well. Among the tested fungicides, Signum was the most effective fungicide against all of the test pathogens. Even 1/10 of the recommended dose of Signum completely inhibited conidia germination of all test fungal ii pathogens. Unhydrolyzed chitosan showed dose response effect against B. cinerea and 0.25% (vol/vol) unhydrolyzed chitosan completely inhibited conidia germination of B. cinerea. It was also effective against A. brassicicola. Hydrolysis did not improve the antifungal activity of chitosan against B. cinerea 101 in this study. Synergistic interactions of fungicides and chitosan on inhibition of conidia germination of the test fungi were studied in synthetic media and on detached strawberry flowers, with the aim to investigate if the effective concentrations of fungicides could be reduced when combined with chitosan. Combinations of chitosan and fungicides showed synergistic effect in reducing the germination and growth of B. cinerea 101, B. cinerea-BD and M. majus in synthetic media, and also on the disease infection rate, disease severity and sporulation of B. cinerea 101 in strawberry flowers. Combination of chitosan and Teldor showed better synergism than the other treatment combinations of chitosan and other fungicides on inhibition of conidia germination of B. cinerea 101 and B. cinerea-BD in synthetic media. Combination of chitosan with Teldor also showed better inhibition of B. cinerea 101 on detached strawberry flowers than combination of chitosan with other fungicides. iii Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Botrytis cinerea .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 Morphology ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.3 Disease cycle of Botrytis cinerea ....................................................................................... 2 1.2.4 Economical importance ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Microdochium majus ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Economic important .......................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Mucor piriformis ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.4.1 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Morphology ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.3 Economic importance ........................................................................................................ 7 1.5 Alternaria brassicicola ................................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5.2 Morphology ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.5.3 Economic importance ........................................................................................................ 8 1.6 Disease management .................................................................................................................... 8 1.6.1 Cultural control .................................................................................................................. 8 1.6.2 Chemical control ................................................................................................................ 9 1.6.3 Biological control ............................................................................................................. 10 1.6.3.1 The need for biological control agents ............................................................ 10 1.6.3.2 Trichoderma as a Biological control agent....................................................... 11 1.6.3.3 Mechanism of action ....................................................................................... 11 1.6.4 Chitin............................................................................................................................... 12 1.6.4.1 Chitosan ........................................................................................................... 13 1.6.4.2 Chitosan as antimicrobial agents ..................................................................... 13 1.6.4.3 Mechanism of action ....................................................................................... 14 2 Aims of the study ................................................................................................................................ 14 3 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Morphological and molecular characterization of the fungal isolates ....................................... 15 3.1.1 Collection of fungal isolates............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • An Unusual Haemoid Fungi: Ulocladium, As a Cause Of
    Volume 2 Number 2 (June 2010) 95-97 CASE Report An unusual phaeoid fungi: Ulocladium, as a cause of chronic allergic fungal sinusitis Kaur R, Wadhwa A1,Gulati A2, Agrawal AK2 1Department of Microbiology. 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. Received: April 2010, Accepted: May 2010. ABSTRACT Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) has been recognized as an important cause of chronic sinusitis commonly caused by Aspergillus spp. and various dematiaceous fungi like Bipolaris, Alternaria, Curvalaria, and etc. Ulocladium botrytis is a non pathogenic environmental dematiaceous fungi, which has been recently described as a human pathogen. Ulocladium has never been associated with allergic fungal sinusitis but it was identified as an etiological agent of AFS in a 35 year old immunocompetent female patient presenting with chronic nasal obstruction of several months duration to our hospital. The patient underwent FESS and the excised polyps revealed Ulocladium as the causative fungal agent. Keywords: Ulocladium, Phaeoid Fungi, Chronic Sinusitis. INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Chronic allergic sinusitis is a common condition A 35 year old female patient presented to the ENT responsible for the development of nasal polyps, out patient department of the Lok Nayak Hospital, described as abnormal lesions that emanate from Delhi, with chronic nasal obstruction, excessive any portion of the nasal mucosa or Para nasal sneezing, nasal discharge and frontal headache since sinuses. They are commonly located in the middle several months. Nasal obstruction was of gradual meatus and ethmoid sinus and are present in onset, non progressive, more on the left side than 1-4% of the population (1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Metagenomic Approach to Understand Stand Failure in Bromus Tectorum
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2019-06-01 A Metagenomic Approach to Understand Stand Failure in Bromus tectorum Nathan Joseph Ricks Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Ricks, Nathan Joseph, "A Metagenomic Approach to Understand Stand Failure in Bromus tectorum" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 8549. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8549 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Metagenomic Approach to Understand Stand Failure in Bromus tectorum Nathan Joseph Ricks A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Craig Coleman, Chair John Chaston Susan Meyer Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Copyright © 2019 Nathan Joseph Ricks All Rights Reserved ABSTACT A Metagenomic Approach to Understand Stand Failure in Bromus tectorum Nathan Joseph Ricks Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, BYU Master of Science Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is an invasive annual grass that has colonized large portions of the Intermountain west. Cheatgrass stand failures have been observed throughout the invaded region, the cause of which may be related to the presence of several species of pathogenic fungi in the soil or surface litter. In this study, metagenomics was used to better understand and compare the fungal communities between sites that have and have not experienced stand failure.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Mucorales</I>
    Persoonia 30, 2013: 57–76 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666259 The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies K. Hoffmann1,2, J. Pawłowska3, G. Walther1,2,4, M. Wrzosek3, G.S. de Hoog4, G.L. Benny5*, P.M. Kirk6*, K. Voigt1,2* Key words Abstract The Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) are one of the most ancient groups of fungi comprising ubiquitous, mostly saprotrophic organisms. The first comprehensive molecular studies 11 yr ago revealed the traditional Mucorales classification scheme, mainly based on morphology, as highly artificial. Since then only single clades have been families investigated in detail but a robust classification of the higher levels based on DNA data has not been published phylogeny yet. Therefore we provide a classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of four molecular markers including the large and the small subunit of the ribosomal DNA, the partial actin gene and the partial gene for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha. The dataset comprises 201 isolates in 103 species and represents about one half of the currently accepted species in this order. Previous family concepts are reviewed and the family structure inferred from the multilocus phylogeny is introduced and discussed. Main differences between the current classification and preceding concepts affects the existing families Lichtheimiaceae and Cunninghamellaceae, as well as the genera Backusella and Lentamyces which recently obtained the status of families along with the Rhizopodaceae comprising Rhizopus, Sporodiniella and Syzygites. Compensatory base change analyses in the Lichtheimiaceae confirmed the lower level classification of Lichtheimia and Rhizomucor while genera such as Circinella or Syncephalastrum completely lacked compensatory base changes.
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE Recommended Names for Pleomorphic Genera In
    IMA FUNGUS · 6(2): 507–523 (2015) doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.14 Recommended names for pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes ARTICLE Amy Y. Rossman1, Pedro W. Crous2,3, Kevin D. Hyde4,5, David L. Hawksworth6,7,8, André Aptroot9, Jose L. Bezerra10, Jayarama D. Bhat11, Eric Boehm12, Uwe Braun13, Saranyaphat Boonmee4,5, Erio Camporesi14, Putarak Chomnunti4,5, Dong-Qin Dai4,5, Melvina J. D’souza4,5, Asha Dissanayake4,5,15, E.B. Gareth Jones16, Johannes Z. Groenewald2, Margarita Hernández-Restrepo2,3, Sinang Hongsanan4,5, Walter M. Jaklitsch17, Ruvishika Jayawardena4,5,12, Li Wen Jing4,5, Paul M. Kirk18, James D. Lawrey19, Ausana Mapook4,5, Eric H.C. McKenzie20, Jutamart Monkai4,5, Alan J.L. Phillips21, Rungtiwa Phookamsak4,5, Huzefa A. Raja22, Keith A. Seifert23, Indunil Senanayake4,5, Bernard Slippers3, Satinee Suetrong24, Kazuaki Tanaka25, Joanne E. Taylor26, Kasun M. Thambugala4,5,27, Qing Tian4,5, Saowaluck Tibpromma4,5, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe4,5,12, Nalin N. Wijayawardene4,5, Saowanee Wikee4,5, Joyce H.C. Woudenberg2, Hai-Xia Wu28,29, Jiye Yan12, Tao Yang2,30, Ying Zhang31 1Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA; corresponding author e-mail: amydianer@ yahoo.com 2CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 3Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 4Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah
    [Show full text]
  • Monograph on Dematiaceous Fungi
    Monograph On Dematiaceous fungi A guide for description of dematiaceous fungi fungi of medical importance, diseases caused by them, diagnosis and treatment By Mohamed Refai and Heidy Abo El-Yazid Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 2014 1 Preface The first time I saw cultures of dematiaceous fungi was in the laboratory of Prof. Seeliger in Bonn, 1962, when I attended a practical course on moulds for one week. Then I handled myself several cultures of black fungi, as contaminants in Mycology Laboratory of Prof. Rieth, 1963-1964, in Hamburg. When I visited Prof. DE Varies in Baarn, 1963. I was fascinated by the tremendous number of moulds in the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, Netherlands. On the other hand, I was proud, that El-Sheikh Mahgoub, a Colleague from Sundan, wrote an internationally well-known book on mycetoma. I have never seen cases of dematiaceous fungal infections in Egypt, therefore, I was very happy, when I saw the collection of mycetoma cases reported in Egypt by the eminent Egyptian Mycologist, Prof. Dr Mohamed Taha, Zagazig University. To all these prominent mycologists I dedicate this monograph. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Refai, 1.5.2014 Heinz Seeliger Heinz Rieth Gerard de Vries, El-Sheikh Mahgoub Mohamed Taha 2 Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. 30. The genus Rhinocladiella 83 2. Description of dematiaceous 6 2. 31. The genus Scedosporium 86 fungi 2. 1. The genus Alternaria 6 2. 32. The genus Scytalidium 89 2.2. The genus Aurobasidium 11 2.33. The genus Stachybotrys 91 2.3. The genus Bipolaris 16 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria Sect
    Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 5(4): 30-41, 2020; Article no.AJBGMB.60766 ISSN: 2582-3698 Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria sect. Ulocladioides/Ulocladium Isolated from Citrus Fruits in Upper Egypt Youssuf A. Gherbawy1, Thanaa A. Maghraby1, Karima E. Abdel Fattah1 and Mohamed A. Hussein1* 1Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author YAG designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors TAM and KEA managed the analyses of the study. Author MAH managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJBGMB/2020/v5i430138 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Arulselvan Palanisamy, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, India. Reviewers: (1) S. Kannadhasan, Cheran College of Engineering, India. (2) J. Judith Vijaya, Loyola College, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/60766 Received 20 July 2020 Accepted 26 September 2020 Original Research Article Published 20 October 2020 ABSTRACT Citrus is the most important crop in Upper Egypt. 150 infected samples were collected from citrus samples (Navel orange, Tangerine and Lemon) in Upper Egypt, 50 samples from each fruit. Twenty- two isolates representing three species of Alternaria belong to A. sect. Ulocladioides and A. sect. Ulocladium were isolated on dichloran chloramphenicol- peptone agar (DCPA) medium at 27°C. Tangerine samples were more contaminated with Alternaria followed by Navel orange and no Alternaria species appeared from Lemon samples.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of Plant Pathology
    European Journal of Plant Pathology Antifungal effect of chito-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: EJPP-D-14-00032R2 Full Title: Antifungal effect of chito-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization Article Type: Original Research (full papers) Keywords: Botrytis cinerea; Mucor piriformis; Chitosan; chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS); antifungal; Plant protection Corresponding Author: Morten Sørlie, PhD Aas, NORWAY Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Hafizur Rahman First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: Hafizur Rahman Lina G Hjeljord Berit B Aam Morten Sørlie, PhD Arne Tronsmo Order of Authors Secondary Information: Abstract: Chitosan, obtained from chitin by partial N-deacetylation, shows little or no toxicity towards mammalian cells, is biodegradable, and non-allergenic. It is known that chitosan may have antifungal properties, but the effect of defined chitosan or chito- oligosaccharides (CHOS) with different degree of polymerization is not well known. The objective of this study was to produce CHOS with different DPn (average degree of polymerization) and determine the most effective DPn of chitosan and CHOS against Botrytris cinerea Pers. Ex Fr. and Mucor piriformis Fischer. In vitro testing showed that CHOS of DPn 23 and 40 had the highest germination inhibition against the tested pathogens. The original chitosan (DPn 206) and a collection of short CHOS (degree of polymerization of 3-10) were significantly (P<0.01) less effective than CHOS of DPn 23 and 40. M. piriformis M119J showed the most abnormal swelling in presence of CHOS DPn 40, but all abnormally swollen conidia showed further germ tube elongation.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Keratinophilic Fungal
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 18 September 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0236.v2 CHARACTERIZATION OF KERATINOPHILIC FUNGAL SPECIES AND OTHER NON-DERMATOPHYTES IN HAIR AND NAIL SAMPLES IN RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA Suaad S. Alwakeel Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 285876 , Riyadh 11323, Saudi Arabia Telephone: +966505204715 Email: <[email protected]> < [email protected]> ABSTRACT The presence of fungal species on skin and hair is a known finding in many mammalian species and humans are no exception. Superficial fungal infections are sometimes a chronic and recurring condition that affects approximately 10-20% of the world‟s population. However, most species that are isolated from humans tend to occur as co-existing flora. This study was conducted to determine the diversity of fungal species from the hair and nails of 24 workers in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Male workers from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were recruited for this study and samples were obtained from their nails and hair for mycological analysis using Sabouraud‟s agar and sterile wet soil. A total of 26 species belonging to 19 fungal genera were isolated from the 24 hair samples. Chaetomium globosum was the most commonly isolated fungal species followed by Emericella nidulans, Cochliobolus neergaardii and Penicillium oxalicum. Three fungal species were isolated only from nail samples, namely, Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Penicillium chrysogenum. This study demonstrates the presence of numerous fungal species that are not previously described from hair and nails in Saudi Arabia. The ability of these fungi to grow on and degrade keratinaceous materials often facilitates their role to cause skin, hair and nail infections in workers and other persons subjected to fungal spores and hyphae.
    [Show full text]
  • Mold Allergens in Indoor Play School Environment
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 109 ( 2017 ) 27 – 33 International Conference on Recent Advancement in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, RAAR 2016, 10-12 November 2016, Bhubaneswar, India Mold Allergens in Indoor Play School Environment M.Kiranmai Reddy1*and T. Srinivas2 1* Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-530045 2 Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-530045 Abstract Moulds are found in nature for the breakdown of leaves, wood, and other plant and animal materials. The spores of these moulds can be easily drifted by wind and travel distant places. Presence of these moulds in air can cause allergies to susceptible individuals. These moulds can directly enter into a building or their spores being carried by air in homes, offices and play schools. They are usually found to be growing on wood, dry wall, wall paper, fabric, ceiling tiles and carpeting. Air borne fungi can cause asthma and allergic rhinitis. The present study aimed to isolate and identify airborne fungi in different play schools of Visakhapatnam area. Gravity Petri-plate method is used to isolate filamentous fungus. The study was carried out for ten months viz. June 2015-March 2016. In one of the examined schools a high prevalence of fungi was observed. Most of the dominating fungi belonged to genera: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Rhizopus and Curvularia. Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium Cldosporiodes were reported dominating in one of the play schools which show the possibility of allergy. One of the play schools reported more spores in indoor environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Mycology 75: 171–212
    STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 75: 171–212. Alternaria redefined J.H.C. Woudenberg1,2*, J.Z. Groenewald1, M. Binder1 and P.W. Crous1,2,3 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: Joyce H.C. Woudenberg, [email protected] Abstract: Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. In recent years, DNA- based studies revealed multiple non-monophyletic genera within the Alternaria complex, and Alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to species-groups based on morphological characteristics. The Alternaria complex currently comprises nine genera and eight Alternaria sections. The aim of this study was to delineate phylogenetic lineages within Alternaria and allied genera based on nucleotide sequence data of parts of the 18S nrDNA, 28S nrDNA, ITS, GAPDH, RPB2 and TEF1-alpha gene regions. Our data reveal a Pleospora/Stemphylium clade sister to Embellisia annulata, and a well-supported Alternaria clade. The Alternaria clade contains 24 internal clades and six monotypic lineages, the assemblage of which we recognise as Alternaria. This puts the genera Allewia, Brachycladium, Chalastospora, Chmelia, Crivellia, Embellisia, Lewia, Nimbya, Sinomyces, Teretispora, Ulocladium, Undifilum and Ybotromyces in synonymy with Alternaria. In this study, we treat the 24 internal clades in the Alternaria complex as sections, which is a continuation of a recent proposal for the taxonomic treatment of lineages in Alternaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifts in Diversification Rates and Host Jump Frequencies Shaped the Diversity of Host Range Among Sclerotiniaceae Fungal Plant Pathogens
    Original citation: Navaud, Olivier, Barbacci, Adelin, Taylor, Andrew, Clarkson, John P. and Raffaele, Sylvain (2018) Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens. Molecular Ecology . doi:10.1111/mec.14523 Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/100464 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) and may be reused according to the conditions of the license. For more details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ A note on versions: The version presented in WRAP is the published version, or, version of record, and may be cited as it appears here. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Received: 30 May 2017 | Revised: 26 January 2018 | Accepted: 29 January 2018 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14523 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens Olivier Navaud1 | Adelin Barbacci1 | Andrew Taylor2 | John P. Clarkson2 | Sylvain Raffaele1 1LIPM, Universite de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France Abstract 2Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on UK host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking.
    [Show full text]
  • Stemphylium Revisited
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 87: 77–103 (2017). Stemphylium revisited J.H.C. Woudenberg1, B. Hanse2, G.C.M. van Leeuwen3, J.Z. Groenewald1, and P.W. Crous1,4,5* 1Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2IRS, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands; 3National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 4Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; 5Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa *Correspondence: P.W. Crous, [email protected] Abstract: In 2007 a new Stemphylium leaf spot disease of Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) spread through the Netherlands. Attempts to identify this destructive Stemphylium sp. in sugar beet led to a phylogenetic revision of the genus. The name Stemphylium has been recommended for use over that of its sexual morph, Pleospora, which is polyphyletic. Stemphylium forms a well-defined monophyletic genus in the Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes), but lacks an up-to-date phylogeny. To address this issue, the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 and intervening 5.8S nr DNA (ITS) of all available Stemphylium and Pleospora isolates from the CBS culture collection of the Westerdijk Institute (N = 418), and from 23 freshly collected isolates obtained from sugar beet and related hosts, were sequenced to construct an overview phylogeny (N = 350). Based on their phylogenetic informativeness, parts of the protein-coding genes calmodulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydro- genase were also sequenced for a subset of isolates (N = 149).
    [Show full text]