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Lecture Notes on Locks; It Took the Time That Was Needed, Too Long for the Impatient Mind, but It Was Done with Pleasure

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Lecture Notes on Locks; It Took the Time That Was Needed, Too Long for the Impatient Mind, but It Was Done with Pleasure CIE3330 Hydraulic Structures Locks version March 2011 W.F. Molenaar e.a. Cover photo and artist impression: IJmuiden lock complex – the Netherlands Courtesy Rijkswaterstaat Delft University of Technology Artikelnummer 06917290042 CT 3330 Hydraulic Structures Locks © Hydraulic Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering LL 3/3/2011 Delft University of Technology CT 3330 Hydraulic Structures Locks TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................1 READER TO THESE LECTURE NOTES .....................................................................................................1 1. Introduction to sluices, locks, especially navigation locks ................................................................3 1.1 Dewatering gate (uitwateringssluis) .....................................................................................................3 1.2 Stop lock (spuisluis) .............................................................................................................................5 1.3 Guard Lock (keersluis) / Storm Surge Barrier.....................................................................................6 1.4 Navigation Locks..................................................................................................................................8 2. Navigation lock design .........................................................................................................................14 2.1 Design process in general..................................................................................................................14 2.1.1 Functions of a Navigation Lock ...................................................................................................15 2.1.2 Operational aspects ....................................................................................................................17 2.1.3 Life cycle considerations regarding the Navigation Lock ............................................................20 2.2 Navigation traffic and lock capacity....................................................................................................21 2.2.1 Duration of lock cycle and vessel passage .................................................................................21 2.2.2 Lock Capacity versus Traffic Intensity.........................................................................................24 2.3 Manoeuvrability while navigating through the lock and approach areas............................................26 2.4 Positioning of the lock complex..........................................................................................................28 3. Overall lock design................................................................................................................................37 3.1 Lock geometry and lock configuration ...............................................................................................37 3.1.1 Typical inland waterway lock lay-out and geometry ....................................................................37 3.1.2 Special lock geometries and/or lock configurations ....................................................................38 3.2 Lock Approaches ...............................................................................................................................40 3.2.1 Lock approach layout ..................................................................................................................40 3.2.2 Alignment requirements with respect to the inland waterway - inland navigation .......................42 3.2.3 Location of the lock and construction..........................................................................................43 3.3 Horizontal dimensions lock ................................................................................................................44 3.4 Vertical dimensions of the lock ..........................................................................................................47 3.4.1 Top of structure (ToS) and Bottom of structure (BoS) ................................................................47 3.4.2 Ship's draught and keel clearance ..............................................................................................49 3.4.3 Water Levels ...............................................................................................................................50 © Hydraulic Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering LLL 3/3/2011 Delft University of Technology CT 3330 Hydraulic Structures Locks 4. Structural elements of a navigation lock ............................................................................................53 4.1 Filling and Emptying Systems (F/E) ...................................................................................................53 4.1.1 Typical F/E alternatives ...............................................................................................................53 4.1.2 Time required for F/E ..................................................................................................................60 4.1.3 Hawser forces .............................................................................................................................78 4.1.4 Specific subjects regarding F/E...................................................................................................84 4.2 Lock Gates.........................................................................................................................................88 4.2.1 Gate function ...............................................................................................................................88 4.2.2 Gate types ...................................................................................................................................88 4.2.3 Transfer of forces ........................................................................................................................97 4.2.4 Sealing.......................................................................................................................................101 4.2.5 Gate selection............................................................................................................................102 4.3 Lock Head........................................................................................................................................104 4.3.1 Functions and requirements......................................................................................................104 4.3.2 Type of lock heads ....................................................................................................................106 4.3.3 Structural engineering aspects..................................................................................................107 4.3.4 Construction aspects.................................................................................................................112 4.4 Lock Chamber..................................................................................................................................113 4.4.1 Lock walls..................................................................................................................................113 4.4.2 Lock chamber floor....................................................................................................................115 4.4.3 Combination of lock chamber walls and floor............................................................................117 4.4.4 Chamber selection ....................................................................................................................119 4.5 Seepage cut-off screens ..................................................................................................................120 4.6 Lock approach structures.................................................................................................................121 5. References ...........................................................................................................................................125 APPENDICES A1 Inland waterway vessels, CEMT classes & transport capacity ............................................................129 A2 Water Management..............................................................................................................................130 A3 Ice control in locks................................................................................................................................136 A4 Case study:Naviduct in Enkhuizen.......................................................................................................139 © Hydraulic Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering LY 3/3/2011 Delft University of Technology CT 3330 Hydraulic Structures Locks PREFACE Are these lecture notes finished for the next years? Probably not; big projects like the Panama Canal Lock project and the Seine-Nord project are knocking on the door and shall find an entry into the material written down here. But it is time to stick to the 80-20% efficiency rule. And why did writing these lecture notes take so long if only an English translation of the already existing Dutch lecture notes had to be produced in 2004? The answer is that opportunity knocked on the door: there was a chance to include
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